Sam Cherribi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199734115
- eISBN:
- 9780199866113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734115.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter focuses on processes of stigmatization and mobilization, with three case studies, and the consequences of this for identity politics. The shift from an emphasis on a particular immigrant ...
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This chapter focuses on processes of stigmatization and mobilization, with three case studies, and the consequences of this for identity politics. The shift from an emphasis on a particular immigrant group, the Moroccan minority, to Islam as a religion and its followers came about well before 9/11 in the the Netherlands. A case study explores the causes and consequences of the conflict that erupted between imams and homosexuals in May 2001. This provided fertile territory for the development of public support for Pim Fortuyn, the Dutch populist who emerged as a successful local politician in Rotterdam in November 2001 and an even more successful national politician in spring 2002.Less
This chapter focuses on processes of stigmatization and mobilization, with three case studies, and the consequences of this for identity politics. The shift from an emphasis on a particular immigrant group, the Moroccan minority, to Islam as a religion and its followers came about well before 9/11 in the the Netherlands. A case study explores the causes and consequences of the conflict that erupted between imams and homosexuals in May 2001. This provided fertile territory for the development of public support for Pim Fortuyn, the Dutch populist who emerged as a successful local politician in Rotterdam in November 2001 and an even more successful national politician in spring 2002.
Josien Arts
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447340010
- eISBN:
- 9781447340164
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447340010.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter shows the differences between local welfare-to-work programmes in the Netherlands in terms of the ways in which social assistance recipients are directed towards paid labour: through ...
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This chapter shows the differences between local welfare-to-work programmes in the Netherlands in terms of the ways in which social assistance recipients are directed towards paid labour: through pressing, repressing and accommodating modes of governing. Based on 13-month ethnographic research in three Dutch social assistance offices, this chapter argues, first, that the observed local differences result from decentralisation of policy design and implementation as well as increased discretionary power for case managers. Second, that the different local practices can be understood as varieties of neoliberal paternalism legitimised through various forms of stigmatisation of social assistance recipients that leave little room for them to revolt against disfunctioning policy and wrongful treatment. Third, by means of using the republican theory of non-domination, this chapter argues that the observed local differences (between as well as within municipalities) and limited room for social assistance recipients to voice their concerns indicate that Dutch welfare-to-work policies work partly in arbitrary ways and are insufficiently democratically controlled.Less
This chapter shows the differences between local welfare-to-work programmes in the Netherlands in terms of the ways in which social assistance recipients are directed towards paid labour: through pressing, repressing and accommodating modes of governing. Based on 13-month ethnographic research in three Dutch social assistance offices, this chapter argues, first, that the observed local differences result from decentralisation of policy design and implementation as well as increased discretionary power for case managers. Second, that the different local practices can be understood as varieties of neoliberal paternalism legitimised through various forms of stigmatisation of social assistance recipients that leave little room for them to revolt against disfunctioning policy and wrongful treatment. Third, by means of using the republican theory of non-domination, this chapter argues that the observed local differences (between as well as within municipalities) and limited room for social assistance recipients to voice their concerns indicate that Dutch welfare-to-work policies work partly in arbitrary ways and are insufficiently democratically controlled.
Nancy C. Dorian
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195385939
- eISBN:
- 9780199870141
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385939.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter describes the history and social structure of the Gaelic‐speaking East Sutherland fishing communities. Forced relocation and involuntary occupational transition to fishing during the ...
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This chapter describes the history and social structure of the Gaelic‐speaking East Sutherland fishing communities. Forced relocation and involuntary occupational transition to fishing during the Highland Clearances of the early nineteenth century resulted in evictee status, ghettoization, uniform occupation, shared poverty, social stigmatization, and endogamy. These in turn produced distinctive lifeways and distinctive Gaelic speech. The strong face‐to‐face character of the Gaelic‐speaking fishing communities emerged from small population size, common occupation, egalitarianism, high density of interaction, multiplex social roles, and well‐maintained multiple kinship ties.Less
This chapter describes the history and social structure of the Gaelic‐speaking East Sutherland fishing communities. Forced relocation and involuntary occupational transition to fishing during the Highland Clearances of the early nineteenth century resulted in evictee status, ghettoization, uniform occupation, shared poverty, social stigmatization, and endogamy. These in turn produced distinctive lifeways and distinctive Gaelic speech. The strong face‐to‐face character of the Gaelic‐speaking fishing communities emerged from small population size, common occupation, egalitarianism, high density of interaction, multiplex social roles, and well‐maintained multiple kinship ties.
David Clark
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199558155
- eISBN:
- 9780191721342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558155.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature, Anglo-Saxon / Old English Literature
Chapter 2 reviews the ethnographical evidence available which suggests that the pre‐Migration Germanic tribes may have practised pederasty and same‐sex rites of initiation, also comparing accounts ...
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Chapter 2 reviews the ethnographical evidence available which suggests that the pre‐Migration Germanic tribes may have practised pederasty and same‐sex rites of initiation, also comparing accounts of similar practices among the Celts. It explains apparently countervailing evidence from Tacitus's Germania by adducing the Old Norse discourse of nið, where only the passive partner in same‐sex acts seems to have been stigmatized. It forms a pair with the following chapter which, with this heritage in mind, seeks to uncover the range of attitudes to same‐sex activity in Anglo‐Saxon England.Less
Chapter 2 reviews the ethnographical evidence available which suggests that the pre‐Migration Germanic tribes may have practised pederasty and same‐sex rites of initiation, also comparing accounts of similar practices among the Celts. It explains apparently countervailing evidence from Tacitus's Germania by adducing the Old Norse discourse of nið, where only the passive partner in same‐sex acts seems to have been stigmatized. It forms a pair with the following chapter which, with this heritage in mind, seeks to uncover the range of attitudes to same‐sex activity in Anglo‐Saxon England.
Michèle Lamont, Graziella Moraes Silva, Jessica S. Welburn, Joshua Guetzkow, Nissim Mizrachi, Hanna Herzog, and Elisa Reis
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691183404
- eISBN:
- 9781400883776
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691183404.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
Racism is a common occurrence for members of marginalized groups around the world. This book illuminates their experiences and responses to stigmatization and discrimination by comparing three ...
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Racism is a common occurrence for members of marginalized groups around the world. This book illuminates their experiences and responses to stigmatization and discrimination by comparing three countries with enduring group boundaries: the United States, Brazil and Israel. The book delves into what kinds of stigmatizing or discriminatory incidents individuals encounter in each country, how they respond to these occurrences, and what they view as the best strategy—whether individually, collectively, through confrontation, or through self-improvement—for dealing with such events. The book draws on more than 400 in-depth interviews with middle- and working-class men and women residing in and around multiethnic cities to compare the discriminatory experiences of African Americans, Black Brazilians, and Arab Palestinian citizens of Israel, as well as Israeli Ethiopian Jews and Mizrahi (Sephardic) Jews. Detailed analysis reveals significant differences in group behavior: Arab Palestinians frequently remain silent due to resignation and cynicism while Black Brazilians see more stigmatization by class than by race, and African Americans confront situations with less hesitation than do Ethiopian Jews and Mizrahi Jews, who tend to downplay their exclusion. The book accounts for these patterns by considering the extent to which each group is actually a group, the sociohistorical context of intergroup conflict, and the national ideologies and other cultural repertoires that group members rely on. The book opens many new perspectives into, and sets a new global agenda for, the comparative analysis of race and ethnicity.Less
Racism is a common occurrence for members of marginalized groups around the world. This book illuminates their experiences and responses to stigmatization and discrimination by comparing three countries with enduring group boundaries: the United States, Brazil and Israel. The book delves into what kinds of stigmatizing or discriminatory incidents individuals encounter in each country, how they respond to these occurrences, and what they view as the best strategy—whether individually, collectively, through confrontation, or through self-improvement—for dealing with such events. The book draws on more than 400 in-depth interviews with middle- and working-class men and women residing in and around multiethnic cities to compare the discriminatory experiences of African Americans, Black Brazilians, and Arab Palestinian citizens of Israel, as well as Israeli Ethiopian Jews and Mizrahi (Sephardic) Jews. Detailed analysis reveals significant differences in group behavior: Arab Palestinians frequently remain silent due to resignation and cynicism while Black Brazilians see more stigmatization by class than by race, and African Americans confront situations with less hesitation than do Ethiopian Jews and Mizrahi Jews, who tend to downplay their exclusion. The book accounts for these patterns by considering the extent to which each group is actually a group, the sociohistorical context of intergroup conflict, and the national ideologies and other cultural repertoires that group members rely on. The book opens many new perspectives into, and sets a new global agenda for, the comparative analysis of race and ethnicity.
Virginia Berridge
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204725
- eISBN:
- 9780191676376
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204725.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Fifteen years ago the AIDS ‘epidemic’ did not exist on the public agenda. In just over a decade the public and official response to the disease has resulted in the development of a whole network of ...
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Fifteen years ago the AIDS ‘epidemic’ did not exist on the public agenda. In just over a decade the public and official response to the disease has resulted in the development of a whole network of organizations devoted to the study, containment, and practical treatment of AIDS. In this analysis of AIDS policy, the book examines the speed and nature of the official (and unofficial) response to this new and critical historical event. The policy reaction in Britain passed through three stages. From 1981–6 the outbreak of a new contagious disease led to public alarm and social stigmatization, with a lack of scientific certainty about the nature of the disorder. This phase was succeeded in 1986–7 by a brief stage of quasi-wartime emergency, in which national politicians and senior civil servants intervened, and a high-level political response emerged. That response was a liberal one of ‘safe sex’ and harm minimization rather than draconian notification or isolation of carriers. The book demonstrates that despite the ‘Thatcher revolution’ in government in the 1980s, crisis could still stimulate a consensual response. The current period of ‘normalization’ of the disease sees panic levels subsiding as the rate of growth slows and the fear of the unknown recedes. Official institutions have been established and formal procedures adopted and reviewed; paid professionals have replaced the earlier volunteers. The 1990s have seen change in the liberal consensus towards a harsher response and the partial repoliticization of AIDS.Less
Fifteen years ago the AIDS ‘epidemic’ did not exist on the public agenda. In just over a decade the public and official response to the disease has resulted in the development of a whole network of organizations devoted to the study, containment, and practical treatment of AIDS. In this analysis of AIDS policy, the book examines the speed and nature of the official (and unofficial) response to this new and critical historical event. The policy reaction in Britain passed through three stages. From 1981–6 the outbreak of a new contagious disease led to public alarm and social stigmatization, with a lack of scientific certainty about the nature of the disorder. This phase was succeeded in 1986–7 by a brief stage of quasi-wartime emergency, in which national politicians and senior civil servants intervened, and a high-level political response emerged. That response was a liberal one of ‘safe sex’ and harm minimization rather than draconian notification or isolation of carriers. The book demonstrates that despite the ‘Thatcher revolution’ in government in the 1980s, crisis could still stimulate a consensual response. The current period of ‘normalization’ of the disease sees panic levels subsiding as the rate of growth slows and the fear of the unknown recedes. Official institutions have been established and formal procedures adopted and reviewed; paid professionals have replaced the earlier volunteers. The 1990s have seen change in the liberal consensus towards a harsher response and the partial repoliticization of AIDS.
Rafael M. Díaz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520246140
- eISBN:
- 9780520939141
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520246140.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
Recent increases in sexual risk behavior and the consequent rise in new HIV infections among gay men during the last few years have been attributed mostly to the impact of new HIV medications, that ...
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Recent increases in sexual risk behavior and the consequent rise in new HIV infections among gay men during the last few years have been attributed mostly to the impact of new HIV medications, that is, to a lessening of fear or caring about infection. This is a residue of HIV/AIDS' transition from a fatal to manageable nature. The proposed explanation is that young gay men in the United States unfamiliar to the plight of preceding generations of gay men and frequently exposed to live and printed images of healthy, muscular, and attractive HIV-positive men, do not fear the disease strongly enough to comply with the demands of safer sex practices. This chapter posits that the stigmatization that contraction of HIV/AIDS entails, spoils the prospects of young gay men, specifically in the context of gay relationship, thus prompting them to deliberately ignore an identification.Less
Recent increases in sexual risk behavior and the consequent rise in new HIV infections among gay men during the last few years have been attributed mostly to the impact of new HIV medications, that is, to a lessening of fear or caring about infection. This is a residue of HIV/AIDS' transition from a fatal to manageable nature. The proposed explanation is that young gay men in the United States unfamiliar to the plight of preceding generations of gay men and frequently exposed to live and printed images of healthy, muscular, and attractive HIV-positive men, do not fear the disease strongly enough to comply with the demands of safer sex practices. This chapter posits that the stigmatization that contraction of HIV/AIDS entails, spoils the prospects of young gay men, specifically in the context of gay relationship, thus prompting them to deliberately ignore an identification.
Russell P. Shuttleworth
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520246140
- eISBN:
- 9780520939141
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520246140.003.0009
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
Disabled individuals suffer stigmatization and discrimination in various fields but nowhere more than within the contexts of dating and romance and in their attempts to negotiate sexual intimacy. ...
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Disabled individuals suffer stigmatization and discrimination in various fields but nowhere more than within the contexts of dating and romance and in their attempts to negotiate sexual intimacy. However, a critical constructionist approach to studying the intersection of disability and sexuality is yet to materialize. This chapter seeks to delineate the ideal research focus in this field and appraise the difficulties faced by differently abled individuals vis-à-vis sexuality and their causes. Although all societies reckon on some physical, cognitive, and/or behavioral differences, disability as a cultural category with its particular constellation of tragic, medical, and economic meanings is considered unique to societies influenced by certain Western European value-orientations concerning the individual. Prevalent studies in this field still tends to be dominated by medical-model thinking which always vies the body in relation to functional norms and fixes disability in a particular bodily impairment and its functional limitations.Less
Disabled individuals suffer stigmatization and discrimination in various fields but nowhere more than within the contexts of dating and romance and in their attempts to negotiate sexual intimacy. However, a critical constructionist approach to studying the intersection of disability and sexuality is yet to materialize. This chapter seeks to delineate the ideal research focus in this field and appraise the difficulties faced by differently abled individuals vis-à-vis sexuality and their causes. Although all societies reckon on some physical, cognitive, and/or behavioral differences, disability as a cultural category with its particular constellation of tragic, medical, and economic meanings is considered unique to societies influenced by certain Western European value-orientations concerning the individual. Prevalent studies in this field still tends to be dominated by medical-model thinking which always vies the body in relation to functional norms and fixes disability in a particular bodily impairment and its functional limitations.
Susan C. C. Hawthorne
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199977383
- eISBN:
- 9780199369928
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199977383.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This book examines both standard practice and ongoing controversies in social, medical, scientific, ethical, and philosophical approaches to ADHD. The complex web of concepts, data, needs, and ...
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This book examines both standard practice and ongoing controversies in social, medical, scientific, ethical, and philosophical approaches to ADHD. The complex web of concepts, data, needs, and attitudes is not fully unified. But, overall, the book argues, current approaches to research and care accidentally reinforce intolerance of ADHD-diagnosed people, and simultaneously slow down growth in knowledge. To avoid these outcomes, the wide range of people involved with ADHD—including clinicians, scientists, educators, parents, policy-makers, and diagnosed individuals—need to jointly re-examine and change the attitudes, concepts, and practices typically taken toward ADHD. The book demonstrates how we derived our current medical, scientific, and social concepts of ADHD, shows why the concepts we now use are optional, and explains that we need change for both ethical and epistemic reasons. Ethically, we need new approaches because our current concepts and practices, which center on DSM-defined ADHD, dichotomization of “ADHD” from “non-ADHD,” and intervening on individuals rather than society, embed values that reflect and reinforce intolerance. Epistemically, opposition to alternatives has created a relative stasis in our understanding of ADHD. The book argues that any change will need to recognize the centrality of both facts and values to improved scientific, medical, and social approaches to ADHD. Shared goals of increasing knowledge, providing new options for diagnosed people, and decreasing stigmatization will drive the much-needed change; adopting inclusive, responsive decision making in all areas of practice will foster it.Less
This book examines both standard practice and ongoing controversies in social, medical, scientific, ethical, and philosophical approaches to ADHD. The complex web of concepts, data, needs, and attitudes is not fully unified. But, overall, the book argues, current approaches to research and care accidentally reinforce intolerance of ADHD-diagnosed people, and simultaneously slow down growth in knowledge. To avoid these outcomes, the wide range of people involved with ADHD—including clinicians, scientists, educators, parents, policy-makers, and diagnosed individuals—need to jointly re-examine and change the attitudes, concepts, and practices typically taken toward ADHD. The book demonstrates how we derived our current medical, scientific, and social concepts of ADHD, shows why the concepts we now use are optional, and explains that we need change for both ethical and epistemic reasons. Ethically, we need new approaches because our current concepts and practices, which center on DSM-defined ADHD, dichotomization of “ADHD” from “non-ADHD,” and intervening on individuals rather than society, embed values that reflect and reinforce intolerance. Epistemically, opposition to alternatives has created a relative stasis in our understanding of ADHD. The book argues that any change will need to recognize the centrality of both facts and values to improved scientific, medical, and social approaches to ADHD. Shared goals of increasing knowledge, providing new options for diagnosed people, and decreasing stigmatization will drive the much-needed change; adopting inclusive, responsive decision making in all areas of practice will foster it.
Natalia Sui-hung Chan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099876
- eISBN:
- 9789882206625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099876.003.0009
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter re-contextualizes Leslie Cheung's (sudden) suicide in light of Cheung's cross-dressing gender performativity, his “bisexuality”/“androgyny” and “intersexuality”, and the polarizing ...
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This chapter re-contextualizes Leslie Cheung's (sudden) suicide in light of Cheung's cross-dressing gender performativity, his “bisexuality”/“androgyny” and “intersexuality”, and the polarizing reception and consumption of his work both locally and internationally. It also provides the first sustained study of Cheung's gender and sexual representations as consumed locally, while mapping his suicide as a result of various forms of stigmatization he had suffered from Hong Kong's own inadequacies in negotiating its contradictions embedded in glocalized consumer culture. In addition, it carefully questions the ways in which a cultural icon with his various nonnormative behaviours and expressions, struggled to negotiate with mainstream media. Cheung's suicide was caused by his depression and health problems. However, the local media in Hong Kong made Cheung's tragic story into a negative example that linked being gay to being depressed and suicidal. In spite of his suicide and death, his charisma and his beautiful face and voice onscreen preserve his everlasting image, fame, life, and glory.Less
This chapter re-contextualizes Leslie Cheung's (sudden) suicide in light of Cheung's cross-dressing gender performativity, his “bisexuality”/“androgyny” and “intersexuality”, and the polarizing reception and consumption of his work both locally and internationally. It also provides the first sustained study of Cheung's gender and sexual representations as consumed locally, while mapping his suicide as a result of various forms of stigmatization he had suffered from Hong Kong's own inadequacies in negotiating its contradictions embedded in glocalized consumer culture. In addition, it carefully questions the ways in which a cultural icon with his various nonnormative behaviours and expressions, struggled to negotiate with mainstream media. Cheung's suicide was caused by his depression and health problems. However, the local media in Hong Kong made Cheung's tragic story into a negative example that linked being gay to being depressed and suicidal. In spite of his suicide and death, his charisma and his beautiful face and voice onscreen preserve his everlasting image, fame, life, and glory.
Sharon S. Oselin
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814785881
- eISBN:
- 9780814770726
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814785881.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
While street prostitutes comprise only a small minority of sex workers, they have the highest rates of physical and sexual abuse, arrest and incarceration, drug addiction, and stigmatization, which ...
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While street prostitutes comprise only a small minority of sex workers, they have the highest rates of physical and sexual abuse, arrest and incarceration, drug addiction, and stigmatization, which stem from both their public visibility and their dangerous work settings. Exiting the trade can be a daunting task for street prostitutes; despite this, many do try at some point to leave sex work behind. Focusing on four different organizations based in Chicago, Minneapolis, Los Angeles, and Hartford that help prostitutes get off the streets, this book explores the difficulties, rewards, and public responses to female street prostitutes' transition out of sex work. The book illuminates their pathways into the trade and their experiences while in it, and the host of organizational, social, and individual factors that influence whether they are able to stop working as prostitutes altogether. The book also looks at organizations that aid street prostitutes, and assesses the techniques used to help these women develop self-esteem, healthy relationships with family and community, and workplace skills. The book paints a full picture of the difficulties these women face in moving away from sex work and the approaches that do and do not work to help them transform their lives. Further, it offers recommendations to help improve the quality of life for these women. The book provides an essential understanding of getting out and staying out of sex work.Less
While street prostitutes comprise only a small minority of sex workers, they have the highest rates of physical and sexual abuse, arrest and incarceration, drug addiction, and stigmatization, which stem from both their public visibility and their dangerous work settings. Exiting the trade can be a daunting task for street prostitutes; despite this, many do try at some point to leave sex work behind. Focusing on four different organizations based in Chicago, Minneapolis, Los Angeles, and Hartford that help prostitutes get off the streets, this book explores the difficulties, rewards, and public responses to female street prostitutes' transition out of sex work. The book illuminates their pathways into the trade and their experiences while in it, and the host of organizational, social, and individual factors that influence whether they are able to stop working as prostitutes altogether. The book also looks at organizations that aid street prostitutes, and assesses the techniques used to help these women develop self-esteem, healthy relationships with family and community, and workplace skills. The book paints a full picture of the difficulties these women face in moving away from sex work and the approaches that do and do not work to help them transform their lives. Further, it offers recommendations to help improve the quality of life for these women. The book provides an essential understanding of getting out and staying out of sex work.
Georges Vigarello
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231159760
- eISBN:
- 9780231535304
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231159760.003.0020
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This concluding chapter presents some final thoughts. It describes the changing stigmatization of the fat person over time, highlighting an important difference that traverses all these ...
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This concluding chapter presents some final thoughts. It describes the changing stigmatization of the fat person over time, highlighting an important difference that traverses all these stigmatizations—the double standard between the male case where relatively big sizes are tolerated versus the female case where thinness is obligatory. It discusses the role played by differing conceptions of the body’s functioning that condition the vision of the fat person at different times. It concludes that the history of obesity is a history of intimate feelings, from the pain of obesity expressed by Jean-Baptiste Élie de Beaumont in the eighteenth century to the advent of feelings of loss of identity and of intimate relations with a rejected body in the twentieth century.Less
This concluding chapter presents some final thoughts. It describes the changing stigmatization of the fat person over time, highlighting an important difference that traverses all these stigmatizations—the double standard between the male case where relatively big sizes are tolerated versus the female case where thinness is obligatory. It discusses the role played by differing conceptions of the body’s functioning that condition the vision of the fat person at different times. It concludes that the history of obesity is a history of intimate feelings, from the pain of obesity expressed by Jean-Baptiste Élie de Beaumont in the eighteenth century to the advent of feelings of loss of identity and of intimate relations with a rejected body in the twentieth century.
Philippa Tomczak
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781529203585
- eISBN:
- 9781529203691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529203585.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter describes the global importance of analysing post-prison suicide investigations and introduces the case study of England and Wales, which has a substantive prison monitoring and ...
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This chapter describes the global importance of analysing post-prison suicide investigations and introduces the case study of England and Wales, which has a substantive prison monitoring and post-death investigations framework yet recent record numbers of prison suicides. This case study is used to provide the first analysis of these investigations in this book. This chapter details the importance of acknowledging that ‘manipulative’ prisoner behaviour can be lethal and recommends foregrounding potential death rather than querying prisoners’ potentially unknowable intentions. It outlines the underappreciated roles of suicidogenic discourses, institutional apathy and prisoner stigmatisation in suicide prevention, and explains the particular difficulties of suicide prevention work. It outlines that suicide prevention was significantly more effective from 2005-2011, which was predictably overturned by swingeing staff cuts from 2012.Less
This chapter describes the global importance of analysing post-prison suicide investigations and introduces the case study of England and Wales, which has a substantive prison monitoring and post-death investigations framework yet recent record numbers of prison suicides. This case study is used to provide the first analysis of these investigations in this book. This chapter details the importance of acknowledging that ‘manipulative’ prisoner behaviour can be lethal and recommends foregrounding potential death rather than querying prisoners’ potentially unknowable intentions. It outlines the underappreciated roles of suicidogenic discourses, institutional apathy and prisoner stigmatisation in suicide prevention, and explains the particular difficulties of suicide prevention work. It outlines that suicide prevention was significantly more effective from 2005-2011, which was predictably overturned by swingeing staff cuts from 2012.
Misa Kayama, Wendy Haight, May-Lee Ku, Minhae Cho, and Hee Yun Lee
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- December 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190844868
- eISBN:
- 9780190844899
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190844868.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Social Psychology
Stigmatization is part of the everyday lives of children with disabilities, their families, and their friends. Negative social encounters, even with perfect strangers, can dampen joyful occasions, ...
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Stigmatization is part of the everyday lives of children with disabilities, their families, and their friends. Negative social encounters, even with perfect strangers, can dampen joyful occasions, add stress to challenging situations, and lead to social isolation. This book describes a program of research spanning a decade that seeks to understand disabilities in their developmental and cultural contexts. The authors are especially interested in understanding adults’ socialization practices that promise to reduce stigmatization in the next generation. Guided by developmental cultural psychology, including the concept of “universalism without uniformity,” the authors focus on the understandings and responses to disability and associated stigmatization of elementary-school educators practicing in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. Educators from all four cultural groups expressed strikingly similar concerns about the impact of stigmatization on the emerging cultural self, both of children with disabilities and their typically developing peers. Educators also described culturally nuanced socialization goals and practices pertaining to inclusive education. In Japan, for instance, educators emphasized the importance of peer group belonging and strategies to support the participation of children with disabilities. In the U.S., educators placed relatively more emphasis on individual development and discussed strategies for the equitable treatment of children with disabilities. Educators in South Korea and Taiwan emphasized the cultivation of compassion in typically developing children. The understanding gained through examination of how diverse individuals address common challenges using cultural resources available in their everyday lives provides important lessons for strengthening theory, policy, and programs.Less
Stigmatization is part of the everyday lives of children with disabilities, their families, and their friends. Negative social encounters, even with perfect strangers, can dampen joyful occasions, add stress to challenging situations, and lead to social isolation. This book describes a program of research spanning a decade that seeks to understand disabilities in their developmental and cultural contexts. The authors are especially interested in understanding adults’ socialization practices that promise to reduce stigmatization in the next generation. Guided by developmental cultural psychology, including the concept of “universalism without uniformity,” the authors focus on the understandings and responses to disability and associated stigmatization of elementary-school educators practicing in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. Educators from all four cultural groups expressed strikingly similar concerns about the impact of stigmatization on the emerging cultural self, both of children with disabilities and their typically developing peers. Educators also described culturally nuanced socialization goals and practices pertaining to inclusive education. In Japan, for instance, educators emphasized the importance of peer group belonging and strategies to support the participation of children with disabilities. In the U.S., educators placed relatively more emphasis on individual development and discussed strategies for the equitable treatment of children with disabilities. Educators in South Korea and Taiwan emphasized the cultivation of compassion in typically developing children. The understanding gained through examination of how diverse individuals address common challenges using cultural resources available in their everyday lives provides important lessons for strengthening theory, policy, and programs.
Lynne Haney
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520225718
- eISBN:
- 9780520936102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520225718.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, European Cultural Anthropology
The maternalist subsystem of welfare crumbled in Hungary and motherhood was dislodged as a central eligibility criterion. With this shift, all needs talk was confined to the material and recipients' ...
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The maternalist subsystem of welfare crumbled in Hungary and motherhood was dislodged as a central eligibility criterion. With this shift, all needs talk was confined to the material and recipients' eligibility came to be based on financial conditions. This chapter analyzes the liberal welfare state of 1985–1996 to reveal how the needy were reinvented yet again, this time in material terms. Neoliberal discourses of poverty regulation transformed the national and the local policy apparatuses: universal and maternalist welfare provisions were dismantled and were replaced with means-tested poor relief. A study of case files and ethnographic research reveal how the materialization of need transformed casework into piecework and widened the social distance between welfare workers and clients. In the policy sphere, major reforms reconfigured the eligibility criteria underlying assistance programs. These transformations culminated in the policy apparatus being subjected to income tests. Out of this separation have emerged mythologies about the new welfare client—myths that imbue welfare practices with stigmatizing tendencies that have never before characterized the welfare system.Less
The maternalist subsystem of welfare crumbled in Hungary and motherhood was dislodged as a central eligibility criterion. With this shift, all needs talk was confined to the material and recipients' eligibility came to be based on financial conditions. This chapter analyzes the liberal welfare state of 1985–1996 to reveal how the needy were reinvented yet again, this time in material terms. Neoliberal discourses of poverty regulation transformed the national and the local policy apparatuses: universal and maternalist welfare provisions were dismantled and were replaced with means-tested poor relief. A study of case files and ethnographic research reveal how the materialization of need transformed casework into piecework and widened the social distance between welfare workers and clients. In the policy sphere, major reforms reconfigured the eligibility criteria underlying assistance programs. These transformations culminated in the policy apparatus being subjected to income tests. Out of this separation have emerged mythologies about the new welfare client—myths that imbue welfare practices with stigmatizing tendencies that have never before characterized the welfare system.
Christopher S. Browning, Pertti Joenniemi, and Brent J. Steele
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197526385
- eISBN:
- 9780197526415
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197526385.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Theory
This book theorizes and problematizes the politics of vicarious identity in international relations, where vicarious identity refers to processes of “living through the other.” While prevalent and ...
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This book theorizes and problematizes the politics of vicarious identity in international relations, where vicarious identity refers to processes of “living through the other.” While prevalent and recognized in family and social settings, the presence and significance of vicarious identification in international relations has been overlooked. Vicarious identification offers the prospect of bolstering narratives of self-identity and appropriating a sense of reflected glory and enhanced self-esteem, but insofar as it may mask and be a response to emergent anxieties, inadequacies, and weaknesses it also entails vulnerabilities. The book explores both its attraction and potential pitfalls, theorizing these in the context of emerging literatures on ontological security, status, and self-esteem, highlighting both its constitutive practices and normative limits and providing a methodological grounding for identifying and studying the phenomenon in world politics. Vicarious identification and vicarious identity promotion are shown to be politically salient and efficacious across a range of scales, from the international politics of the everyday evident, for instance, in practices associated with (militarized) nationalism, through to interstate relations. In regard to this latter the book provides case analyses of vicarious identification in relations between the United States and Israel, the UK–US special relationship, and between Denmark and the United States, and it develops a framework for anticipating the conditions under which states may be more or less tempted into vicarious identification with others.Less
This book theorizes and problematizes the politics of vicarious identity in international relations, where vicarious identity refers to processes of “living through the other.” While prevalent and recognized in family and social settings, the presence and significance of vicarious identification in international relations has been overlooked. Vicarious identification offers the prospect of bolstering narratives of self-identity and appropriating a sense of reflected glory and enhanced self-esteem, but insofar as it may mask and be a response to emergent anxieties, inadequacies, and weaknesses it also entails vulnerabilities. The book explores both its attraction and potential pitfalls, theorizing these in the context of emerging literatures on ontological security, status, and self-esteem, highlighting both its constitutive practices and normative limits and providing a methodological grounding for identifying and studying the phenomenon in world politics. Vicarious identification and vicarious identity promotion are shown to be politically salient and efficacious across a range of scales, from the international politics of the everyday evident, for instance, in practices associated with (militarized) nationalism, through to interstate relations. In regard to this latter the book provides case analyses of vicarious identification in relations between the United States and Israel, the UK–US special relationship, and between Denmark and the United States, and it develops a framework for anticipating the conditions under which states may be more or less tempted into vicarious identification with others.
Susan Dewey
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520266902
- eISBN:
- 9780520948310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520266902.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter analyzes how dancers maintain themselves in Vixens fraught and often dangerous environment by developing a set of survival skills that draw upon broader cultural customs that exclude ...
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This chapter analyzes how dancers maintain themselves in Vixens fraught and often dangerous environment by developing a set of survival skills that draw upon broader cultural customs that exclude them while simultaneously offering seductive promises of quick income. It discusses the cultural model of risk that dancers employ in decision-making processes with clients and their reasons to leave sex work. Dancers interpret broader gendered principles of risk, fair exchange, and emotional labor on terms that help them justify their exploitative working conditions and social stigmatization. By discursively placing power and control in their own hands, dancers are able to see themselves as agents and entrepreneurs. At the same time, they remain attuned to the reality that their ability to take work-related risks would not last forever. Psychological trauma and emotional setbacks are other reasons for women who joined this profession out of financial necessity, to leave this work.Less
This chapter analyzes how dancers maintain themselves in Vixens fraught and often dangerous environment by developing a set of survival skills that draw upon broader cultural customs that exclude them while simultaneously offering seductive promises of quick income. It discusses the cultural model of risk that dancers employ in decision-making processes with clients and their reasons to leave sex work. Dancers interpret broader gendered principles of risk, fair exchange, and emotional labor on terms that help them justify their exploitative working conditions and social stigmatization. By discursively placing power and control in their own hands, dancers are able to see themselves as agents and entrepreneurs. At the same time, they remain attuned to the reality that their ability to take work-related risks would not last forever. Psychological trauma and emotional setbacks are other reasons for women who joined this profession out of financial necessity, to leave this work.
Kelly Bogue
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447350538
- eISBN:
- 9781447350545
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447350538.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Chapter 2 looks back on the history and development of council housing and the reasons why the state intervened in the housing market. Looking at key moments in its development, it highlights the ...
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Chapter 2 looks back on the history and development of council housing and the reasons why the state intervened in the housing market. Looking at key moments in its development, it highlights the historical tensions and divisions that inadequate housing gave rise to. It also draws attention to the development of the welfare state and the housing benefit scheme in order to provide background context to the changes that are unfolding in present day Britain relating to housing insecurity. This chapter explores the relationship between politics and the housing system, highlighting how different political parties and political ideologies impacted on the UKs public housing sector. It charts the rise of neoliberalisation in the UK, engaging with theories of neoliberalism and Loic Wacquant’s work on processes of advanced urban marginality. This chapter ends with outlining the case study fieldwork site and the methods employed in this study.Less
Chapter 2 looks back on the history and development of council housing and the reasons why the state intervened in the housing market. Looking at key moments in its development, it highlights the historical tensions and divisions that inadequate housing gave rise to. It also draws attention to the development of the welfare state and the housing benefit scheme in order to provide background context to the changes that are unfolding in present day Britain relating to housing insecurity. This chapter explores the relationship between politics and the housing system, highlighting how different political parties and political ideologies impacted on the UKs public housing sector. It charts the rise of neoliberalisation in the UK, engaging with theories of neoliberalism and Loic Wacquant’s work on processes of advanced urban marginality. This chapter ends with outlining the case study fieldwork site and the methods employed in this study.
Lomarsh Roopnarine
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496814388
- eISBN:
- 9781496814425
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496814388.003.0050
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter analyzes the migration of Indians from their rural plantation base to urban areas and from these areas to other Caribbean countries. This movement has much to do with opportunities in ...
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This chapter analyzes the migration of Indians from their rural plantation base to urban areas and from these areas to other Caribbean countries. This movement has much to do with opportunities in urban areas and some destinations in the Caribbean, as well as the aspirations and motivations of Indians themselves to migrate. In these new places, Indians competed for scarce resources, and as a consequence, they faced bouts of stigmatization and discrimination. Nevertheless, Indian migration to these places continues into today because these places have proven to be a safety valve for Indians in terms of job opportunities and better medical and social services. However, Indian migratory behavior represents agents of a brain exchange rather than a brain drain as they continue to develop their host societies and their departed homeland through services, remittances, and other means.Less
This chapter analyzes the migration of Indians from their rural plantation base to urban areas and from these areas to other Caribbean countries. This movement has much to do with opportunities in urban areas and some destinations in the Caribbean, as well as the aspirations and motivations of Indians themselves to migrate. In these new places, Indians competed for scarce resources, and as a consequence, they faced bouts of stigmatization and discrimination. Nevertheless, Indian migration to these places continues into today because these places have proven to be a safety valve for Indians in terms of job opportunities and better medical and social services. However, Indian migratory behavior represents agents of a brain exchange rather than a brain drain as they continue to develop their host societies and their departed homeland through services, remittances, and other means.
Collette P. Eccleston and Brenda Major
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195326819
- eISBN:
- 9780199847532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326819.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Membership in a group that is stigmatized in academics, a domain that is of importance in social life, poses a potential threat to an individual's personal and social identity. Stigmatized ...
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Membership in a group that is stigmatized in academics, a domain that is of importance in social life, poses a potential threat to an individual's personal and social identity. Stigmatized individuals are assumed to possess characteristics which convey a social identity that is devalued in a specific social context. Within the academic context, many ethnic minority groups and those of low socioeconomic status are stigmatized to have lesser academic ability than of other groups. The focus of this chapter is to discuss how school culture contributes in stigmatizing these students. Coping strategies in response to stigmatization that have implications for motivation and performance and how local cultures can be shaped so that they can be less threatening to the self-integrity of students who belong to academically stigmatized groups are also suggested in this chapter.Less
Membership in a group that is stigmatized in academics, a domain that is of importance in social life, poses a potential threat to an individual's personal and social identity. Stigmatized individuals are assumed to possess characteristics which convey a social identity that is devalued in a specific social context. Within the academic context, many ethnic minority groups and those of low socioeconomic status are stigmatized to have lesser academic ability than of other groups. The focus of this chapter is to discuss how school culture contributes in stigmatizing these students. Coping strategies in response to stigmatization that have implications for motivation and performance and how local cultures can be shaped so that they can be less threatening to the self-integrity of students who belong to academically stigmatized groups are also suggested in this chapter.
