Elaine Howard Ecklund
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195392982
- eISBN:
- 9780199777105
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392982.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Americans support science as well as religion—but these two things are often at odds. In the wake of recent controversies about teaching intelligent design and the ethics of embryonic-stem- cell ...
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Americans support science as well as religion—but these two things are often at odds. In the wake of recent controversies about teaching intelligent design and the ethics of embryonic-stem- cell research, greater understanding between scientists and the general religious public is critical. What is needed is a balanced assessment of the middle ground that can exist between science and religion. Science vs. Religion: What Do Scientists Really Think? is the definitive statement on this timely, politically charged subject. After thousands of hours spent talking to the nation’s leading scientists, Elaine Howard Ecklund argues that the American public has widespread misconceptions about scientists’ views of religion. Few scientists are committed secularists. Only a small minority actively reject and work against religion. And many are themselves religious. The majority are whom she calls spiritual pioneers, who desire to link their spirituality with a greater mission for the work they do as scientists. In the current climate, even scientists who are not religious recognize that they must engage with religion as they are pressed by their students to respond to faith in the classroom—what Ecklund calls environmental push. Based on a survey and interviews with scientists at more than 20 elite U.S. universities, Ecklund’s book argues that other scientists must step up to the table of dialogue and that American believers must embrace science again. Both science and religion are at stake if any less is done.Less
Americans support science as well as religion—but these two things are often at odds. In the wake of recent controversies about teaching intelligent design and the ethics of embryonic-stem- cell research, greater understanding between scientists and the general religious public is critical. What is needed is a balanced assessment of the middle ground that can exist between science and religion. Science vs. Religion: What Do Scientists Really Think? is the definitive statement on this timely, politically charged subject. After thousands of hours spent talking to the nation’s leading scientists, Elaine Howard Ecklund argues that the American public has widespread misconceptions about scientists’ views of religion. Few scientists are committed secularists. Only a small minority actively reject and work against religion. And many are themselves religious. The majority are whom she calls spiritual pioneers, who desire to link their spirituality with a greater mission for the work they do as scientists. In the current climate, even scientists who are not religious recognize that they must engage with religion as they are pressed by their students to respond to faith in the classroom—what Ecklund calls environmental push. Based on a survey and interviews with scientists at more than 20 elite U.S. universities, Ecklund’s book argues that other scientists must step up to the table of dialogue and that American believers must embrace science again. Both science and religion are at stake if any less is done.
Quentin Cronk
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199550357
- eISBN:
- 9780191720154
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550357.001.1
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry, Developmental Biology
This book surveys the momentous morphological change in plant evolution that created the terrestrial biosphere as we know it today. It takes as its premise that the study of plant evolution at its ...
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This book surveys the momentous morphological change in plant evolution that created the terrestrial biosphere as we know it today. It takes as its premise that the study of plant evolution at its grandest is the study of how mutations in genes have changed the way the planet functions. The evolution of the leaf, for instance, change terrestrial carbon cycling and primary productivity, so changing the earth's atmosphere and the distribution of carbon. The book charts the rise to complexity of the three many organs systems of complex land plants, the axis or stem, the leaf, and the root. These organs system are surveyed morphologically in the light of empirical morphology, in which organ concepts are considered as hypotheses to be tested in a developmental, molecular, and phylogenetic framework. It also tackles the evolution of the seed (via heterospory and covering of the megasporangium) and the flower (by complex patterning of sporophylls and sterile phyllomes). All this is placed where possible in its molecular context, with the aim of demonstrating how evolving gene networks have given rise to increasing morphological complexity.Less
This book surveys the momentous morphological change in plant evolution that created the terrestrial biosphere as we know it today. It takes as its premise that the study of plant evolution at its grandest is the study of how mutations in genes have changed the way the planet functions. The evolution of the leaf, for instance, change terrestrial carbon cycling and primary productivity, so changing the earth's atmosphere and the distribution of carbon. The book charts the rise to complexity of the three many organs systems of complex land plants, the axis or stem, the leaf, and the root. These organs system are surveyed morphologically in the light of empirical morphology, in which organ concepts are considered as hypotheses to be tested in a developmental, molecular, and phylogenetic framework. It also tackles the evolution of the seed (via heterospory and covering of the megasporangium) and the flower (by complex patterning of sporophylls and sterile phyllomes). All this is placed where possible in its molecular context, with the aim of demonstrating how evolving gene networks have given rise to increasing morphological complexity.
Torsten Meissner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199280087
- eISBN:
- 9780191707100
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280087.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This introductory chapter discusses the subject matter of this book, namely, word formation in Ancient Greek. The study will look at the morphological and semantic characteristics of the s-stem ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the subject matter of this book, namely, word formation in Ancient Greek. The study will look at the morphological and semantic characteristics of the s-stem formations. As a result of this investigation, a number of traditional views will be challenged. In particular, it will emerge that the conventional notion of ‘Caland's Law’ is inadequate, at least for Greek and quite possibly for the parent language as well. It is also shown that these morphological and semantic characteristics of the individual types and their historical development can be defined more closely.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the subject matter of this book, namely, word formation in Ancient Greek. The study will look at the morphological and semantic characteristics of the s-stem formations. As a result of this investigation, a number of traditional views will be challenged. In particular, it will emerge that the conventional notion of ‘Caland's Law’ is inadequate, at least for Greek and quite possibly for the parent language as well. It is also shown that these morphological and semantic characteristics of the individual types and their historical development can be defined more closely.
Gilles Boyé and Patricia Cabredo Hofherr
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264607
- eISBN:
- 9780191734366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264607.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter examines some particular types of defectiveness in French and Spanish verbs. In the cases considered herein, the gaps in the paradigm exhibit the same zones of stem suppletion patterns ...
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This chapter examines some particular types of defectiveness in French and Spanish verbs. In the cases considered herein, the gaps in the paradigm exhibit the same zones of stem suppletion patterns prevalent in irregular verbs. The defective paradigms of the French and Spanish verbs which are assumed to be associated to the level of the stem are examined through stem suppletion and through the lexicalization of the gaps in the stem space. Discussed herein are: the three kinds of defectiveness that can be found in verbal paradigms; the morphology of the defective verbs in French and Spanish; and the analysis of the Spanish verb morphology according to Boyé and Cabredo Hoffer. This analysis suggests that each zone of the systematic co-variation in the verbal paradigm corresponds to the forms built on the same stem. Stems are generally organized by a graph that presents the links between stems which define implicative relations. Regular verbs only need one stem to be specified while irregular verbs need more than one stem to be specified. Included as well is a discussion on how the zones of defectiveness identified in the French and Spanish verbs coincide with the independently established zones of stem suppletion in the study of irregular verbs. The chapter concludes with the three ways that can lead to defectiveness, stem indeterminacy, stem gaps, and stem avoidance.Less
This chapter examines some particular types of defectiveness in French and Spanish verbs. In the cases considered herein, the gaps in the paradigm exhibit the same zones of stem suppletion patterns prevalent in irregular verbs. The defective paradigms of the French and Spanish verbs which are assumed to be associated to the level of the stem are examined through stem suppletion and through the lexicalization of the gaps in the stem space. Discussed herein are: the three kinds of defectiveness that can be found in verbal paradigms; the morphology of the defective verbs in French and Spanish; and the analysis of the Spanish verb morphology according to Boyé and Cabredo Hoffer. This analysis suggests that each zone of the systematic co-variation in the verbal paradigm corresponds to the forms built on the same stem. Stems are generally organized by a graph that presents the links between stems which define implicative relations. Regular verbs only need one stem to be specified while irregular verbs need more than one stem to be specified. Included as well is a discussion on how the zones of defectiveness identified in the French and Spanish verbs coincide with the independently established zones of stem suppletion in the study of irregular verbs. The chapter concludes with the three ways that can lead to defectiveness, stem indeterminacy, stem gaps, and stem avoidance.
David E. Guinn (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195178739
- eISBN:
- 9780199784943
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195178734.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This book discusses the role of religion in a religiously pluralistic liberal society, namely the United States. Nowhere else in the public realm do the fundamental religious questions about the ...
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This book discusses the role of religion in a religiously pluralistic liberal society, namely the United States. Nowhere else in the public realm do the fundamental religious questions about the meaning and nature of life arise in a context where resort to a political answer is the norm. Many people continue to insist that the US Constitution precludes religious participation in the political process, while others insist that by denying a role to religion we fundamentally discriminate against people of faith. As the chapters in this book demonstrate, the issues are complex and multifaceted. The book address such specific and highly contested issues as assisted suicide, stem cell research, cloning, reproductive health, and alternative medicine as well as general questions concerning as who legitimately speaks for religion in public bioethics, what religion can add to our understanding of justice, and the value of faith-based contributions to healthcare. The book begins with overview chapters about the role of religion in bioethics since the inception of the field. It then explores that role in the formation of public policy in terms of sociology, critical studies, philosophy, and religious studies. The book questions the distinction between public policy bioethics and clinical care, recognizing the close interconnection between the two. It offers insight on how religion shapes questions of justice in patient care and the ethical tools provided by Islam, Buddhism, and Evangelical Christianity that can be used both in advocating for public policy and in making individual care decisions. Over the last five to ten years, researchers have begun to explore the efficacy of religion as a mode of treatment.Less
This book discusses the role of religion in a religiously pluralistic liberal society, namely the United States. Nowhere else in the public realm do the fundamental religious questions about the meaning and nature of life arise in a context where resort to a political answer is the norm. Many people continue to insist that the US Constitution precludes religious participation in the political process, while others insist that by denying a role to religion we fundamentally discriminate against people of faith. As the chapters in this book demonstrate, the issues are complex and multifaceted. The book address such specific and highly contested issues as assisted suicide, stem cell research, cloning, reproductive health, and alternative medicine as well as general questions concerning as who legitimately speaks for religion in public bioethics, what religion can add to our understanding of justice, and the value of faith-based contributions to healthcare. The book begins with overview chapters about the role of religion in bioethics since the inception of the field. It then explores that role in the formation of public policy in terms of sociology, critical studies, philosophy, and religious studies. The book questions the distinction between public policy bioethics and clinical care, recognizing the close interconnection between the two. It offers insight on how religion shapes questions of justice in patient care and the ethical tools provided by Islam, Buddhism, and Evangelical Christianity that can be used both in advocating for public policy and in making individual care decisions. Over the last five to ten years, researchers have begun to explore the efficacy of religion as a mode of treatment.
Mary Briody Mahowald
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195176179
- eISBN:
- 9780199786558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176170.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Cases illustrating the exclusion of women in biomedical research, experimental treatment and maternal fetal surgery, human reproductive cloning, and embryonic stem cell research are presented. For ...
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Cases illustrating the exclusion of women in biomedical research, experimental treatment and maternal fetal surgery, human reproductive cloning, and embryonic stem cell research are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of those who are “nondominant”. Implications of different positions about moral status of embryos and fetuses, and about people born with disabilities are also considered.Less
Cases illustrating the exclusion of women in biomedical research, experimental treatment and maternal fetal surgery, human reproductive cloning, and embryonic stem cell research are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of those who are “nondominant”. Implications of different positions about moral status of embryos and fetuses, and about people born with disabilities are also considered.
Nigel M. de S. Cameron
David E. Guinn (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195178739
- eISBN:
- 9780199784943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195178734.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
The series of policy positions of the US administration in the opening years of the “biotech century” in respect to cloning, embryonic stem cell research, and the patenting of human embryos offers a ...
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The series of policy positions of the US administration in the opening years of the “biotech century” in respect to cloning, embryonic stem cell research, and the patenting of human embryos offers a case study in the development of public policy that, though it has been developed in the context of secular argument, reflects distinctive concerns of Christian theology. Through several events (including the development of mammalian cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer, the pursuit by Bill Clinton's administration of a workaround for congressional bans on embryo research, the UN Franco-German cloning initiative, and concerns over intellectual property claims on human nature), the Bush administration has confronted a series of policy decisions affecting the ethical-legal framework for biotechnology. Though there has been little explicitly Christian reflection within the bioethics community, Christians together with other thinkers have recognized that these questions could determine the scope and course of developments in biotechnology.Less
The series of policy positions of the US administration in the opening years of the “biotech century” in respect to cloning, embryonic stem cell research, and the patenting of human embryos offers a case study in the development of public policy that, though it has been developed in the context of secular argument, reflects distinctive concerns of Christian theology. Through several events (including the development of mammalian cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer, the pursuit by Bill Clinton's administration of a workaround for congressional bans on embryo research, the UN Franco-German cloning initiative, and concerns over intellectual property claims on human nature), the Bush administration has confronted a series of policy decisions affecting the ethical-legal framework for biotechnology. Though there has been little explicitly Christian reflection within the bioethics community, Christians together with other thinkers have recognized that these questions could determine the scope and course of developments in biotechnology.
Cynthia B. Cohen
David E. Guinn (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195178739
- eISBN:
- 9780199784943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195178734.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter argues that although there are certain limits on how religious bodies and their members should attempt to insert their beliefs into public policy matters, religiously based arguments ...
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This chapter argues that although there are certain limits on how religious bodies and their members should attempt to insert their beliefs into public policy matters, religiously based arguments should, as a matter of principle, be allowed to enter into public debate. This is the case even when many participants in these debates do not accept the premises on which the arguments of religious believers are constructed. The first part of the chapter considers the stances that various religious bodies and commentators have taken publicly regarding embryonic stem cell research and the ways in which they have justified their views in the course of public discussion. It then examines why critics of religious bodies object to the introduction of religious views into public policy debates and offer several responses to these critics, using the responses of religious bodies and thinkers to embryonic stem cell research as examples. Finally, the chapter sets out an alternative view that offers a system for allowing religious bodies to present their views in the public sphere, provided that they follow certain practices that allow fair and open debate.Less
This chapter argues that although there are certain limits on how religious bodies and their members should attempt to insert their beliefs into public policy matters, religiously based arguments should, as a matter of principle, be allowed to enter into public debate. This is the case even when many participants in these debates do not accept the premises on which the arguments of religious believers are constructed. The first part of the chapter considers the stances that various religious bodies and commentators have taken publicly regarding embryonic stem cell research and the ways in which they have justified their views in the course of public discussion. It then examines why critics of religious bodies object to the introduction of religious views into public policy debates and offer several responses to these critics, using the responses of religious bodies and thinkers to embryonic stem cell research as examples. Finally, the chapter sets out an alternative view that offers a system for allowing religious bodies to present their views in the public sphere, provided that they follow certain practices that allow fair and open debate.
John C. H. Spence
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199552757
- eISBN:
- 9780191708664
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199552757.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This book covers both practical and theoretical aspects of atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy. The discovery of the carbon nanotube, the three-dimensional imaging of the ribosome, and ...
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This book covers both practical and theoretical aspects of atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy. The discovery of the carbon nanotube, the three-dimensional imaging of the ribosome, and the imaging of a single foreign atom inside a thin crystal by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy have all demonstrated the immense power of this technique. The recent development of aberration-correction devices has brought the spatial resolution of the method below one Angstrom. The emphasis throughout is on a clear presentation of fundamental concepts, and practical advice. The chapters review simple electron optics, phase contrast theory, coherence theory, and imaging theory for thin crystals. The multiple scattering theory is given in full, and the relationship between the various formulations (Bloch-wave, multislice, scattering matrix, Howie–Whelan equations, phase grating etc) is explained. Applications in biology and materials science are covered, with discussions of radiation damage, sample preparation, image processing and super-resolution, electron holography, and aberration correction. The theory of high-angle annular dark field Z-contrast imaging by scanning transmission electron microscopy is given in full. Additional chapters are devoted to electron sources and detectors, fault diagnosis, experimental methods and associated techniques such as channelling effects in X-ray microanalysis, microdiffraction, cathodoluminescence, environmental microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy.Less
This book covers both practical and theoretical aspects of atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy. The discovery of the carbon nanotube, the three-dimensional imaging of the ribosome, and the imaging of a single foreign atom inside a thin crystal by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy have all demonstrated the immense power of this technique. The recent development of aberration-correction devices has brought the spatial resolution of the method below one Angstrom. The emphasis throughout is on a clear presentation of fundamental concepts, and practical advice. The chapters review simple electron optics, phase contrast theory, coherence theory, and imaging theory for thin crystals. The multiple scattering theory is given in full, and the relationship between the various formulations (Bloch-wave, multislice, scattering matrix, Howie–Whelan equations, phase grating etc) is explained. Applications in biology and materials science are covered, with discussions of radiation damage, sample preparation, image processing and super-resolution, electron holography, and aberration correction. The theory of high-angle annular dark field Z-contrast imaging by scanning transmission electron microscopy is given in full. Additional chapters are devoted to electron sources and detectors, fault diagnosis, experimental methods and associated techniques such as channelling effects in X-ray microanalysis, microdiffraction, cathodoluminescence, environmental microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy.
Jeff Good
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264102
- eISBN:
- 9780191734380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264102.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter discusses some morphological idiosyncrasies that involve the four Bantu verbal suffixes. The terms passivization and applicativization are used in the chapter to refer to abstract ...
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This chapter discusses some morphological idiosyncrasies that involve the four Bantu verbal suffixes. The terms passivization and applicativization are used in the chapter to refer to abstract morphological processes that can be applied to basic verb roots. These can create derived verb stems that show the syntax and semantics that are associated with those terms. Background information on the Bantu verb stem is provided in the second section, while the third section features a simpler morphological irregularity found in the verb stem. The chapter also discusses morphological mismatches in the verb stem and various classes of deponent verb stems.Less
This chapter discusses some morphological idiosyncrasies that involve the four Bantu verbal suffixes. The terms passivization and applicativization are used in the chapter to refer to abstract morphological processes that can be applied to basic verb roots. These can create derived verb stems that show the syntax and semantics that are associated with those terms. Background information on the Bantu verb stem is provided in the second section, while the third section features a simpler morphological irregularity found in the verb stem. The chapter also discusses morphological mismatches in the verb stem and various classes of deponent verb stems.
Anja J. Karnein
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199782475
- eISBN:
- 9780199933297
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199782475.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
In light of new biomedical technologies, such as artificial reproduction, stem cell research, genetic selection and design, the question of what we owe to future persons and unborn life more ...
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In light of new biomedical technologies, such as artificial reproduction, stem cell research, genetic selection and design, the question of what we owe to future persons and unborn life more generally, is as contested as ever. This book offers a new theory by showing how our commitments to persons can help us make sense of our obligations to unborn life. These commitments give us reasons to treat embryos that will develop into persons in anticipation of these persons. By contrast, embryos, which women want to abort or refuse to implant, can be discarded or used for research purposes. How viable is this theory? The book explores its attractiveness for Germany and the U.S.—two countries with very different approaches to valuing unborn life. However, another question raised by modern biomedical technologies concerns the legitimacy of genetically selecting and manipulating embryos. Parents might want to create persons with particular genetic properties. The book maintains that only some uses of these technologies do not violate what respect for persons, including those of the future, requires. Genetic interventions can only be legitimate if used to insure future persons’ independence. With this claim the book’s theory runs counter to liberal eugenic approaches that give parents wide-ranging entitlements to interfere with their future child’s genome, in the names of reproductive freedom, enhancing the species or social justice.Less
In light of new biomedical technologies, such as artificial reproduction, stem cell research, genetic selection and design, the question of what we owe to future persons and unborn life more generally, is as contested as ever. This book offers a new theory by showing how our commitments to persons can help us make sense of our obligations to unborn life. These commitments give us reasons to treat embryos that will develop into persons in anticipation of these persons. By contrast, embryos, which women want to abort or refuse to implant, can be discarded or used for research purposes. How viable is this theory? The book explores its attractiveness for Germany and the U.S.—two countries with very different approaches to valuing unborn life. However, another question raised by modern biomedical technologies concerns the legitimacy of genetically selecting and manipulating embryos. Parents might want to create persons with particular genetic properties. The book maintains that only some uses of these technologies do not violate what respect for persons, including those of the future, requires. Genetic interventions can only be legitimate if used to insure future persons’ independence. With this claim the book’s theory runs counter to liberal eugenic approaches that give parents wide-ranging entitlements to interfere with their future child’s genome, in the names of reproductive freedom, enhancing the species or social justice.
Simon L. Lewis, Oliver L. Phillips, Timothy R. Baker, Jon Lloyd, Yadvinder Malhi, Samuel Almeida, Niro Higuchi, William F. Laurance, David A. Neill, J. Natalino M. Silva, John Terborgh, Armando Torres Lezama, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Sandra Brown, Jerome Chave, Caroline Kuebler, Percy Núnez Vargas, and Barbara Vinceti
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567066
- eISBN:
- 9780191717888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567066.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Widespread recent changes in the ecology of old-growth tropical forests have been documented, in particular an increase in stem turnover (pan-tropical), and an increase in above-ground biomass ...
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Widespread recent changes in the ecology of old-growth tropical forests have been documented, in particular an increase in stem turnover (pan-tropical), and an increase in above-ground biomass (neotropical). Whether these changes are synchronous and whether changes in growth are also occurring is not known. This chapter reports assesses changes from fifty long-term plots from across South America spanning 1971-2002. The key findings are significant increases in: basal area (BA: sum of the cross-sectional areas of all trees in a plot) (by approximately 0.10 square meters per hectare per year); stand-level BA growth; stand-level BA mortality; stem density (about 0.94stems per hectare per year); stem recruitment; and stem mortality. The gain terms (BA growth, stem recruitment) consistently exceeded the loss terms (BA loss, stem mortality) throughout, suggesting that whatever process is driving these changes was already acting before the plot network was established. Long-term, simultaneous increases in growth, BA and stem density imply a continent-wide increase in resource availability which is affecting productivity and forest dynamics. Changes in incoming solar radiation, increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO2, and temperature increases, may all have increased resource supply over recent decades, accelerating growth and dynamics in the world's largest tropical forest.Less
Widespread recent changes in the ecology of old-growth tropical forests have been documented, in particular an increase in stem turnover (pan-tropical), and an increase in above-ground biomass (neotropical). Whether these changes are synchronous and whether changes in growth are also occurring is not known. This chapter reports assesses changes from fifty long-term plots from across South America spanning 1971-2002. The key findings are significant increases in: basal area (BA: sum of the cross-sectional areas of all trees in a plot) (by approximately 0.10 square meters per hectare per year); stand-level BA growth; stand-level BA mortality; stem density (about 0.94stems per hectare per year); stem recruitment; and stem mortality. The gain terms (BA growth, stem recruitment) consistently exceeded the loss terms (BA loss, stem mortality) throughout, suggesting that whatever process is driving these changes was already acting before the plot network was established. Long-term, simultaneous increases in growth, BA and stem density imply a continent-wide increase in resource availability which is affecting productivity and forest dynamics. Changes in incoming solar radiation, increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO2, and temperature increases, may all have increased resource supply over recent decades, accelerating growth and dynamics in the world's largest tropical forest.
Torsten Meissner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199280087
- eISBN:
- 9780191707100
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280087.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This book deals with one aspect of Greek and Proto-Indo-European nominal morphology: the formation, inflection, and semantics of s-stem nouns and adjectives. It uncovers the mechanisms of their ...
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This book deals with one aspect of Greek and Proto-Indo-European nominal morphology: the formation, inflection, and semantics of s-stem nouns and adjectives. It uncovers the mechanisms of their creation and shows their limitation. The established view that the nouns are an unproductive category is challenged; at the same time, the expanding and partly changing nature of the basis governing the creation of the adjectives is explained. Morphology and semantics are studied in tandem, and a large chronological span of the Greek language is covered. The historical side is then extended into prehistory, and in particular the Greek evidence is tested against recent theories on Proto-Indo-European ablaut, leading to a reassessment of the morphonological characteristics in question.Less
This book deals with one aspect of Greek and Proto-Indo-European nominal morphology: the formation, inflection, and semantics of s-stem nouns and adjectives. It uncovers the mechanisms of their creation and shows their limitation. The established view that the nouns are an unproductive category is challenged; at the same time, the expanding and partly changing nature of the basis governing the creation of the adjectives is explained. Morphology and semantics are studied in tandem, and a large chronological span of the Greek language is covered. The historical side is then extended into prehistory, and in particular the Greek evidence is tested against recent theories on Proto-Indo-European ablaut, leading to a reassessment of the morphonological characteristics in question.
Laura J. Downing
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199286393
- eISBN:
- 9780191713293
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286393.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter provides a critical evaluation of Generalized Template Theory (GTT), developed within Optimality Theory, to explain canonical morpheme shape. The central proposal of GTT is that prosodic ...
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This chapter provides a critical evaluation of Generalized Template Theory (GTT), developed within Optimality Theory, to explain canonical morpheme shape. The central proposal of GTT is that prosodic morphemes have a restricted repertoire of prosodic shapes because they draw on the canonical shapes of a restricted repertoire of morphological categories. General theoretical principles correlate particular morphological categories (Stem, Root, Affix) with particular prosodic constituents. The central prosody-morphology correlation in this approach is between the stress foot and the morphological Stem (via the Prosodic Word in the Prosodic Hierarchy: the Stem=Prosodic Word Homology). The first two sections of this chapter define GTT and illustrate its strengths with examples showing the processes of reduplication, word minimality, templatic morphology, and hypocoristics drawn from a variety of languages. The third and final section discusses the empirical problems with the GTT, which motivate the alternative approach developed from Chapter 3.Less
This chapter provides a critical evaluation of Generalized Template Theory (GTT), developed within Optimality Theory, to explain canonical morpheme shape. The central proposal of GTT is that prosodic morphemes have a restricted repertoire of prosodic shapes because they draw on the canonical shapes of a restricted repertoire of morphological categories. General theoretical principles correlate particular morphological categories (Stem, Root, Affix) with particular prosodic constituents. The central prosody-morphology correlation in this approach is between the stress foot and the morphological Stem (via the Prosodic Word in the Prosodic Hierarchy: the Stem=Prosodic Word Homology). The first two sections of this chapter define GTT and illustrate its strengths with examples showing the processes of reduplication, word minimality, templatic morphology, and hypocoristics drawn from a variety of languages. The third and final section discusses the empirical problems with the GTT, which motivate the alternative approach developed from Chapter 3.
Adil E. Shamoo and David B. Resnik
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368246
- eISBN:
- 9780199867615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368246.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This chapter provides an overview of ethical, social, and policy issues related to research on human genetics and embryonic stem cells. It covers such topics as genetic engineering of animals and ...
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This chapter provides an overview of ethical, social, and policy issues related to research on human genetics and embryonic stem cells. It covers such topics as genetic engineering of animals and plants; genetic testing, privacy, and discrimination; storage of genetic samples, returning research results to subjects; family genetic testing; somatic gene therapy; germ line manipulation; intellectual property concerns; embryonic stem cell research; and cloning.Less
This chapter provides an overview of ethical, social, and policy issues related to research on human genetics and embryonic stem cells. It covers such topics as genetic engineering of animals and plants; genetic testing, privacy, and discrimination; storage of genetic samples, returning research results to subjects; family genetic testing; somatic gene therapy; germ line manipulation; intellectual property concerns; embryonic stem cell research; and cloning.
Greville G. Corbett
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265253
- eISBN:
- 9780191760419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265253.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Periphrasis can be investigated for the ways in which it splits the paradigms of lexemes (into periphrastic and non-periphrastic parts); this is done in the context of other morphological phenomena ...
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Periphrasis can be investigated for the ways in which it splits the paradigms of lexemes (into periphrastic and non-periphrastic parts); this is done in the context of other morphological phenomena which also split paradigms. This chapter proposes a typology of splits. First, the splits can be motivated ‘externally’, for example by different morphosyntactic or morphosemantic features, as in Russian where verbs are split by periphrasis and by stem alternation in line with tense differentiation. Alternatively, splits may follow a division internal to morphology (morphomic); we find this in a Romanian dialect example, where periphrastic forms do not make a coherent morphosyntactic group, but follow an already existing pattern of stem alternation. All this demonstrates that periphrasis splits lexemes in the same ways as other morphological phenomena, such as suppletion, stem alternation, and heteroclisis. It points to the conclusion that the periphrastic part of the paradigm may not be homogeneous, and the splits induced by periphrasis are comparable to other morphological splits.Less
Periphrasis can be investigated for the ways in which it splits the paradigms of lexemes (into periphrastic and non-periphrastic parts); this is done in the context of other morphological phenomena which also split paradigms. This chapter proposes a typology of splits. First, the splits can be motivated ‘externally’, for example by different morphosyntactic or morphosemantic features, as in Russian where verbs are split by periphrasis and by stem alternation in line with tense differentiation. Alternatively, splits may follow a division internal to morphology (morphomic); we find this in a Romanian dialect example, where periphrastic forms do not make a coherent morphosyntactic group, but follow an already existing pattern of stem alternation. All this demonstrates that periphrasis splits lexemes in the same ways as other morphological phenomena, such as suppletion, stem alternation, and heteroclisis. It points to the conclusion that the periphrastic part of the paradigm may not be homogeneous, and the splits induced by periphrasis are comparable to other morphological splits.
Elaine Howard Ecklund
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195392982
- eISBN:
- 9780199777105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392982.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The existence of an ongoing and irreconcilable antagonism between science and religion has been taken for granted by many. And in the wake of recent controversies over teaching intelligent design and ...
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The existence of an ongoing and irreconcilable antagonism between science and religion has been taken for granted by many. And in the wake of recent controversies over teaching intelligent design and the ethics of embryonic-stem-cell research, the divide seems to remain as unbridgeable as ever. In chapter 1 Ecklund shows that in spite of these controversies, the American public and scientists themselves understand little about the real religious lives of scientists. She argues that the insurmountable hostility between science and religion is a caricature, perhaps useful as a satire on groupthink, but hardly representative of reality. Scientists face a plethora of religious challenges, both public and personal, and employ just as many diverse responses to these challenges.Less
The existence of an ongoing and irreconcilable antagonism between science and religion has been taken for granted by many. And in the wake of recent controversies over teaching intelligent design and the ethics of embryonic-stem-cell research, the divide seems to remain as unbridgeable as ever. In chapter 1 Ecklund shows that in spite of these controversies, the American public and scientists themselves understand little about the real religious lives of scientists. She argues that the insurmountable hostility between science and religion is a caricature, perhaps useful as a satire on groupthink, but hardly representative of reality. Scientists face a plethora of religious challenges, both public and personal, and employ just as many diverse responses to these challenges.
Ágnes Lukács, Peter Rebrus, and Miklós Törkenczy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264607
- eISBN:
- 9780191734366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264607.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter evaluates the defective verbal paradigms in the Hungarian language. The first section of the chapter provides an overview of the defectiveness in Hungarian, with emphasis on the ...
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This chapter evaluates the defective verbal paradigms in the Hungarian language. The first section of the chapter provides an overview of the defectiveness in Hungarian, with emphasis on the systematic, phonotactically motivated defectiveness of the paradigms of some verbal stems. The aim of this section is to be as theoretically neutral and descriptive as possible to facilitate a good comparison with other types of defectiveness in other languages. The second section of the chapter discusses the results of the experiments which are conducted in order to determine the various aspects of the defectiveness in the verbal paradigm. Some of the aspects tested include: the gap locations such as the occurrence and variation of forms in other designated cells of the verbal paradigm, and the correlations between the occurrence of forms in some designated cells; and the gap properties such as the differences in the classification of some verb stems into various stem-classes, and the range of variation exhibited by the forms that native Hungarian speakers accept as fill-ins for the gaps that are present in the paradigms of the defective verbs.Less
This chapter evaluates the defective verbal paradigms in the Hungarian language. The first section of the chapter provides an overview of the defectiveness in Hungarian, with emphasis on the systematic, phonotactically motivated defectiveness of the paradigms of some verbal stems. The aim of this section is to be as theoretically neutral and descriptive as possible to facilitate a good comparison with other types of defectiveness in other languages. The second section of the chapter discusses the results of the experiments which are conducted in order to determine the various aspects of the defectiveness in the verbal paradigm. Some of the aspects tested include: the gap locations such as the occurrence and variation of forms in other designated cells of the verbal paradigm, and the correlations between the occurrence of forms in some designated cells; and the gap properties such as the differences in the classification of some verb stems into various stem-classes, and the range of variation exhibited by the forms that native Hungarian speakers accept as fill-ins for the gaps that are present in the paradigms of the defective verbs.
Ricardo Bermúdez-otero
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264102
- eISBN:
- 9780191734380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264102.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter discusses Spanish pseudoplurals. It begins by presenting evidence for distinguishing between pseudoplural nouns and non-pseudoplural nouns with athematic stems in /s/. Some ...
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This chapter discusses Spanish pseudoplurals. It begins by presenting evidence for distinguishing between pseudoplural nouns and non-pseudoplural nouns with athematic stems in /s/. Some misconceptions about athematic stems in /s/ are clarified in the next section. The chapter then charts the acquisition path that shows Spanish learners the contrast between pseudoplural nouns and non-deponent nouns with athematic stems in /s/. The last section of the chapter is devoted to a survey of the general implications of the findings.Less
This chapter discusses Spanish pseudoplurals. It begins by presenting evidence for distinguishing between pseudoplural nouns and non-pseudoplural nouns with athematic stems in /s/. Some misconceptions about athematic stems in /s/ are clarified in the next section. The chapter then charts the acquisition path that shows Spanish learners the contrast between pseudoplural nouns and non-deponent nouns with athematic stems in /s/. The last section of the chapter is devoted to a survey of the general implications of the findings.
David Domke and Kevin Coe
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195326413
- eISBN:
- 9780199870431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326413.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter focuses on the fourth and final religious signal: engaging in morality politics. Morality politics is an approach that elevates political issues into symbolic, moral battles. The ...
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This chapter focuses on the fourth and final religious signal: engaging in morality politics. Morality politics is an approach that elevates political issues into symbolic, moral battles. The evidence in this chapter comes from Republican and Democratic party platforms since 1932. It considers five issues central to religious conservatives' political engagement: abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, same-sex relationships, school prayer, and stem-cell research. Analyzing platforms language shows that since 1980 Republicans have increasingly aligned their issue positions with those of religious conservatives, while Democrats have done the opposite. Further, Republicans have elevated the importance of these issues by attacking the courts and calling for constitutional amendments, while also grounding their claims in the language of faith and family. The chapter concludes with an analysis of three Justice Sunday events, which showcase morality politics in its most overt form.Less
This chapter focuses on the fourth and final religious signal: engaging in morality politics. Morality politics is an approach that elevates political issues into symbolic, moral battles. The evidence in this chapter comes from Republican and Democratic party platforms since 1932. It considers five issues central to religious conservatives' political engagement: abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, same-sex relationships, school prayer, and stem-cell research. Analyzing platforms language shows that since 1980 Republicans have increasingly aligned their issue positions with those of religious conservatives, while Democrats have done the opposite. Further, Republicans have elevated the importance of these issues by attacking the courts and calling for constitutional amendments, while also grounding their claims in the language of faith and family. The chapter concludes with an analysis of three Justice Sunday events, which showcase morality politics in its most overt form.
