Search Results

Child Labor

Susan C. Mapp

in Global Child Welfare and Well-Being

Reasons for children to engage in labor are discussed including poverty, gender roles and political conflict. Types of labor examined include street children, working on farms, in factories or mines, ... More

Reasons for children to engage in labor are discussed including poverty, gender roles and political conflict. Types of labor examined include street children, working on farms, in factories or mines, or in the sex trade. The vast majority of children work in agriculture; children in countries as varied as India, Ecuador and the United States are performing work too strenuous for their developing bodies, using dangerous equipment meant for adults and are exposed to toxic pesticides. The issue of child labor involved in chocolate production is included as well. Types of work performed by street children, children in factories and mining are also examined, as well as children who choose to participate in the sex trade. Suggestions for the reduction of child labor are analyzed.Less

The Beginning

Kamal Fahmi

in Beyond The Victim: The Politics and Ethics of Empowering Cairo's Street Children

This chapter describes the beginning, exploratory phase of the process in which street ethnography constituted the bulk of street work aiming at elucidating some of the realities of street children ... More

This chapter describes the beginning, exploratory phase of the process in which street ethnography constituted the bulk of street work aiming at elucidating some of the realities of street children and street life.Less

Conceptual Framework

Kamal Fahmi

in Beyond The Victim: The Politics and Ethics of Empowering Cairo's Street Children

This chapter looks at the realities of street children and street life, and presents the conceptual framework that was developed in conjunction with them.

Children in and of the Street

Kristin M. Ferguson

in Handbook of International Social Work: Human Rights, Development, and the Global Profession

This chapter begins with a global overview of children in and of the street. It then describes frameworks to guide policymakers and social work professionals in working with street children. It ... More

This chapter begins with a global overview of children in and of the street. It then describes frameworks to guide policymakers and social work professionals in working with street children. It argues for the need to develop policy and practice responses that are holistic, collaborative, and asset based. Evaluation research of interventions suggests that organizations offering integrated services in one location are most successful in addressing street children's various needs. Programs that can provide multiple services (e.g., shelter, food, education, employment, counseling, and health care) will ultimately have greater success helping children exit the streets and preparing them for adulthood compared with programs offering one-dimensional services.Less

Continuation of the Story

Kamal Fahmi

in Beyond The Victim: The Politics and Ethics of Empowering Cairo's Street Children

This chapter looks at the conceptual framework that was used to inform the progression of the PAR process.

Dualism in Latin America and the Caribbean

Eileen Stillwaggon

in AIDS and the Ecology of Poverty

This chapter applies the lessons of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa to Latin America and the Caribbean. Economic and biological factors are important determinants of HIV transmission. Poverty, ... More

This chapter applies the lessons of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa to Latin America and the Caribbean. Economic and biological factors are important determinants of HIV transmission. Poverty, malnutrition, and parasites are endemic in much of the region, which also has additional risk factors for HIV transmission, including injecting drug use and millions of street children. Statistical analysis shows high correlation between HIV prevalence and GDP per capita, international migration, urbanization, and calorie supply. The results reflect the dualism of the Latin American and Caribbean economies and their dual HIV epidemics, and suggest the reasons why HIV is spreading fastest in lower-income groups.Less

Becoming Visible Through the Lens of Violence: The Social Exclusion of Youth in Brazil

Clary Milnitsky

in International Perspectives on Youth Conflict and Development

This chapter provides an account of the major factors that lead a large percentage of Brazilian youth to take up life on the streets, a place where they become highly vulnerable to violence and ... More

This chapter provides an account of the major factors that lead a large percentage of Brazilian youth to take up life on the streets, a place where they become highly vulnerable to violence and associated problems. It also describes some of the lessons learned from studies conducted as part of an ongoing action-research program designed to improve the conditions of street children.Less

Street Work

Kamal Fahmi

in Beyond The Victim: The Politics and Ethics of Empowering Cairo's Street Children

This chapter provides available knowledge regarding a community organizing practice called “street work” that is little known and poorly understood with a meager and often sporadic and sketchy ... More

This chapter provides available knowledge regarding a community organizing practice called “street work” that is little known and poorly understood with a meager and often sporadic and sketchy literature. It gives an overview of the historical development of street work and examines the major parameters of street work practice before presenting the underpinnings of its present situation.Less

The Image of Lost Freedom

Mathew Thomson

in Lost Freedom: The Landscape of the Child and the British Post-War Settlement

This chapter suggests that photography provides us with a powerful reminder of the presence of children in the streets and spaces of our cities in the middle of the twentieth century. However, it ... More

This chapter suggests that photography provides us with a powerful reminder of the presence of children in the streets and spaces of our cities in the middle of the twentieth century. However, it also recognizes that these images are complicated by nostalgia, and that this is one of the reasons why this had become a central image for modern British history. Considering a range of images from the interwar period to the 1970s, including professional but also amateur photography, it also argues that this work reveals an emerging interest in the perspective of the child. By the 1970s, the child of such photography was portrayed no longer as a mere victim of the environment and social deprivation but was recognized as a purposive agent in subverting and giving meaning to surroundings.Less

The relevance of subjective well-being to social policies: optimal experience and tailored intervention

Antonella Delle Fave and Fausto Massimini

in The Science of Well-Being

This chapter deals with the implications of studies on subjective well-being in the fields of psychology, health, and social sciences. The knowledge derived from such studies enabled the creation of ... More

This chapter deals with the implications of studies on subjective well-being in the fields of psychology, health, and social sciences. The knowledge derived from such studies enabled the creation of more relevant and effective interventions and social policies that prevent rather than just treat problems. The chapter opens with a discussion on the methodologies used and the subjects selected for study. The research deals primarily with disabled people and street children. The factors relevant to psychological studies on subjective well-being include subjective experience and social context. Notions of psychological selection and optimal experience are discussed in relation to well-being and social welfare. The subsequent sections discuss optimal experience in relation to the subjective experience of disablement and the stereotypes concerning street children. The final sections explore options for more effective intervention programs and social policies for these groups of people.Less

Impacts and Concluding Commentary

Kamal Fahmi

in Beyond The Victim: The Politics and Ethics of Empowering Cairo's Street Children

This chapter presents the impact of this process at the individual, collective, and policy levels, and ends with a discussion of some methodological considerations and unresolved issues.

Nabil’s Predicament: An Introduction

Jonah Steinberg

in A Garland of Bones: Child Runaways in India

This chapter begins with the author's account of the life of child runaway Muhammad Nabil. It then sets out the book's purpose, which is to examine not only what makes a child leave home, but what ... More

This chapter begins with the author's account of the life of child runaway Muhammad Nabil. It then sets out the book's purpose, which is to examine not only what makes a child leave home, but what makes children in certain situations likely to leave home; and further, what are those situations and configurations that tend to produce this likely departure, and why and how widely are they shared. It seeks to make sense of whether it is culture, tradition, or rite, on the one hand, that generates child departure or, alternatively, the political-economic forces embedded in history, debt, and rule—or both. If running away is to be taken as an existing cultural form that children may mobilize or manifest, a blueprint that they follow, then a secondary question becomes how is information—instructions, methods, practices, itineraries—transmitted peer to peer or through public texts and images.Less

Poverty, Risk, and Resilience: The Case of Street-Involved Youth

Silvia H. Koller, Juliana Prates Santana, and Marcela Raffaelli

in Handbook of Adolescent Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy

This chapter aims to present a selective review that can be used to identify some contradictions about street life; once recognized, this knowledge may be used to inform interventions and social ... More

This chapter aims to present a selective review that can be used to identify some contradictions about street life; once recognized, this knowledge may be used to inform interventions and social policy initiatives. We begin by defining street children and adolescents; examining evidence of vulnerability and resilience in research on the daily lives of street-involved youth; discussing methodological and ethical challenges to advancing understanding of this population; and examining how research with street-involved youth can be used to advance local and global practice and policy. Our aim is to present literature from around the globe, but our discussion is informed by—and draws on—our long-standing program of research and practice in Brazil.Less

Dorothy Tennant (Lady Stanley)

Ellen Ross

in Slum Travelers: Ladies and London Poverty, 1860-1920

This chapter discusses Dorothy Tennant (Lady Stanley), a successful printmaker and portrait and genre painter. She specialized in depicting children, especially poor and ragged children. Her enormous ... More

This chapter discusses Dorothy Tennant (Lady Stanley), a successful printmaker and portrait and genre painter. She specialized in depicting children, especially poor and ragged children. Her enormous privilege made her sympathetic toward the street children she drew. The focus of this chapter is on her portrayals of the Seven Dials which were home to ragamuffin and street children.Less

Death and the Urchin

Jonah Steinberg

in A Garland of Bones: Child Runaways in India

This chapter considers the social life of child death on Delhi's streets. In particular, it attempts to make sense of the public circulation, iteration, and visibility of knowledge, narratives, and ... More

This chapter considers the social life of child death on Delhi's streets. In particular, it attempts to make sense of the public circulation, iteration, and visibility of knowledge, narratives, and images of street children's deaths, or the invisibility, silence, and unknowability such passings may invoke. What is the valency of the death of a noncitizen barely visible to and barely recognized by the authors of space and the guarantors of rights, and yet highly visible to their violators? What is death, socially speaking, without traceable kin, name, place of origin, or legal existence? What does such a person's death reveal about the value they are assigned by society. It proposes that the death of solo children in Delhi, and their interaction with death, reveals much about the calculus of self and citizenship in postcolonial India, and that the reality of life in postcolonial India, in turn, is inscribed into street children's encounters with dying.Less

Children in the Streets: Urban Governance in Cape Town City Center

Tony Roshan Samara

in Cape Town after Apartheid: Crime and Governance in the Divided City

This chapter analyzes neoliberal governance in the urban core, where street children have emerged as central subjects. It explains categories and vocabularies of neoliberal governance on how the ... More

This chapter analyzes neoliberal governance in the urban core, where street children have emerged as central subjects. It explains categories and vocabularies of neoliberal governance on how the black threat is rearticulated into a democratic era. The examination of street children in Cape Town raises questions about the extent to which democracy has any real meaning for the marginalized young black people residing in a world class city. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the racially coded moral panic in Cape Town between 2000 and 2003 that mobilized a “public” consensus around a project of downtown revitalization and economic recovery based on eradicating the threat posed by “out of control” street children.Less

Of Crisis, Calamity, and Village Fabrics

Jonah Steinberg

in A Garland of Bones: Child Runaways in India

This chapter considers the historical dimensions of the forms and forces associated with child precarity and departure. It argues that there is indeed something going on in the villages that children ... More

This chapter considers the historical dimensions of the forms and forces associated with child precarity and departure. It argues that there is indeed something going on in the villages that children run away from, the most that counts as “crisis” on some level, and particularly on the level of the disruption of kinship practice and structure. The confluence of all these things over time and space—slavery and child sale, indigo exploitation, rebellion, Naxal-Maoism, debt-driven coolie labor, agricultural crisis—points to the reality of the notion of “vortices of misery,” and perhaps even nested or cascading vortices, wherein each response provides its own context for new misery. Even the postulate that the villages manifest a cultural tendency, a shared norm that decrees leaving home alone acceptable and available, is likely a formation that represents culture responding to historical conditions, a structure of practice and discourse that has developed in dialogue with a catastrophic scale and pace of change.Less

A Genealogy of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child

Ashleigh Barnes

in Feminisms of Discontent: Global Contestations

This chapter explores particular children that are marginalized, ignored, and/or stigmatized by the Convention of the Rights of the Child’s (CRC’s) designation of a particular childhood as normative. ... More

This chapter explores particular children that are marginalized, ignored, and/or stigmatized by the Convention of the Rights of the Child’s (CRC’s) designation of a particular childhood as normative. It utilizes the technique of genealogy, investigating local, discontinuous, disqualified, illegitimate childhoods against the CRC’s claim of a universal childhood. This chapter first examines literature that critiques the CRC as only applicable to children in the west. It then argues that the critique of the CRC as inapplicable to children in the global south is equally relevant to children in the west. Several childhoods in the west and in the global south contradict the CRC’s vision of childhood as a period of irresponsibility/immaturity and the CRC’s vision of the family as responsible, happy, and safe. These contradictory childhoods will be examined. Not only does this genealogy reveal international law’s difficulty with imaging difference, but also the politics in choosing one childhood as deserving/unproblematic and all others as undeserving/problematic.Less

Neorealist Narratives

Igor Krstić

in Slums on Screen: World Cinema and the Planet of Slums

This chapter outlines how documentary and realist styles coalesced as a form of documentario narrativo in the Italian neorealist movement – the major new paradigm of slum representation which, ... More

This chapter outlines how documentary and realist styles coalesced as a form of documentario narrativo in the Italian neorealist movement – the major new paradigm of slum representation which, according to the author, distinguishes the postwar period. As a hybrid between fiction and non-fiction, neorealism has especially appealed to filmmakers who aimed at telling stories about ordinary, often poverty-stricken people, despite insufficient budgets. The chapter argues that the neorealist mode of production travelled across national and even continental borders in the postwar era, reaching developing film countries and their urban centres in India, Brazil or Mexico, thus becoming one of the very first truly global film or ‘world cinema’ styles. The chapter provides a close reading of Los Olvidados (Buñuel 1950), a fictional story of a boy’s struggle for motherly love in a Mexico City slum. It asks in what way it effectively represents a variety of postwar films that have been, to a larger or lesser extent, influenced by Italian neorealism. The chapter concludes with a discussion of films that have, just like Los Olvidados, employed the narrative perspective of abandoned or homeless street children – a narrative device that is still often employed today (e.g. in Slumdog Millionaire).Less