Joseph E. Stiglitz, José Antonio Ocampo, Shari Spiegel, Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, and Deepak Nayyar
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199288144
- eISBN:
- 9780191603884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199288143.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter looks at exchange rate management and other policy options for an open economy. It begins with an introductory discussion of overall macroeconomic management for open economies, ...
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This chapter looks at exchange rate management and other policy options for an open economy. It begins with an introductory discussion of overall macroeconomic management for open economies, including the issues of internal and external balance and inflation targeting. It then examines how countries can attempt to manage the exchange rate. Topics covered in this section include the benefits of maintaining an undervalued exchange rate in some developing countries, government interventions to smooth out exchange rate fluctuations, and the trade-off between stability and flexibility when choosing an exchange rate regime. The chapter concludes with an analysis of other policy options in open economies, including heterodox microeconomic interventions, public sector liability management, and debt restructuring.Less
This chapter looks at exchange rate management and other policy options for an open economy. It begins with an introductory discussion of overall macroeconomic management for open economies, including the issues of internal and external balance and inflation targeting. It then examines how countries can attempt to manage the exchange rate. Topics covered in this section include the benefits of maintaining an undervalued exchange rate in some developing countries, government interventions to smooth out exchange rate fluctuations, and the trade-off between stability and flexibility when choosing an exchange rate regime. The chapter concludes with an analysis of other policy options in open economies, including heterodox microeconomic interventions, public sector liability management, and debt restructuring.
Mary Briody Mahowald
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195176179
- eISBN:
- 9780199786558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176170.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Cases illustrating variables relevant to women’s choices about contraception, sterilization, and abortion are presented. With regard to abortion, these include duration of gestation, condition of the ...
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Cases illustrating variables relevant to women’s choices about contraception, sterilization, and abortion are presented. With regard to abortion, these include duration of gestation, condition of the fetus, methods of termination, availability and cost of the procedure, medical risks to the woman or potential child, capacity for parenting, responsibilities based on relationships to others, and different positions about the moral status of the fetus. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an egalitarian perspective that privileges women’s standpoint vis-à-vis men’s not only on grounds of nondominance but also on grounds that women, not men, are directly affected by pregnancy.Less
Cases illustrating variables relevant to women’s choices about contraception, sterilization, and abortion are presented. With regard to abortion, these include duration of gestation, condition of the fetus, methods of termination, availability and cost of the procedure, medical risks to the woman or potential child, capacity for parenting, responsibilities based on relationships to others, and different positions about the moral status of the fetus. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an egalitarian perspective that privileges women’s standpoint vis-à-vis men’s not only on grounds of nondominance but also on grounds that women, not men, are directly affected by pregnancy.
Desmond King
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296294
- eISBN:
- 9780191599668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296290.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
King briefly reviews the historical and intellectual context in which the concept of eugenics developed and eventually led to the formation of the 1932 ‘Brock Committee’, which was charged with ...
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King briefly reviews the historical and intellectual context in which the concept of eugenics developed and eventually led to the formation of the 1932 ‘Brock Committee’, which was charged with making recommendations on the sterilization of the ‘feeble‐minded’ in England and Wales. Second, he analyses the motivations behind the Brock committee's appointment, the content of its deliberations, and its subsequent efforts to create sufficient momentum in favour of eugenics legislation. Third, King examines why the initiative to establish voluntary sterilization failed in Britain when it succeeded in the US. In his exploration, King determines that experts and advocates can act autonomously from societal pressure, but any decision about policy implementation is firmly a political one.Less
King briefly reviews the historical and intellectual context in which the concept of eugenics developed and eventually led to the formation of the 1932 ‘Brock Committee’, which was charged with making recommendations on the sterilization of the ‘feeble‐minded’ in England and Wales. Second, he analyses the motivations behind the Brock committee's appointment, the content of its deliberations, and its subsequent efforts to create sufficient momentum in favour of eugenics legislation. Third, King examines why the initiative to establish voluntary sterilization failed in Britain when it succeeded in the US. In his exploration, King determines that experts and advocates can act autonomously from societal pressure, but any decision about policy implementation is firmly a political one.
Victoria Harris
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578573
- eISBN:
- 9780191722936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578573.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on the interaction between prostitutes and the state agencies charged with controlling them, in particular, the development of, and rivalry between, the two major institutions ...
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This chapter focuses on the interaction between prostitutes and the state agencies charged with controlling them, in particular, the development of, and rivalry between, the two major institutions dedicated to prostitution management: the police and the social workers. It asks not only how each of these agencies interacted with prostitutes, but also how they dealt with each other. How did competition for resources between these two types of bureaucrats affect prostitutes? Did prostitutes prefer one agency to the other? If so, why? How did changing theories of deviance and worth affect bureaucrats' approaches to prostitution management?Less
This chapter focuses on the interaction between prostitutes and the state agencies charged with controlling them, in particular, the development of, and rivalry between, the two major institutions dedicated to prostitution management: the police and the social workers. It asks not only how each of these agencies interacted with prostitutes, but also how they dealt with each other. How did competition for resources between these two types of bureaucrats affect prostitutes? Did prostitutes prefer one agency to the other? If so, why? How did changing theories of deviance and worth affect bureaucrats' approaches to prostitution management?
Christine Rosen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195156799
- eISBN:
- 9780199835218
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515679X.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Preaching Eugenics tells the story of a heretofore-unexamined group of eugenics enthusiasts in the early half of the 20th century: American religious leaders. It describes how ...
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Preaching Eugenics tells the story of a heretofore-unexamined group of eugenics enthusiasts in the early half of the 20th century: American religious leaders. It describes how Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish leaders adapted to, rejected, and, in many cases, enthusiastically embraced eugenics-a movement emblematic of modern science and progressive thought in the early 20th century. Facing new challenges from scientists and intellectuals, adapting to the dramatic social changes wrought by immigration and urbanization, and often internally riven by doctrinal controversies among modernists, liberals, and fundamentalists, leaders of churches and synagogues in the early 20th century found themselves forced to defend their faiths on numerous fronts. Preaching Eugenics describes these challenges through an exploration of religious leaders’ confrontation with eugenics. Many religious leaders embraced eugenics, often arriving at their support through their involvement with other social reform movements, including campaigns to sterilize the “feebleminded” in the states; new efforts by the state to regulate marriage; the birth control movement; efforts to combat “social evils” such as venereal disease; and the movement to restrict immigration. The book draws on a wide range of sources: the records of the American Eugenics Society; religious and scientific books and periodicals of the day; and the personal papers of religious leaders such as Rev. John Haynes Holmes, Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick, Rev. John M. Cooper, Rev. John A. Ryan, biologist Charles Davenport and Yale geographer Ellsworth Huntington. In a period when religion and science were engaged in critical dialogue and in bitter feuds, the story of how religious leaders confronted one of the era’s newest “sciences,” eugenics, offers insight into the history of ideas and the history of religion in the early 20th century.Less
Preaching Eugenics tells the story of a heretofore-unexamined group of eugenics enthusiasts in the early half of the 20th century: American religious leaders. It describes how Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish leaders adapted to, rejected, and, in many cases, enthusiastically embraced eugenics-a movement emblematic of modern science and progressive thought in the early 20th century. Facing new challenges from scientists and intellectuals, adapting to the dramatic social changes wrought by immigration and urbanization, and often internally riven by doctrinal controversies among modernists, liberals, and fundamentalists, leaders of churches and synagogues in the early 20th century found themselves forced to defend their faiths on numerous fronts. Preaching Eugenics describes these challenges through an exploration of religious leaders’ confrontation with eugenics. Many religious leaders embraced eugenics, often arriving at their support through their involvement with other social reform movements, including campaigns to sterilize the “feebleminded” in the states; new efforts by the state to regulate marriage; the birth control movement; efforts to combat “social evils” such as venereal disease; and the movement to restrict immigration. The book draws on a wide range of sources: the records of the American Eugenics Society; religious and scientific books and periodicals of the day; and the personal papers of religious leaders such as Rev. John Haynes Holmes, Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick, Rev. John M. Cooper, Rev. John A. Ryan, biologist Charles Davenport and Yale geographer Ellsworth Huntington. In a period when religion and science were engaged in critical dialogue and in bitter feuds, the story of how religious leaders confronted one of the era’s newest “sciences,” eugenics, offers insight into the history of ideas and the history of religion in the early 20th century.
Christine Rosen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195156799
- eISBN:
- 9780199835218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515679X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter traces the interaction of some of the earliest Protestant and Catholic supporters of the eugenics movement, and describes the earliest efforts to form an institutional eugenics movement. ...
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This chapter traces the interaction of some of the earliest Protestant and Catholic supporters of the eugenics movement, and describes the earliest efforts to form an institutional eugenics movement. Ministers such as Rev. Oscar Carleton McCulloch and Samuel Zane Batten, for example, married Protestant Social Gospel rhetoric with eugenic sentiment in their efforts to control the “menace of the feebleminded” through social policies. Their efforts were mirrored by those of two prominent British Protestant ministers, Rev. Frederick Brotherton Meyer and Rev. James H.F. Peile. At the same time, biologist Charles Davenport was beginning to develop eugenics institutions such as the Eugenics Record Office, trying to control a movement that had already gained a number of amateur enthusiasts who published books and tracts supporting eugenics — many of which invoked biblical justification for eugenic science. Finally, this chapter explores early debates among Catholics such as Fr. Stephen M. Donovan, Msgr. Jules DeBecker, and Father Thomas Gerrard about eugenic sterilization of the feebleminded.Less
This chapter traces the interaction of some of the earliest Protestant and Catholic supporters of the eugenics movement, and describes the earliest efforts to form an institutional eugenics movement. Ministers such as Rev. Oscar Carleton McCulloch and Samuel Zane Batten, for example, married Protestant Social Gospel rhetoric with eugenic sentiment in their efforts to control the “menace of the feebleminded” through social policies. Their efforts were mirrored by those of two prominent British Protestant ministers, Rev. Frederick Brotherton Meyer and Rev. James H.F. Peile. At the same time, biologist Charles Davenport was beginning to develop eugenics institutions such as the Eugenics Record Office, trying to control a movement that had already gained a number of amateur enthusiasts who published books and tracts supporting eugenics — many of which invoked biblical justification for eugenic science. Finally, this chapter explores early debates among Catholics such as Fr. Stephen M. Donovan, Msgr. Jules DeBecker, and Father Thomas Gerrard about eugenic sterilization of the feebleminded.
Christine Rosen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195156799
- eISBN:
- 9780199835218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515679X.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Although engaged in questioning the precepts of the eugenics movement from its inception, Catholic leaders’ interest in the movement reached its apogee in the late 1920s, when the twin issues of ...
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Although engaged in questioning the precepts of the eugenics movement from its inception, Catholic leaders’ interest in the movement reached its apogee in the late 1920s, when the twin issues of compulsory sterilization and birth control came to dominate the debate over eugenics. Through an examination of the work of Rev. John A. Ryan and Rev. John M. Cooper, two Catholic leaders who were once members of the American Eugenics Society, this chapter describes the intellectual journey of the Catholics who eventually became the eugenics movement’s most fervent opponents. It reviews Catholic debate about eugenic sterilization, the reaction to Margaret Sanger’s fledgling birth control movement, and the lay and clerical reaction to Pope Pius XI’s encyclical Casti Connubi.Less
Although engaged in questioning the precepts of the eugenics movement from its inception, Catholic leaders’ interest in the movement reached its apogee in the late 1920s, when the twin issues of compulsory sterilization and birth control came to dominate the debate over eugenics. Through an examination of the work of Rev. John A. Ryan and Rev. John M. Cooper, two Catholic leaders who were once members of the American Eugenics Society, this chapter describes the intellectual journey of the Catholics who eventually became the eugenics movement’s most fervent opponents. It reviews Catholic debate about eugenic sterilization, the reaction to Margaret Sanger’s fledgling birth control movement, and the lay and clerical reaction to Pope Pius XI’s encyclical Casti Connubi.
Geoffrey Campbell Cocks
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199695676
- eISBN:
- 9780191738616
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695676.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Third Reich inherited a highly organized German health system. The Nazis also inherited a populace suffering from a wide variety of illnesses and diseases due to longstanding social and economic ...
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The Third Reich inherited a highly organized German health system. The Nazis also inherited a populace suffering from a wide variety of illnesses and diseases due to longstanding social and economic inequalities and a series of national catastrophes after 1914. Health improved after the Great Depression, but the Third Reich worsened public health for the sake of rearmament. While Jews suffered immediately and perpetually from official persecution, ‘Aryan’ Germans responded to Nazism with a self-centred mixture of enthusiasm, reserve, and anxiety that precluded empathy with the regime's victims. The Nazis preached collective racial identity, forced sterilization upon ‘inferior’ individuals, and indulged individual pleasure and achievement. Health discourse consisted of official tales of healing and health, propaganda against Jewish physicians, and popular preoccupation with their own health and that of their leaders.Less
The Third Reich inherited a highly organized German health system. The Nazis also inherited a populace suffering from a wide variety of illnesses and diseases due to longstanding social and economic inequalities and a series of national catastrophes after 1914. Health improved after the Great Depression, but the Third Reich worsened public health for the sake of rearmament. While Jews suffered immediately and perpetually from official persecution, ‘Aryan’ Germans responded to Nazism with a self-centred mixture of enthusiasm, reserve, and anxiety that precluded empathy with the regime's victims. The Nazis preached collective racial identity, forced sterilization upon ‘inferior’ individuals, and indulged individual pleasure and achievement. Health discourse consisted of official tales of healing and health, propaganda against Jewish physicians, and popular preoccupation with their own health and that of their leaders.
Mathew Thomson
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206927
- eISBN:
- 9780191677380
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206927.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This book is the first detailed assessment of the development and implementation of social policy to deal with the problem of the ‘mentally deficient’ in Britain ...
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This book is the first detailed assessment of the development and implementation of social policy to deal with the problem of the ‘mentally deficient’ in Britain between 1870 and 1959. It analyses all the factors involved in the policy-making process, beginning with the politics of the legislature and showing how the demands of central government were interpreted by local authorities, resulting in a wide and varied distribution of medical, institutional, and community care in different parts of the country. The efforts of health professionals, voluntary organizations and the families themselves are considered, alongside questions about the influence of changing concepts of class, gender, and citizenship. The author queries the belief that the policy of segregation was largely unsuccessful, and reveals a hitherto unrecognized system of care in the community. He reframes our understanding of the campaign for sterilization and examines why British policy-makers avoided extremist measures such as the compulsory sterilization introduced in Germany and parts of the US during this period. The author shows that the problem of mental deficiency cannot be understood simply in terms of eugenics, but must also be considered as part of the process of adjusting to democracy in the twentieth century.Less
This book is the first detailed assessment of the development and implementation of social policy to deal with the problem of the ‘mentally deficient’ in Britain between 1870 and 1959. It analyses all the factors involved in the policy-making process, beginning with the politics of the legislature and showing how the demands of central government were interpreted by local authorities, resulting in a wide and varied distribution of medical, institutional, and community care in different parts of the country. The efforts of health professionals, voluntary organizations and the families themselves are considered, alongside questions about the influence of changing concepts of class, gender, and citizenship. The author queries the belief that the policy of segregation was largely unsuccessful, and reveals a hitherto unrecognized system of care in the community. He reframes our understanding of the campaign for sterilization and examines why British policy-makers avoided extremist measures such as the compulsory sterilization introduced in Germany and parts of the US during this period. The author shows that the problem of mental deficiency cannot be understood simply in terms of eugenics, but must also be considered as part of the process of adjusting to democracy in the twentieth century.
Jennifer M. Denbow
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479828838
- eISBN:
- 9781479808977
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479828838.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Women in the contemporary United States are facing heightened surveillance of their reproductive health and decisions in areas ranging from abortion law to sterilization regulation. While many of ...
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Women in the contemporary United States are facing heightened surveillance of their reproductive health and decisions in areas ranging from abortion law to sterilization regulation. While many of these policies seem to undermine women’s decision-making authority, experts and state actors often defend them in terms of promoting women’s autonomy. In Governed through Choice, Jennifer Denbow exposes the way that the notion of autonomy allows for these apparent contradictions and explores how it plays out in recent reproductive law. Denbow also shows how developments in reproductive technology, which would seem to increase women’s options and autonomy, provide opportunities for state management of women’s bodies. Governed through Choice argues that notions of autonomy and choice, as well as transformations in reproductive technology, converge to enable the state’s surveillance of women and undermine their decision-making authority. Governed through Choice also points the way toward a more affirmative and emancipatory vision of reproductive politics. Denbow offers an alternative understanding of autonomy that focuses on critique and social transformation. Moreover, although reproductive technologies create opportunities for heightened state surveillance, they also may help disrupt oppressive norms and enable transformation. In using the frames of autonomy and technology to investigate reproductive law, Governed through Choice provides a critically important analysis that is attuned to the diverse ways in which reproductive bodies are regulated. Through an examination that spans political theory, critical race feminism, neoliberalism, queer studies, and law, Denbow shows how the law regulates women’s bodies as reproductive sites and what can be done about it.Less
Women in the contemporary United States are facing heightened surveillance of their reproductive health and decisions in areas ranging from abortion law to sterilization regulation. While many of these policies seem to undermine women’s decision-making authority, experts and state actors often defend them in terms of promoting women’s autonomy. In Governed through Choice, Jennifer Denbow exposes the way that the notion of autonomy allows for these apparent contradictions and explores how it plays out in recent reproductive law. Denbow also shows how developments in reproductive technology, which would seem to increase women’s options and autonomy, provide opportunities for state management of women’s bodies. Governed through Choice argues that notions of autonomy and choice, as well as transformations in reproductive technology, converge to enable the state’s surveillance of women and undermine their decision-making authority. Governed through Choice also points the way toward a more affirmative and emancipatory vision of reproductive politics. Denbow offers an alternative understanding of autonomy that focuses on critique and social transformation. Moreover, although reproductive technologies create opportunities for heightened state surveillance, they also may help disrupt oppressive norms and enable transformation. In using the frames of autonomy and technology to investigate reproductive law, Governed through Choice provides a critically important analysis that is attuned to the diverse ways in which reproductive bodies are regulated. Through an examination that spans political theory, critical race feminism, neoliberalism, queer studies, and law, Denbow shows how the law regulates women’s bodies as reproductive sites and what can be done about it.
Mathew Thomson
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206927
- eISBN:
- 9780191677380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206927.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study about the development and implementation of policies to address the mental deficiency ...
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This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study about the development and implementation of policies to address the mental deficiency problem in Great Britain from 1870 to 1959. Parliament passed the Mental Deficiency Act in 1939 and the Mental Health Act in 1959 to address the problem, and several strategies were proposed and utilized to treat and manage mental deficiency including segregation, sterilization, and community care. It highlights the impact of the formation of the Welfare State and the role of the voluntary sector in the development of mental deficiency policy.Less
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study about the development and implementation of policies to address the mental deficiency problem in Great Britain from 1870 to 1959. Parliament passed the Mental Deficiency Act in 1939 and the Mental Health Act in 1959 to address the problem, and several strategies were proposed and utilized to treat and manage mental deficiency including segregation, sterilization, and community care. It highlights the impact of the formation of the Welfare State and the role of the voluntary sector in the development of mental deficiency policy.
Mathew Thomson
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206927
- eISBN:
- 9780191677380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206927.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter focuses on the Board of Control, the government department created under the 1913 Mental Deficiency Act in Great Britain to handle all ...
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This chapter focuses on the Board of Control, the government department created under the 1913 Mental Deficiency Act in Great Britain to handle all mental health care issues. It shows how the board's character affected the interdepartmental and intradepartmental politics of mental deficiency and shaped both the medical and administrative dimensions of the problem. It explains that the special character of the Board has caused the bifurcation between children and adults, lay behind the limited realization of segregation, and led to consideration of the alternative solutions of sterilization and community care.Less
This chapter focuses on the Board of Control, the government department created under the 1913 Mental Deficiency Act in Great Britain to handle all mental health care issues. It shows how the board's character affected the interdepartmental and intradepartmental politics of mental deficiency and shaped both the medical and administrative dimensions of the problem. It explains that the special character of the Board has caused the bifurcation between children and adults, lay behind the limited realization of segregation, and led to consideration of the alternative solutions of sterilization and community care.
Mathew Thomson
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206927
- eISBN:
- 9780191677380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206927.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter examines the third proposed solution for addressing the mental deficiency problem in Great Britain during the 1930s, which was to sterilize ...
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This chapter examines the third proposed solution for addressing the mental deficiency problem in Great Britain during the 1930s, which was to sterilize mental defectives. It states that this proposal has received much opposition because of the weakness of eugenic arguments and because of resistance from the Labour movement, the Catholic Church, and the medical community. Sterilization failed to become the best solution because it was never a solution on its own and it had to be combined with segregation and community care.Less
This chapter examines the third proposed solution for addressing the mental deficiency problem in Great Britain during the 1930s, which was to sterilize mental defectives. It states that this proposal has received much opposition because of the weakness of eugenic arguments and because of resistance from the Labour movement, the Catholic Church, and the medical community. Sterilization failed to become the best solution because it was never a solution on its own and it had to be combined with segregation and community care.
Patrick Magee and Mark Tooley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199595150
- eISBN:
- 9780191918032
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0034
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Anesthesiology
Although a proportion of anaesthetic and surgical equipment is disposable nowadays, there is still a significant amount of cleaning and sterilisation required, and ...
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Although a proportion of anaesthetic and surgical equipment is disposable nowadays, there is still a significant amount of cleaning and sterilisation required, and with the emergence of new organisms, the methods used have come under closer scrutiny. It is worth noting, in passing, that hand cleanliness of staff coming into contact with patients has also come under close scrutiny in recent years. Cleaning of equipment involves the physical removal of as much of the infectious agent as possible, usually using water and a detergent, and is an important precursor to disinfection or sterilisation. It can be done manually where automated devices are unavailable. Ultrasonic washers are sometimes used, as are irrigation pumps for flushing out the lumina of tubes. There is a difference in definition between disinfection and sterilisation. Disinfection is merely the killing of non-spore producing micro-organisms. It kills most bacteria except mycobacteria and spores, and it kills some fungi and some viruses. A higher level of disinfection ensures the destruction of mycobacteria, and most fungi and viruses. Sterilisation is required to kill all micro-organisms, including spores, fungi and viruses. Prions are, however, resistant to most sterilisation procedures. To disinfect or sterilise the modes of heat, chemicals or radiation are used. Moist heat is much more efficacious at coagulating bacterial protein than dry heat, which requires higher temperatures for longer periods to guarantee effect. Moist heat achieves this by increasing the permeability of the organism’s cellular structure to the heat. A hot water washer or low temperature steam applied to instruments for fifteen minutes kills bacteria, but not spores. Higher temperatures are achievable by pressurising the steriliser (Boyle’s law). The modern autoclave uses steam at 134°C and 2 bar, when 3½ minutes is sufficient to kill all organisms, providing the steam can reach the instruments; however, to dry the equipment, the steam is removed and replaced with sterile air, the total cycle time being 10 minutes. Rubber and plastic materials degenerate after some time with this regime, and a combination of 121°C for fifteen minutes, or 115°C for thirty minutes can be used instead.
Less
Although a proportion of anaesthetic and surgical equipment is disposable nowadays, there is still a significant amount of cleaning and sterilisation required, and with the emergence of new organisms, the methods used have come under closer scrutiny. It is worth noting, in passing, that hand cleanliness of staff coming into contact with patients has also come under close scrutiny in recent years. Cleaning of equipment involves the physical removal of as much of the infectious agent as possible, usually using water and a detergent, and is an important precursor to disinfection or sterilisation. It can be done manually where automated devices are unavailable. Ultrasonic washers are sometimes used, as are irrigation pumps for flushing out the lumina of tubes. There is a difference in definition between disinfection and sterilisation. Disinfection is merely the killing of non-spore producing micro-organisms. It kills most bacteria except mycobacteria and spores, and it kills some fungi and some viruses. A higher level of disinfection ensures the destruction of mycobacteria, and most fungi and viruses. Sterilisation is required to kill all micro-organisms, including spores, fungi and viruses. Prions are, however, resistant to most sterilisation procedures. To disinfect or sterilise the modes of heat, chemicals or radiation are used. Moist heat is much more efficacious at coagulating bacterial protein than dry heat, which requires higher temperatures for longer periods to guarantee effect. Moist heat achieves this by increasing the permeability of the organism’s cellular structure to the heat. A hot water washer or low temperature steam applied to instruments for fifteen minutes kills bacteria, but not spores. Higher temperatures are achievable by pressurising the steriliser (Boyle’s law). The modern autoclave uses steam at 134°C and 2 bar, when 3½ minutes is sufficient to kill all organisms, providing the steam can reach the instruments; however, to dry the equipment, the steam is removed and replaced with sterile air, the total cycle time being 10 minutes. Rubber and plastic materials degenerate after some time with this regime, and a combination of 121°C for fifteen minutes, or 115°C for thirty minutes can be used instead.
Rebecca J. Cook, Bernard M. Dickens, and Mahmoud F. Fathalla
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241323
- eISBN:
- 9780191696909
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241323.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter analyzes a case involving Dr T, who is employed in a government-run hospital that treats an impoverished community. The community has a high birth rate, and the health care system is ...
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This chapter analyzes a case involving Dr T, who is employed in a government-run hospital that treats an impoverished community. The community has a high birth rate, and the health care system is under pressure from the government to increase contraceptive use and to decrease fertility. The board of the hospital is proposing to introduce a hospital regulation that any women who have four or more children can have hospital delivery free of charge only if they agree to be sterilized after delivery. It discusses how Dr T should respond, given relevant medical, ethical, legal, and human rights factors.Less
This chapter analyzes a case involving Dr T, who is employed in a government-run hospital that treats an impoverished community. The community has a high birth rate, and the health care system is under pressure from the government to increase contraceptive use and to decrease fertility. The board of the hospital is proposing to introduce a hospital regulation that any women who have four or more children can have hospital delivery free of charge only if they agree to be sterilized after delivery. It discusses how Dr T should respond, given relevant medical, ethical, legal, and human rights factors.
Xiao Lu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028122
- eISBN:
- 9789882206816
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028122.003.0015
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter discusses the author and Lan Jun's return to China in November 1997 after eight years in Australia. It discusses the author's observations about the changes and development in China. It ...
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This chapter discusses the author and Lan Jun's return to China in November 1997 after eight years in Australia. It discusses the author's observations about the changes and development in China. It explains that during this time the author and Lan Jun started to have discussions, particularly about other people's comments on Lan Jun's illegal crossing to be with the author and his refusal to have a baby. One of the major discussions was about Lan Jun's plan to present a Sterilization Project to the author, which would require both of them to undergo sterilization surgery.Less
This chapter discusses the author and Lan Jun's return to China in November 1997 after eight years in Australia. It discusses the author's observations about the changes and development in China. It explains that during this time the author and Lan Jun started to have discussions, particularly about other people's comments on Lan Jun's illegal crossing to be with the author and his refusal to have a baby. One of the major discussions was about Lan Jun's plan to present a Sterilization Project to the author, which would require both of them to undergo sterilization surgery.
Alexandra Minna Stern
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520285064
- eISBN:
- 9780520960657
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520285064.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The first edition of this book explores the long and unsettled history of eugenics in the United States. This expanded second edition includes shocking details demonstrating that eugenics continues ...
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The first edition of this book explores the long and unsettled history of eugenics in the United States. This expanded second edition includes shocking details demonstrating that eugenics continues to inform institutional and reproductive injustice. The author draws on recently uncovered historical records to reveal patterns of racial bias in California's sterilization program and documents compelling individual experiences. The book presents reasons to challenge the prevailing historical understanding of eugenics and its underlying assumptions about time, place, and thematic relevance. It covers the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in 1915; draws connections between colonial medicine and eugenics along the US–Mexican border; explores the emergence of the eugenics movement in California from 1900 to the 1940s; examines the patterns and experiences of eugenic sterilization in state institutions; discusses the relationship between nature-making and eugenics in California; and provides a brief overview of the criticisms leveled at eugenics from the early decades of the twentieth century to midcentury. With the addition of radically new and relevant research, this edition connects the eugenic past to the genomic present with attention to the ethical and social implications of emerging genetic technologies.Less
The first edition of this book explores the long and unsettled history of eugenics in the United States. This expanded second edition includes shocking details demonstrating that eugenics continues to inform institutional and reproductive injustice. The author draws on recently uncovered historical records to reveal patterns of racial bias in California's sterilization program and documents compelling individual experiences. The book presents reasons to challenge the prevailing historical understanding of eugenics and its underlying assumptions about time, place, and thematic relevance. It covers the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in 1915; draws connections between colonial medicine and eugenics along the US–Mexican border; explores the emergence of the eugenics movement in California from 1900 to the 1940s; examines the patterns and experiences of eugenic sterilization in state institutions; discusses the relationship between nature-making and eugenics in California; and provides a brief overview of the criticisms leveled at eugenics from the early decades of the twentieth century to midcentury. With the addition of radically new and relevant research, this edition connects the eugenic past to the genomic present with attention to the ethical and social implications of emerging genetic technologies.
E. J. N. Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198508298
- eISBN:
- 9780191706363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508298.003.0013
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Thousands of low and medium energy accelerators are used in industry, medicine, and for research. Applications include ion implantation for computer chips, hardening of plastics, surface treatment of ...
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Thousands of low and medium energy accelerators are used in industry, medicine, and for research. Applications include ion implantation for computer chips, hardening of plastics, surface treatment of metals, precision machining of miniature components and membranes, sterilisation of food, packaging, and in industrial waste disposal. Synchrotrons provide synchrotron light for studies of complex crystal structures, proteins, and other molecules. Protons are accelerated to produce neutrons by spallation for diffraction studies of similar structures. Principal medical applications include cyclotrons for isotope production as well as linacs, and proton and ion synchrotrons for advanced cancer therapy. Van der Graaf and other low emery accelerators are used for a variety of scattering experiments including carbon dating and material analysis. Future large-scale applications include energy production by heavy-ion fusion and accelerator-driven reactors.Less
Thousands of low and medium energy accelerators are used in industry, medicine, and for research. Applications include ion implantation for computer chips, hardening of plastics, surface treatment of metals, precision machining of miniature components and membranes, sterilisation of food, packaging, and in industrial waste disposal. Synchrotrons provide synchrotron light for studies of complex crystal structures, proteins, and other molecules. Protons are accelerated to produce neutrons by spallation for diffraction studies of similar structures. Principal medical applications include cyclotrons for isotope production as well as linacs, and proton and ion synchrotrons for advanced cancer therapy. Van der Graaf and other low emery accelerators are used for a variety of scattering experiments including carbon dating and material analysis. Future large-scale applications include energy production by heavy-ion fusion and accelerator-driven reactors.
Patrick McKinley Brennan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199795307
- eISBN:
- 9780199932894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199795307.003.0022
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Positivism, the modern approach to law, respects only the will of the government or the will of the sovereign. The Catholic tradition of law recognizes that groups and individuals are always under a ...
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Positivism, the modern approach to law, respects only the will of the government or the will of the sovereign. The Catholic tradition of law recognizes that groups and individuals are always under a higher law, the natural law. Only by drawing on natural law can any subsequent law properly be defined, framed, and judged. The U.S. Constitution requires due process of law. “Substantive due process” requires proper procedures and imposes certain substantive requirements. Does it make sense to pit “rights” against “law”? The Thomistic approach avoids this clash by saying that some laws are not laws at all. In particular, compulsory sterilization of the mentally disabled fails as a law. Nonetheless in Buck v. Bell (1927) the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a Virginia law allowing compulsory sterilization. Natural law theorists look to procedure and substance because natural law is a sharing in the eternal law of God and is the imprint on humans of the Divine light. Thomas Aquinas says that legislation is the highest form of human participation in the divine law. If asked to pass judgment on a morally deficient law, the judge should not judge, because according to the natural law, that “law” is not truly a law.Less
Positivism, the modern approach to law, respects only the will of the government or the will of the sovereign. The Catholic tradition of law recognizes that groups and individuals are always under a higher law, the natural law. Only by drawing on natural law can any subsequent law properly be defined, framed, and judged. The U.S. Constitution requires due process of law. “Substantive due process” requires proper procedures and imposes certain substantive requirements. Does it make sense to pit “rights” against “law”? The Thomistic approach avoids this clash by saying that some laws are not laws at all. In particular, compulsory sterilization of the mentally disabled fails as a law. Nonetheless in Buck v. Bell (1927) the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a Virginia law allowing compulsory sterilization. Natural law theorists look to procedure and substance because natural law is a sharing in the eternal law of God and is the imprint on humans of the Divine light. Thomas Aquinas says that legislation is the highest form of human participation in the divine law. If asked to pass judgment on a morally deficient law, the judge should not judge, because according to the natural law, that “law” is not truly a law.
Sharmila Rudrappa
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479874521
- eISBN:
- 9781479877140
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479874521.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter discusses sterilization as birth control for rural women in India. In 1970s, female sterilization had been a popular and preferred way to institute birth control. Eighty-one percent of ...
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This chapter discusses sterilization as birth control for rural women in India. In 1970s, female sterilization had been a popular and preferred way to institute birth control. Eighty-one percent of rural Indian women received the service in government-run camps. They were sterilized serially in temporary operation rooms, which were converted from classrooms for schoolchildren. After their surgeries the women rested in the camp for a couple of days in order to be observed for any complications that might develop. While acknowledging that sterilization camps did not meet the standards of quality care, the Family Planning Division of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare continued to endorse them and provided detailed information on how to set them up.Less
This chapter discusses sterilization as birth control for rural women in India. In 1970s, female sterilization had been a popular and preferred way to institute birth control. Eighty-one percent of rural Indian women received the service in government-run camps. They were sterilized serially in temporary operation rooms, which were converted from classrooms for schoolchildren. After their surgeries the women rested in the camp for a couple of days in order to be observed for any complications that might develop. While acknowledging that sterilization camps did not meet the standards of quality care, the Family Planning Division of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare continued to endorse them and provided detailed information on how to set them up.
