David Miller
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235056
- eISBN:
- 9780191715792
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235056.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This chapter defends the idea of national responsibility and identifies its limits. It argues that where nations act in ways that impose burdens on themselves or on others, responsibility for such ...
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This chapter defends the idea of national responsibility and identifies its limits. It argues that where nations act in ways that impose burdens on themselves or on others, responsibility for such burdens falls on every member, even on those who opposed the decisions or policies in question. The argument turns on the sharing of beliefs and attitudes that characterizes national communities, and on the benefits that membership brings with it. It is not wrong, in general, to hold contemporary fellow-nationals responsible for actions performed in their name. But the bearing this has on questions of global justice remains unclear. For one thing, nations can be held responsible not only for the benefits and burdens they create for their own members, but also for the impact that their actions have on outsiders. For another, outcome responsibility has to be understood alongside remedial responsibility, the responsibility we may have, as individuals and as members of collective bodies, to respond to human deprivation, including global poverty. Thus, by accepting the idea of national responsibility, we have not foreclosed the question what global justice demands of us.Less
This chapter defends the idea of national responsibility and identifies its limits. It argues that where nations act in ways that impose burdens on themselves or on others, responsibility for such burdens falls on every member, even on those who opposed the decisions or policies in question. The argument turns on the sharing of beliefs and attitudes that characterizes national communities, and on the benefits that membership brings with it. It is not wrong, in general, to hold contemporary fellow-nationals responsible for actions performed in their name. But the bearing this has on questions of global justice remains unclear. For one thing, nations can be held responsible not only for the benefits and burdens they create for their own members, but also for the impact that their actions have on outsiders. For another, outcome responsibility has to be understood alongside remedial responsibility, the responsibility we may have, as individuals and as members of collective bodies, to respond to human deprivation, including global poverty. Thus, by accepting the idea of national responsibility, we have not foreclosed the question what global justice demands of us.
Menno T. Kamminga and Martin Scheinin (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199565221
- eISBN:
- 9780191705281
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565221.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
Traditional international law aims to protect the values and interests of states. The rapidly increasing corpus of international human rights law (including international humanitarian law and ...
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Traditional international law aims to protect the values and interests of states. The rapidly increasing corpus of international human rights law (including international humanitarian law and international criminal law) increasingly challenges the basic tenets of general international law. In order to become accepted as the law of the world community, general international law needs to reflect better the values and interests of a wider range of actors, including the individual. This book examines the impact of international human rights law on general international law. It considers areas including the structure of international obligations, the formation of customary international law, treaty law, immunities, state responsibility, and diplomatic protection. The book traces the extent to which concepts emanating from international human rights law are being incorporated by the guardians of traditional international law: the International Court of Justice and the International Law Commission.Less
Traditional international law aims to protect the values and interests of states. The rapidly increasing corpus of international human rights law (including international humanitarian law and international criminal law) increasingly challenges the basic tenets of general international law. In order to become accepted as the law of the world community, general international law needs to reflect better the values and interests of a wider range of actors, including the individual. This book examines the impact of international human rights law on general international law. It considers areas including the structure of international obligations, the formation of customary international law, treaty law, immunities, state responsibility, and diplomatic protection. The book traces the extent to which concepts emanating from international human rights law are being incorporated by the guardians of traditional international law: the International Court of Justice and the International Law Commission.
Anja Seibert-Fohr
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199569328
- eISBN:
- 9780191721502
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199569328.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Criminal Law and Criminology
While the previous part of the book considers treaty law this chapter turns to the question of whether customary international law provides for a duty to prosecute serious human rights violations. It ...
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While the previous part of the book considers treaty law this chapter turns to the question of whether customary international law provides for a duty to prosecute serious human rights violations. It departs from an analysis of the protection of aliens as a precursor of human rights law and turns to contemporary concepts of general international law. Reference is made to international criminal law, to the emerging concept of State responsibility for human rights violations, and its relevance for criminal procedure. The chapter critically evaluates the idea of state crimes in international law. It also considers universal jurisdiction and the concept of aut dedere aut judicare. Finally, a description of current State practice highlights recent standards for post-conflict justice and explains the limited scope for amnesties. The chapter concludes with a summary.Less
While the previous part of the book considers treaty law this chapter turns to the question of whether customary international law provides for a duty to prosecute serious human rights violations. It departs from an analysis of the protection of aliens as a precursor of human rights law and turns to contemporary concepts of general international law. Reference is made to international criminal law, to the emerging concept of State responsibility for human rights violations, and its relevance for criminal procedure. The chapter critically evaluates the idea of state crimes in international law. It also considers universal jurisdiction and the concept of aut dedere aut judicare. Finally, a description of current State practice highlights recent standards for post-conflict justice and explains the limited scope for amnesties. The chapter concludes with a summary.
Wolfgang C. Müller
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250158
- eISBN:
- 9780191599439
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250154.003.0021
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The modern state is a historic phenomenon that has been under constant transformation since its birth in the period of absolutism. In this chapter, a framework is presented for analysing changes of ...
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The modern state is a historic phenomenon that has been under constant transformation since its birth in the period of absolutism. In this chapter, a framework is presented for analysing changes of the state and changes are mapped out that have occurred in Western Europe since the 1980s. Since the completion of the state’s democratization, the most interesting question has traditionally been what it is doing. Answers to this question have led to a number of labels such as ‘welfare state’ or ‘night–watchman state’ (i.e. the liberal non–interventionist state). The chapter first suggests six dimensions (levels of state activities; state responsibilities; production modes; resources employed (laws, personnel, money); finance (generation of resources); steering of state activities) that together capture the essence of the state, and then provides an overview of changes in Western Europe since the 1980s along these six dimensions.Less
The modern state is a historic phenomenon that has been under constant transformation since its birth in the period of absolutism. In this chapter, a framework is presented for analysing changes of the state and changes are mapped out that have occurred in Western Europe since the 1980s. Since the completion of the state’s democratization, the most interesting question has traditionally been what it is doing. Answers to this question have led to a number of labels such as ‘welfare state’ or ‘night–watchman state’ (i.e. the liberal non–interventionist state). The chapter first suggests six dimensions (levels of state activities; state responsibilities; production modes; resources employed (laws, personnel, money); finance (generation of resources); steering of state activities) that together capture the essence of the state, and then provides an overview of changes in Western Europe since the 1980s along these six dimensions.
N. W. Barber
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199585014
- eISBN:
- 9780191595318
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199585014.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter reflects on the scope and the continuity of the responsibility of the state. It considers the ways in which states are connected to situations in the world and the significance these ...
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This chapter reflects on the scope and the continuity of the responsibility of the state. It considers the ways in which states are connected to situations in the world and the significance these connections have for their members. It looks at the ways in which this responsibility can continue, in some form, despite radical changes or breaks in the identity of the state. In undertaking this enquiry some light is shed on one of the hardest questions of constitutional theory, a question even Aristotle dodged: the determination of the point at which one state ends and a new state begins.Less
This chapter reflects on the scope and the continuity of the responsibility of the state. It considers the ways in which states are connected to situations in the world and the significance these connections have for their members. It looks at the ways in which this responsibility can continue, in some form, despite radical changes or breaks in the identity of the state. In undertaking this enquiry some light is shed on one of the hardest questions of constitutional theory, a question even Aristotle dodged: the determination of the point at which one state ends and a new state begins.
Kimberley N. Trapp
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199592999
- eISBN:
- 9780191729102
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592999.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
The rules of State responsibility have an important but under-utilised role to play in the terrorism context. They determine both whether a breach of primary obligations has occurred, through the ...
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The rules of State responsibility have an important but under-utilised role to play in the terrorism context. They determine both whether a breach of primary obligations has occurred, through the rules of attribution, and the consequences which flow from that breach, including the possible adoption of responsive measures by injured States. This book explores the substantive international legal obligations and rules of State responsibility applicable to international terrorism and examines the problems and prospects for effectively holding States responsible for internationally wrongful acts related to terrorism. In particular, it analyses the way in which the implementation of State responsibility for international terrorism may be affected by the self-determination debate and any applicable lex specialis (including the jus in bello) and sub-systems of international law (including the WTO), as well as the interaction between determinations of individual criminal responsibility and the implementation of State responsibility. The international community has responded to the threat of international terrorism through both a security/jus ad bellum paradigm and by creating an international criminal law framework to address the conduct of non-State terrorist actors. The secondary rules of State responsibility analysed in this book cut across both approaches as they apply whether States breach their primary obligations relating to terrorism through participation in or a failure to prevent or punish terrorism. While this book identifies a number of problems in implementing State responsibility for international terrorism, it also highlights the prospects for the rules of State responsibility to make a crucial contribution to maintaining respect for obligations which lie at the very foundations of the contemporary international legal order, and to restoring the relationships between States if those obligations are breached.Less
The rules of State responsibility have an important but under-utilised role to play in the terrorism context. They determine both whether a breach of primary obligations has occurred, through the rules of attribution, and the consequences which flow from that breach, including the possible adoption of responsive measures by injured States. This book explores the substantive international legal obligations and rules of State responsibility applicable to international terrorism and examines the problems and prospects for effectively holding States responsible for internationally wrongful acts related to terrorism. In particular, it analyses the way in which the implementation of State responsibility for international terrorism may be affected by the self-determination debate and any applicable lex specialis (including the jus in bello) and sub-systems of international law (including the WTO), as well as the interaction between determinations of individual criminal responsibility and the implementation of State responsibility. The international community has responded to the threat of international terrorism through both a security/jus ad bellum paradigm and by creating an international criminal law framework to address the conduct of non-State terrorist actors. The secondary rules of State responsibility analysed in this book cut across both approaches as they apply whether States breach their primary obligations relating to terrorism through participation in or a failure to prevent or punish terrorism. While this book identifies a number of problems in implementing State responsibility for international terrorism, it also highlights the prospects for the rules of State responsibility to make a crucial contribution to maintaining respect for obligations which lie at the very foundations of the contemporary international legal order, and to restoring the relationships between States if those obligations are breached.
Robert McCorquodale
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199565221
- eISBN:
- 9780191705281
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565221.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter explores the extent to which general international law principles of state responsibility have been influenced by international human rights law, rather than the impact of state ...
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This chapter explores the extent to which general international law principles of state responsibility have been influenced by international human rights law, rather than the impact of state responsibility on international human rights law. It focuses on the two core aspects of state responsibility: attribution to a state, and the extent of the obligations on a state for which it has international legal responsibility. It also considers the general impact that international human rights law may have had upon the broader understanding of state responsibility. In so doing, the issue of whether it is appropriate in any event to engage in an evaluation of the impact of international human rights law on the general international law of state responsibility, especially considering the apparently ‘private’ nature of many human rights abuses, is considered.Less
This chapter explores the extent to which general international law principles of state responsibility have been influenced by international human rights law, rather than the impact of state responsibility on international human rights law. It focuses on the two core aspects of state responsibility: attribution to a state, and the extent of the obligations on a state for which it has international legal responsibility. It also considers the general impact that international human rights law may have had upon the broader understanding of state responsibility. In so doing, the issue of whether it is appropriate in any event to engage in an evaluation of the impact of international human rights law on the general international law of state responsibility, especially considering the apparently ‘private’ nature of many human rights abuses, is considered.
Alexander Orakhelashvili
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546114
- eISBN:
- 9780191712203
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546114.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This monograph analyses the questions raised by the legal effects of peremptory norms of international law (jus cogens), reflected in Article 53 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. ...
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This monograph analyses the questions raised by the legal effects of peremptory norms of international law (jus cogens), reflected in Article 53 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. A comprehensive study of this problem has been lacking so far in international legal doctrine. Peremptory norms, although often criticised and even more often approached with sceptical nihilism, nevertheless attract growing doctrinal and practical attention, and have increasing importance in determining the permissible limits on the action of State and non-State actors in different areas. In view of this overriding impact on what might otherwise be instances of the law-making process, peremptory norms concern a constitutional aspect of international law. Peremptory norms are non-derogable norms, and the concept of derogation is among the key concepts analysed here. Derogation from peremptory norms can be attempted in a wide variety of situations, but if peremptory norms are to operate as norms and not merely as aspirations, they must generate consequences that are also peremptory. This effects-oriented character of peremptory norms is examined in a variety of fields. The hierarchical superiority of peremptory norms is not limited to the sphere of primary legal relations, but becomes most crucially relevant after a specific peremptory norm is breached. A norm's peremptory character is relevant not only for its substance but also for its consequences; peremptoriness consists primarily in the capacity to impact through its effects upon conflicting acts, situations and agreements.Less
This monograph analyses the questions raised by the legal effects of peremptory norms of international law (jus cogens), reflected in Article 53 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. A comprehensive study of this problem has been lacking so far in international legal doctrine. Peremptory norms, although often criticised and even more often approached with sceptical nihilism, nevertheless attract growing doctrinal and practical attention, and have increasing importance in determining the permissible limits on the action of State and non-State actors in different areas. In view of this overriding impact on what might otherwise be instances of the law-making process, peremptory norms concern a constitutional aspect of international law. Peremptory norms are non-derogable norms, and the concept of derogation is among the key concepts analysed here. Derogation from peremptory norms can be attempted in a wide variety of situations, but if peremptory norms are to operate as norms and not merely as aspirations, they must generate consequences that are also peremptory. This effects-oriented character of peremptory norms is examined in a variety of fields. The hierarchical superiority of peremptory norms is not limited to the sphere of primary legal relations, but becomes most crucially relevant after a specific peremptory norm is breached. A norm's peremptory character is relevant not only for its substance but also for its consequences; peremptoriness consists primarily in the capacity to impact through its effects upon conflicting acts, situations and agreements.
Fritz W. Scharpf
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199245000
- eISBN:
- 9780191599996
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245002.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Addresses concern over the so‐called ‘democratic deficit’ in the EU in comparison with the USA. The author deduces that there are two reasons for the political salience of this alleged deficit: the ...
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Addresses concern over the so‐called ‘democratic deficit’ in the EU in comparison with the USA. The author deduces that there are two reasons for the political salience of this alleged deficit: the pragmatic reason that the EU's institutions are inadequate for a union with fifteen members and an expanded range of competencies (and will become unworkable when it is enlarged by the joining of the Eastern European countries); and the trilemma of the democratic welfare state. This is that EU member states cannot want to shed their welfare‐state obligations without jeopardizing the bases of their democratic legitimacy, they cannot want to reverse the process of economic integration, which exposes national welfare states to regulatory competition, and they cannot want to avoid regulatory competition by shifting welfare‐state responsibilities upward to the European level. The chapter focuses primarily on the third part of this European trilemma. It begins with a brief theoretical discussion of the preconditions of democratic legitimacy, then it explores how these are affected by European integration; it concludes with an examination of European policies that could strengthen national efforts to cope with the constraints of regulatory competition.Less
Addresses concern over the so‐called ‘democratic deficit’ in the EU in comparison with the USA. The author deduces that there are two reasons for the political salience of this alleged deficit: the pragmatic reason that the EU's institutions are inadequate for a union with fifteen members and an expanded range of competencies (and will become unworkable when it is enlarged by the joining of the Eastern European countries); and the trilemma of the democratic welfare state. This is that EU member states cannot want to shed their welfare‐state obligations without jeopardizing the bases of their democratic legitimacy, they cannot want to reverse the process of economic integration, which exposes national welfare states to regulatory competition, and they cannot want to avoid regulatory competition by shifting welfare‐state responsibilities upward to the European level. The chapter focuses primarily on the third part of this European trilemma. It begins with a brief theoretical discussion of the preconditions of democratic legitimacy, then it explores how these are affected by European integration; it concludes with an examination of European policies that could strengthen national efforts to cope with the constraints of regulatory competition.
Elisa Morgera
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199558018
- eISBN:
- 9780191705311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558018.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter provides the necessary theoretical justification to the study. It highlights the shortcomings of traditional legal solutions to ensure the environmentally sound conduct of private ...
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This chapter provides the necessary theoretical justification to the study. It highlights the shortcomings of traditional legal solutions to ensure the environmentally sound conduct of private companies through home and host State control, international State responsibility, and international environmental regimes for civil liability. Corporate environmental accountability is therefore presented as an immediate way—additional to traditional legal solutions (such as home and host State control, international State responsibility, and international civil liability regimes)—to contribute to equalizing the international protection afforded to foreign direct investment and multinational companies with expectations of reasonably acceptable environmental conduct.Less
This chapter provides the necessary theoretical justification to the study. It highlights the shortcomings of traditional legal solutions to ensure the environmentally sound conduct of private companies through home and host State control, international State responsibility, and international environmental regimes for civil liability. Corporate environmental accountability is therefore presented as an immediate way—additional to traditional legal solutions (such as home and host State control, international State responsibility, and international civil liability regimes)—to contribute to equalizing the international protection afforded to foreign direct investment and multinational companies with expectations of reasonably acceptable environmental conduct.
Alexander Orakhelashvili
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546114
- eISBN:
- 9780191712203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546114.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter begins by focusing on the impact of jus cogens on the law of reparation: the duty to provide restitution, compensation, and satisfaction to redress the wrong caused to States and their ...
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This chapter begins by focusing on the impact of jus cogens on the law of reparation: the duty to provide restitution, compensation, and satisfaction to redress the wrong caused to States and their nationals. It then covers the invocation of jus cogens norms in case of their breach (erga omnes obligations), including the possibility of third-party countermeasures, criminal responsibility of States, and ILC's special consequences for breaches of peremptory norms.Less
This chapter begins by focusing on the impact of jus cogens on the law of reparation: the duty to provide restitution, compensation, and satisfaction to redress the wrong caused to States and their nationals. It then covers the invocation of jus cogens norms in case of their breach (erga omnes obligations), including the possibility of third-party countermeasures, criminal responsibility of States, and ILC's special consequences for breaches of peremptory norms.
Irmgard Marboe
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199589104
- eISBN:
- 9780191595455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589104.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Public International Law
This chapter compares the concepts of State responsibility under international law and State liability for economic harm suffered by private persons. It contains a comparison of the rules on State ...
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This chapter compares the concepts of State responsibility under international law and State liability for economic harm suffered by private persons. It contains a comparison of the rules on State liability in France, the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and Austria. In addition, the practice of the European Court of Justice concerning non-contractual liability of the European Union and of the European Court of Human Rights is discussed. The rules on State liability generally try to balance the interests of the individuals harmed with the rights and duties of the States. The interests of the general public taken into consideration include the protection of public funds, the so-called ‘floodgate-concern’, as well as considerations of the distribution of powers within a State and the efficient conduct of governmental duties. This often produces a more limited result than ‘full reparation’ of the harm suffered.Less
This chapter compares the concepts of State responsibility under international law and State liability for economic harm suffered by private persons. It contains a comparison of the rules on State liability in France, the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and Austria. In addition, the practice of the European Court of Justice concerning non-contractual liability of the European Union and of the European Court of Human Rights is discussed. The rules on State liability generally try to balance the interests of the individuals harmed with the rights and duties of the States. The interests of the general public taken into consideration include the protection of public funds, the so-called ‘floodgate-concern’, as well as considerations of the distribution of powers within a State and the efficient conduct of governmental duties. This often produces a more limited result than ‘full reparation’ of the harm suffered.
Sean Fleming
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691206462
- eISBN:
- 9780691211282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691206462.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter distinguishes, compares, and evaluates the two dominant theories of state responsibility. According to the agential theory, states can be held responsible because they are moral agents ...
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This chapter distinguishes, compares, and evaluates the two dominant theories of state responsibility. According to the agential theory, states can be held responsible because they are moral agents like human beings. According to the functional theory, states are principals rather than agents. The primary distinction between the two theories of state responsibility is that they rely on different understandings of how corporate entities can act. The chapter then uses the Three Fundamental Questions to bring the agential and functional theories into dialogue and to put them to the test. It argues that neither provides an adequate set of answers. While the 'agent' and 'principal' models of state responsibility are useful in some respects, each has important gaps and blind spots.Less
This chapter distinguishes, compares, and evaluates the two dominant theories of state responsibility. According to the agential theory, states can be held responsible because they are moral agents like human beings. According to the functional theory, states are principals rather than agents. The primary distinction between the two theories of state responsibility is that they rely on different understandings of how corporate entities can act. The chapter then uses the Three Fundamental Questions to bring the agential and functional theories into dialogue and to put them to the test. It argues that neither provides an adequate set of answers. While the 'agent' and 'principal' models of state responsibility are useful in some respects, each has important gaps and blind spots.
Noam Lubell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199584840
- eISBN:
- 9780191594540
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584840.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter analyses the question of whether self-defence as understood in international law, encompasses the possibility of using extraterritorial force against armed groups abroad. It examines the ...
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This chapter analyses the question of whether self-defence as understood in international law, encompasses the possibility of using extraterritorial force against armed groups abroad. It examines the prohibition on the use of force, and whether the concept of ‘armed attack’ as appears in the rules of self-defence, includes attacks by non-state actors. The chapter also analyses the impact on this issue caused by the potential links between the non-state actor and the state in which the group is located.Less
This chapter analyses the question of whether self-defence as understood in international law, encompasses the possibility of using extraterritorial force against armed groups abroad. It examines the prohibition on the use of force, and whether the concept of ‘armed attack’ as appears in the rules of self-defence, includes attacks by non-state actors. The chapter also analyses the impact on this issue caused by the potential links between the non-state actor and the state in which the group is located.
Sean Fleming
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691206462
- eISBN:
- 9780691211282
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691206462.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
States are commonly blamed for wars, called on to apologize, held liable for debts and reparations, bound by treaties, and punished with sanctions. But what does it mean to hold a state responsible ...
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States are commonly blamed for wars, called on to apologize, held liable for debts and reparations, bound by treaties, and punished with sanctions. But what does it mean to hold a state responsible as opposed to a government, a nation, or an individual leader? Under what circumstances should we assign responsibility to states rather than individuals? This book demystifies the phenomenon of state responsibility and explains why it is a challenging yet indispensable part of modern politics. Taking Thomas Hobbes' theory of the state as a starting point, the book presents a theory of state responsibility that sheds new light on sovereign debt, historical reparations, treaty obligations, and economic sanctions. Along the way, it overturns longstanding interpretations of Hobbes' political thought, explores how new technologies will alter the practice of state responsibility as we know it, and develops new accounts of political authority, representation, and legitimacy. The book argues that Hobbes' idea of the state offers a far richer and more realistic conception of state responsibility than the theories prevalent today and demonstrates that Hobbes' Leviathan is much more than an anthropomorphic “artificial man.” The book is essential reading for political theorists, scholars of international relations, international lawyers, and philosophers. It recovers a forgotten understanding of state personality in Hobbes' thought and shows how to apply it to the world of imperfect states in which we live.Less
States are commonly blamed for wars, called on to apologize, held liable for debts and reparations, bound by treaties, and punished with sanctions. But what does it mean to hold a state responsible as opposed to a government, a nation, or an individual leader? Under what circumstances should we assign responsibility to states rather than individuals? This book demystifies the phenomenon of state responsibility and explains why it is a challenging yet indispensable part of modern politics. Taking Thomas Hobbes' theory of the state as a starting point, the book presents a theory of state responsibility that sheds new light on sovereign debt, historical reparations, treaty obligations, and economic sanctions. Along the way, it overturns longstanding interpretations of Hobbes' political thought, explores how new technologies will alter the practice of state responsibility as we know it, and develops new accounts of political authority, representation, and legitimacy. The book argues that Hobbes' idea of the state offers a far richer and more realistic conception of state responsibility than the theories prevalent today and demonstrates that Hobbes' Leviathan is much more than an anthropomorphic “artificial man.” The book is essential reading for political theorists, scholars of international relations, international lawyers, and philosophers. It recovers a forgotten understanding of state personality in Hobbes' thought and shows how to apply it to the world of imperfect states in which we live.
Chittharanjan F. Amerasinghe
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199212385
- eISBN:
- 9780191707230
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199212385.003.0015
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The international wrong committed by the responsible or host State generates an international responsibility which causes the legal relationship between it and the national State of the alien to ...
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The international wrong committed by the responsible or host State generates an international responsibility which causes the legal relationship between it and the national State of the alien to change, so that the latter could require the responsible or host State to take certain remedial measures. These remedial measures stem from State responsibility and are reflected in the general law of State responsibility. This chapter discusses general principles applicable to State responsibility that are relevant to diplomatic protection that result from the violation of international rules relating to the treatment of aliens.Less
The international wrong committed by the responsible or host State generates an international responsibility which causes the legal relationship between it and the national State of the alien to change, so that the latter could require the responsible or host State to take certain remedial measures. These remedial measures stem from State responsibility and are reflected in the general law of State responsibility. This chapter discusses general principles applicable to State responsibility that are relevant to diplomatic protection that result from the violation of international rules relating to the treatment of aliens.
Chia Lehnardt
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574124
- eISBN:
- 9780191721816
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574124.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter surveys the roles that PMSCs have taken on and the more ambitious possibilities that have been proposed in the area of peacekeeping. There is, at present, little guidance on what ...
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This chapter surveys the roles that PMSCs have taken on and the more ambitious possibilities that have been proposed in the area of peacekeeping. There is, at present, little guidance on what functions can be outsourced in the implementation of a UN Security Council mandate. In fact, PMSCs have been engaged in a broad spectrum of activities, including some of the more ancillary aspects constituting peace consolidating measures or post-conflict measures, such as the recruitment and training of troops and the clearing of mines. At the same time, the status of PMSCs under international humanitarian law is murky at best. The situation is compounded by the questions of who ultimately bears responsibility for the company misconduct. Despite these concerns, suggestions have been made for expanded use of PMSCs, such as employing them as UN blue helmets or even as UN-mandated or UN-led troops carrying out military operations.Less
This chapter surveys the roles that PMSCs have taken on and the more ambitious possibilities that have been proposed in the area of peacekeeping. There is, at present, little guidance on what functions can be outsourced in the implementation of a UN Security Council mandate. In fact, PMSCs have been engaged in a broad spectrum of activities, including some of the more ancillary aspects constituting peace consolidating measures or post-conflict measures, such as the recruitment and training of troops and the clearing of mines. At the same time, the status of PMSCs under international humanitarian law is murky at best. The situation is compounded by the questions of who ultimately bears responsibility for the company misconduct. Despite these concerns, suggestions have been made for expanded use of PMSCs, such as employing them as UN blue helmets or even as UN-mandated or UN-led troops carrying out military operations.
DINAH SHELTON
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199207534
- eISBN:
- 9780191708794
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207534.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
Prior to the development of international human rights law, violations of international law were met with responses under the law of state responsibility. This traditional body of law, particularly ...
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Prior to the development of international human rights law, violations of international law were met with responses under the law of state responsibility. This traditional body of law, particularly the part of it that concerns the mistreatment of aliens, contains useful precedents for evaluating the nature and scope of remedies afforded in state practice. Clearly, the law of state responsibility remains applicable to a human rights violation by a state in breach of an international obligation contained in a treaty or customary international law. This chapter reviews the law of state responsibility, in particular the redress afforded for injury to aliens, in order to identify general principles and precedents that may be applicable or useful in addressing human rights violations.Less
Prior to the development of international human rights law, violations of international law were met with responses under the law of state responsibility. This traditional body of law, particularly the part of it that concerns the mistreatment of aliens, contains useful precedents for evaluating the nature and scope of remedies afforded in state practice. Clearly, the law of state responsibility remains applicable to a human rights violation by a state in breach of an international obligation contained in a treaty or customary international law. This chapter reviews the law of state responsibility, in particular the redress afforded for injury to aliens, in order to identify general principles and precedents that may be applicable or useful in addressing human rights violations.
Sean Fleming
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691206462
- eISBN:
- 9780691211282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691206462.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter provides an overview of state responsibility. There are two contemporary theories of state responsibility. According to the agential theory, states can be held responsible because they ...
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This chapter provides an overview of state responsibility. There are two contemporary theories of state responsibility. According to the agential theory, states can be held responsible because they are 'moral agents' like human beings, with similar capacities for deliberation and intentional action. According to the functional theory, states can be held responsible because they are legal persons that act vicariously through their officials. This book reconstructs and develops a forgotten understanding of state responsibility from Thomas Hobbes' political thought. It argues that the Hobbesian theory of state personality provides a richer understanding of state responsibility than the agential theory or the functional theory. Any cogent and complete theory of responsibility must answer three 'Fundamental Questions' about the entity in question: the Question of Ownership, the Question of Identity, and the Question of Fulfilment.Less
This chapter provides an overview of state responsibility. There are two contemporary theories of state responsibility. According to the agential theory, states can be held responsible because they are 'moral agents' like human beings, with similar capacities for deliberation and intentional action. According to the functional theory, states can be held responsible because they are legal persons that act vicariously through their officials. This book reconstructs and develops a forgotten understanding of state responsibility from Thomas Hobbes' political thought. It argues that the Hobbesian theory of state personality provides a richer understanding of state responsibility than the agential theory or the functional theory. Any cogent and complete theory of responsibility must answer three 'Fundamental Questions' about the entity in question: the Question of Ownership, the Question of Identity, and the Question of Fulfilment.
Sean Fleming
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691206462
- eISBN:
- 9780691211282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691206462.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter discusses issues of ownership, such as whether the actions of dictators and rogue officials ought to be attributed to states and whether states can commit crimes. With some ...
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This chapter discusses issues of ownership, such as whether the actions of dictators and rogue officials ought to be attributed to states and whether states can commit crimes. With some modifications, Thomas Hobbes' account of attribution provides an intuitive and compelling answer to the Question of Ownership: an action counts as an act of state if and only if the agent who performed it was an authorized representative of the state. The chapter distinguishes two types of responsibilities and two corresponding modes of attribution. Whereas general responsibilities are attributed to states according to their types, personal responsibilities are attributed to states according to the actions of their authorized representatives. The chapter then divides Hobbes' account of attribution into its two components: representation and authorization.Less
This chapter discusses issues of ownership, such as whether the actions of dictators and rogue officials ought to be attributed to states and whether states can commit crimes. With some modifications, Thomas Hobbes' account of attribution provides an intuitive and compelling answer to the Question of Ownership: an action counts as an act of state if and only if the agent who performed it was an authorized representative of the state. The chapter distinguishes two types of responsibilities and two corresponding modes of attribution. Whereas general responsibilities are attributed to states according to their types, personal responsibilities are attributed to states according to the actions of their authorized representatives. The chapter then divides Hobbes' account of attribution into its two components: representation and authorization.
