Stephen Zamora, José RamlÓN CossÍO, Lenone Pereznieto, José Roldá n-Xopa, and David Lopez
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199288489
- eISBN:
- 9780191700514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288489.003.0019
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter provides an overview of the general rules for incorporation and operation of business organizations in Mexico. It focuses on the most common form of business corporation in Mexico, the ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the general rules for incorporation and operation of business organizations in Mexico. It focuses on the most common form of business corporation in Mexico, the sociedad anónima, or registered stock corporation. It also explores the main characteristics of the sociedad de responsabilidad limitada (S. de R.L.), or ‘limited liability company’, which a growing number of foreign investors use to conduct business in Mexico. Finally, it discusses the formation of partnerships, which may be used as alternatives to the sociedad anónima in carrying out commercial activities.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the general rules for incorporation and operation of business organizations in Mexico. It focuses on the most common form of business corporation in Mexico, the sociedad anónima, or registered stock corporation. It also explores the main characteristics of the sociedad de responsabilidad limitada (S. de R.L.), or ‘limited liability company’, which a growing number of foreign investors use to conduct business in Mexico. Finally, it discusses the formation of partnerships, which may be used as alternatives to the sociedad anónima in carrying out commercial activities.
Carsten Gerner-Beuerle and Michael Schillig
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199572205
- eISBN:
- 9780191747397
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199572205.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law, Comparative Law
This chapter first analyses whether the corporation is merely a profit-maximizing entity or performs a more inclusive, social function. It then discusses some basic economic concepts that are ...
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This chapter first analyses whether the corporation is merely a profit-maximizing entity or performs a more inclusive, social function. It then discusses some basic economic concepts that are important to understand the underlying conflicts that corporate governance regulation seeks to address, such as efficiency, incomplete contracts, and agency costs. Next, it examines the goals that corporate governance regulation in the United States, the UK, Germany, and France pursues, and gives an overview of the evolution of the corporate governance movement, which started in the United States in the 1970s. The chapter then introduces the most important corporate actors—officers, directors, and shareholders—and explores whether the ownership structure of public stock corporations has changed over time and continues to differ between countries. The final section analyses how corporate boards are designed, and how best practice standards contained in corporate governance codes shape the composition of boards.Less
This chapter first analyses whether the corporation is merely a profit-maximizing entity or performs a more inclusive, social function. It then discusses some basic economic concepts that are important to understand the underlying conflicts that corporate governance regulation seeks to address, such as efficiency, incomplete contracts, and agency costs. Next, it examines the goals that corporate governance regulation in the United States, the UK, Germany, and France pursues, and gives an overview of the evolution of the corporate governance movement, which started in the United States in the 1970s. The chapter then introduces the most important corporate actors—officers, directors, and shareholders—and explores whether the ownership structure of public stock corporations has changed over time and continues to differ between countries. The final section analyses how corporate boards are designed, and how best practice standards contained in corporate governance codes shape the composition of boards.
Ron Harris
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691150772
- eISBN:
- 9780691185804
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150772.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter addresses a wide set of research questions on the organization of trade as a whole and then zooms in on research questions that focus on the development of the joint-stock business ...
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This chapter addresses a wide set of research questions on the organization of trade as a whole and then zooms in on research questions that focus on the development of the joint-stock business corporation. It explains why the European business corporation wasn't mimicked by other Eurasian regions for another three hundred years and why institutions that had some corporate-like features did not further evolve to compete successfully with the corporate-based European mercantile enterprises. The chapter closely examines the role played by organizational forms in the transformation of Eurasian trade roughly between 1400 and 1700. It also compares the organizational forms that were used in four major regions: China, India, the Middle East, and Western Europe. All four regions were involved in the same kind of business activity, such as long-distance trade, within the greater Indian Ocean.Less
This chapter addresses a wide set of research questions on the organization of trade as a whole and then zooms in on research questions that focus on the development of the joint-stock business corporation. It explains why the European business corporation wasn't mimicked by other Eurasian regions for another three hundred years and why institutions that had some corporate-like features did not further evolve to compete successfully with the corporate-based European mercantile enterprises. The chapter closely examines the role played by organizational forms in the transformation of Eurasian trade roughly between 1400 and 1700. It also compares the organizational forms that were used in four major regions: China, India, the Middle East, and Western Europe. All four regions were involved in the same kind of business activity, such as long-distance trade, within the greater Indian Ocean.
Ron Harris
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691150772
- eISBN:
- 9780691185804
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150772.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Before the seventeenth century, trade across Eurasia was mostly conducted in short segments along the Silk Route and Indian Ocean. Business was organized in family firms, merchant networks, and ...
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Before the seventeenth century, trade across Eurasia was mostly conducted in short segments along the Silk Route and Indian Ocean. Business was organized in family firms, merchant networks, and state-owned enterprises, and dominated by Chinese, Indian, and Arabic traders. However, around 1600 the first two joint-stock corporations, the English and Dutch East India Companies, were established. This book tells the story of overland and maritime trade without Europeans, of European Cape Route trade without corporations, and of how new, large-scale, and impersonal organizations arose in Europe to control long-distance trade for more than three centuries. It shows that by 1700, the scene and methods for global trade had dramatically changed: Dutch and English merchants shepherded goods directly from China and India to northwestern Europe. To understand this transformation, the book compares the organizational forms used in four major regions: China, India, the Middle East, and Western Europe. The English and Dutch were the last to leap into Eurasian trade, and they innovated in order to compete. They raised capital from passive investors through impersonal stock markets and their joint-stock corporations deployed more capital, ships, and agents to deliver goods from their origins to consumers. The book explores the history behind a cornerstone of the modern economy, and how this organizational revolution contributed to the formation of global trade and the creation of the business corporation as a key factor in Europe's economic rise.Less
Before the seventeenth century, trade across Eurasia was mostly conducted in short segments along the Silk Route and Indian Ocean. Business was organized in family firms, merchant networks, and state-owned enterprises, and dominated by Chinese, Indian, and Arabic traders. However, around 1600 the first two joint-stock corporations, the English and Dutch East India Companies, were established. This book tells the story of overland and maritime trade without Europeans, of European Cape Route trade without corporations, and of how new, large-scale, and impersonal organizations arose in Europe to control long-distance trade for more than three centuries. It shows that by 1700, the scene and methods for global trade had dramatically changed: Dutch and English merchants shepherded goods directly from China and India to northwestern Europe. To understand this transformation, the book compares the organizational forms used in four major regions: China, India, the Middle East, and Western Europe. The English and Dutch were the last to leap into Eurasian trade, and they innovated in order to compete. They raised capital from passive investors through impersonal stock markets and their joint-stock corporations deployed more capital, ships, and agents to deliver goods from their origins to consumers. The book explores the history behind a cornerstone of the modern economy, and how this organizational revolution contributed to the formation of global trade and the creation of the business corporation as a key factor in Europe's economic rise.
Robin Pearson and Takau Yoneyama
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- December 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198739005
- eISBN:
- 9780191802157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739005.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Business History
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the development of organizations in insurance worldwide from the origins of the industry to the present day and summarizes the relevant theoretical ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the development of organizations in insurance worldwide from the origins of the industry to the present day and summarizes the relevant theoretical and empirical literature on this topic. It describes the research project that underpins this book, outlines the content of the contributing chapters and points to some conclusions about organizational choice that have a wider relevance for modern theory.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the development of organizations in insurance worldwide from the origins of the industry to the present day and summarizes the relevant theoretical and empirical literature on this topic. It describes the research project that underpins this book, outlines the content of the contributing chapters and points to some conclusions about organizational choice that have a wider relevance for modern theory.
Robin Pearson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- December 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198739005
- eISBN:
- 9780191802157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739005.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Business History
This chapter offers the first historical comparison of organizational choice in two of the world’s leading insurance nations, the United States and Germany, as they industrialized before 1914. It ...
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This chapter offers the first historical comparison of organizational choice in two of the world’s leading insurance nations, the United States and Germany, as they industrialized before 1914. It provides an overview of the context in which insurance developed in both countries. It describes this development, outlines the organizational trends in the industry, and examines the factors behind these trends. These factors include agency and governance issues, the state of capital markets, inherited cultural and social norms, the intervention of regulators and legislators, the impact of state insurance schemes, and the changing character of risk and the challenge of insuring new and uncertain technologies.Less
This chapter offers the first historical comparison of organizational choice in two of the world’s leading insurance nations, the United States and Germany, as they industrialized before 1914. It provides an overview of the context in which insurance developed in both countries. It describes this development, outlines the organizational trends in the industry, and examines the factors behind these trends. These factors include agency and governance issues, the state of capital markets, inherited cultural and social norms, the intervention of regulators and legislators, the impact of state insurance schemes, and the changing character of risk and the challenge of insuring new and uncertain technologies.
Andrew W. Kahrl
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469628721
- eISBN:
- 9781469628745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469628721.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Set in turn-of-the-20th century Washington, DC, the chapter shows how racial segregation and black economic exploitation became features of summer leisure enterprises, and tells the story of ...
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Set in turn-of-the-20th century Washington, DC, the chapter shows how racial segregation and black economic exploitation became features of summer leisure enterprises, and tells the story of enterprising African Americans who attempted to capitalize on blacks’ demand for outdoor leisure by acquiring waterfront properties and investing in excursion steamboats. Fledgling black-owned steamboat companies and resorts appealed to African Americans’ racial pride and loyalty to generate investors and customers. They did so in competition with larger, white-owned companies, which also recognized the profitability of black leisure and operated their own “colored” steamboats and resorts. Black excursion boats and pleasure resorts, the chapter shows, faced incessant harassment and attacks on patrons and property from white officials, newspapers, law enforcement, and competing businesses. In addition, the undercapitalization of black enterprises forced them into risky business arrangements. As a result, these ventures often ended in colossal failure and significant financial loss for investors. The chapter profiles two of Washington, DC’s most prominent African American businessmen during this era, John W. Patterson and Lewis Jefferson, and examines their efforts to build fortunes through “colored” leisure enterprises.Less
Set in turn-of-the-20th century Washington, DC, the chapter shows how racial segregation and black economic exploitation became features of summer leisure enterprises, and tells the story of enterprising African Americans who attempted to capitalize on blacks’ demand for outdoor leisure by acquiring waterfront properties and investing in excursion steamboats. Fledgling black-owned steamboat companies and resorts appealed to African Americans’ racial pride and loyalty to generate investors and customers. They did so in competition with larger, white-owned companies, which also recognized the profitability of black leisure and operated their own “colored” steamboats and resorts. Black excursion boats and pleasure resorts, the chapter shows, faced incessant harassment and attacks on patrons and property from white officials, newspapers, law enforcement, and competing businesses. In addition, the undercapitalization of black enterprises forced them into risky business arrangements. As a result, these ventures often ended in colossal failure and significant financial loss for investors. The chapter profiles two of Washington, DC’s most prominent African American businessmen during this era, John W. Patterson and Lewis Jefferson, and examines their efforts to build fortunes through “colored” leisure enterprises.
Robin Pearson and Takau Yoneyama (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- December 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198739005
- eISBN:
- 9780191802157
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739005.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Business History
Throughout history humans have commonly organized to prevent or mitigate risks, or to compensate for losses caused by risk events. Given the infinite variety of risks that existed, it is unsurprising ...
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Throughout history humans have commonly organized to prevent or mitigate risks, or to compensate for losses caused by risk events. Given the infinite variety of risks that existed, it is unsurprising that insurance—the primary modern risk mitigation industry—developed through a wide range of organizational forms. Yet we know little about why different forms of organization were chosen in the past, or why they survived or disappeared. This book represents the first attempt to explore the foundation, co-existence, and performance of multiple organizational forms in the history of insurance, to situate these forms in an international comparative context, and to relate the results of historical analysis to modern organizational theory. Fourteen leading scholars examine the development, performance, regulation, and governance of different insurance organizations in eight major markets around the world from the eighteenth century to the present. Their findings indicate how the history of insurance requires organizational theory to be supplemented or corrected in important ways. The book highlights the role of political and cultural preferences, regulatory intervention, technological change, and historical contingency in shaping the organizational structures of insurance markets. It points to the importance of a culture of mutualism and the role of entrepreneurship in driving the early growth of insurance in uncertain risk environments such as settler or frontier societies. It presents evidence for the historical efficiency of mutual life insurers. Agency theory alone cannot explain the complexity and great variety of organizational forms co-existing in different political, legal, and economic contexts in the past.Less
Throughout history humans have commonly organized to prevent or mitigate risks, or to compensate for losses caused by risk events. Given the infinite variety of risks that existed, it is unsurprising that insurance—the primary modern risk mitigation industry—developed through a wide range of organizational forms. Yet we know little about why different forms of organization were chosen in the past, or why they survived or disappeared. This book represents the first attempt to explore the foundation, co-existence, and performance of multiple organizational forms in the history of insurance, to situate these forms in an international comparative context, and to relate the results of historical analysis to modern organizational theory. Fourteen leading scholars examine the development, performance, regulation, and governance of different insurance organizations in eight major markets around the world from the eighteenth century to the present. Their findings indicate how the history of insurance requires organizational theory to be supplemented or corrected in important ways. The book highlights the role of political and cultural preferences, regulatory intervention, technological change, and historical contingency in shaping the organizational structures of insurance markets. It points to the importance of a culture of mutualism and the role of entrepreneurship in driving the early growth of insurance in uncertain risk environments such as settler or frontier societies. It presents evidence for the historical efficiency of mutual life insurers. Agency theory alone cannot explain the complexity and great variety of organizational forms co-existing in different political, legal, and economic contexts in the past.
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198826521
- eISBN:
- 9780191932274
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198826521.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
The Austrian Business Reorganisation Act (Unternehmensreorganisationsgesetz—URG) provides for ‘reorganisation proceedings’ (Reorganisationsverfahren—URG Proceedings) that shall enable businesses ...
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The Austrian Business Reorganisation Act (Unternehmensreorganisationsgesetz—URG) provides for ‘reorganisation proceedings’ (Reorganisationsverfahren—URG Proceedings) that shall enable businesses that are in poor financial shape, but not yet insolvent, to stay in business and to continue to carry on their activities after having successfully completed the proceedings. Banks, pension funds, insurance companies and investment firms are exempted from those provisions. However, except for the provisions on liability of the shareholders as well as the management and supervisory board, the URG does not show recognition in practice, as allegedly only a few proceedings so far have been opened on its basis since its enactment on 1 October 1997.
Less
The Austrian Business Reorganisation Act (Unternehmensreorganisationsgesetz—URG) provides for ‘reorganisation proceedings’ (Reorganisationsverfahren—URG Proceedings) that shall enable businesses that are in poor financial shape, but not yet insolvent, to stay in business and to continue to carry on their activities after having successfully completed the proceedings. Banks, pension funds, insurance companies and investment firms are exempted from those provisions. However, except for the provisions on liability of the shareholders as well as the management and supervisory board, the URG does not show recognition in practice, as allegedly only a few proceedings so far have been opened on its basis since its enactment on 1 October 1997.
