Neil Brenner
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199270057
- eISBN:
- 9780191699450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199270057.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter investigates the rescaled, growth-oriented, and competitiveness-driven forms of state spatial policy and urban governance that began to crystallize as of the late 1970s, in conjunction ...
More
This chapter investigates the rescaled, growth-oriented, and competitiveness-driven forms of state spatial policy and urban governance that began to crystallize as of the late 1970s, in conjunction with widespread concerns about urban industrial decline, intensified interspatial competition, welfare state retrenchment, European integration, and economic globalization. It argues that during the 1980s and 1990s, these new urban locational policies served as key catalysts and expressions of broader processes of state rescaling; they also contributed to an enhanced geographical differentiation of state regulatory arrangements and to an intensification of uneven spatial development across western Europe.Less
This chapter investigates the rescaled, growth-oriented, and competitiveness-driven forms of state spatial policy and urban governance that began to crystallize as of the late 1970s, in conjunction with widespread concerns about urban industrial decline, intensified interspatial competition, welfare state retrenchment, European integration, and economic globalization. It argues that during the 1980s and 1990s, these new urban locational policies served as key catalysts and expressions of broader processes of state rescaling; they also contributed to an enhanced geographical differentiation of state regulatory arrangements and to an intensification of uneven spatial development across western Europe.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter examines the construction of new production spaces for foreign firms through the clustering of inward investment within one locality. It examines the roles of pre-existing institutional ...
More
This chapter examines the construction of new production spaces for foreign firms through the clustering of inward investment within one locality. It examines the roles of pre-existing institutional legacies, national and local state policies, individual enterprise strategies, and the responses of trade unions and workers in the construction and reconstruction of one such production space at Telford in the English Midlands, the town with the highest concentration of Japanese investment in Britain. Close and cooperative relationships between Japanese firms have helped to set ‘the rules of the game’ for many aspects of worker-management relations, including union avoidance, making the cluster and the locality key influences on internal factory regimes. This has reinforced an emphasis on lowly paid machining and assembly work, but managers have still faced important constraints and challenges on these greenfield sites. This is the setting for most of the case-study subsidiaries discussed in the book.Less
This chapter examines the construction of new production spaces for foreign firms through the clustering of inward investment within one locality. It examines the roles of pre-existing institutional legacies, national and local state policies, individual enterprise strategies, and the responses of trade unions and workers in the construction and reconstruction of one such production space at Telford in the English Midlands, the town with the highest concentration of Japanese investment in Britain. Close and cooperative relationships between Japanese firms have helped to set ‘the rules of the game’ for many aspects of worker-management relations, including union avoidance, making the cluster and the locality key influences on internal factory regimes. This has reinforced an emphasis on lowly paid machining and assembly work, but managers have still faced important constraints and challenges on these greenfield sites. This is the setting for most of the case-study subsidiaries discussed in the book.
John Phillimore and Tracey Arklay
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447310273
- eISBN:
- 9781447310297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447310273.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Understanding policy analysis within State and Territory governments in Australia presents quite a challenge. State governments are part of a federation in which the Commonwealth government is ...
More
Understanding policy analysis within State and Territory governments in Australia presents quite a challenge. State governments are part of a federation in which the Commonwealth government is fiscally dominant and has greatly expanded its policy ambition and reach over the past century. As a result, many areas of government activity, previously the sole preserve of State governments have become concurrent areas of policy formulation and implementation. Determining the precise role of States individually or collectively in such shared policy areas is inherently difficult. This chapter begins by looking at similarities and differences in State-level policy analysis compared to the federal level. It then looks at commonalities and differences between the States themselves, before drawing some conclusions on the policy patterns, decisions and styles across subnational government.Less
Understanding policy analysis within State and Territory governments in Australia presents quite a challenge. State governments are part of a federation in which the Commonwealth government is fiscally dominant and has greatly expanded its policy ambition and reach over the past century. As a result, many areas of government activity, previously the sole preserve of State governments have become concurrent areas of policy formulation and implementation. Determining the precise role of States individually or collectively in such shared policy areas is inherently difficult. This chapter begins by looking at similarities and differences in State-level policy analysis compared to the federal level. It then looks at commonalities and differences between the States themselves, before drawing some conclusions on the policy patterns, decisions and styles across subnational government.
William Schabas
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199653072
- eISBN:
- 9780191739361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653072.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Criminal law classically describes offences as being composed of two elements: the mens rea and the actus reus. The mens rea is the guilty mind and the actus reus is the guilty act. The words come ...
More
Criminal law classically describes offences as being composed of two elements: the mens rea and the actus reus. The mens rea is the guilty mind and the actus reus is the guilty act. The words come from a Latin maxim that holds there to be no punishable act that is not the result of a guilty mind. It is not a crime merely to think guilty thoughts. Guilty thoughts must be linked to an act. An act that is not the result of a guilty mind is not a crime. Criminal justice systems occasionally recognize offences that may be committed in the absence of a guilty mind, although such crimes are very much the exception and they are rarely particularly serious. At the level of international criminal law, this low end of the intent spectrum rarely arises. The closest that international law comes to acts that are punishable without a guilty mind is the prosecution of commanders for the acts of their subordinates, when the superior ‘had reason to know’ that atrocities might be perpetrated by those under his or her control. The state policy issue remains one of the unresolved issues in the interpretation of both genocide and crimes against humanity. The ad hoc tribunals have made their position clear, declaring this to be excluded as an element of the crimes in question. To be entirely accurate, state policy has never really been an issue at either the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, where the prosecutions have been confined to genocide charges associated with a brutal regime, or the Special Court for Sierra Leone, where the targets of prosecution were always senior leaders in the apparatus of the state or state-like rebel groups.Less
Criminal law classically describes offences as being composed of two elements: the mens rea and the actus reus. The mens rea is the guilty mind and the actus reus is the guilty act. The words come from a Latin maxim that holds there to be no punishable act that is not the result of a guilty mind. It is not a crime merely to think guilty thoughts. Guilty thoughts must be linked to an act. An act that is not the result of a guilty mind is not a crime. Criminal justice systems occasionally recognize offences that may be committed in the absence of a guilty mind, although such crimes are very much the exception and they are rarely particularly serious. At the level of international criminal law, this low end of the intent spectrum rarely arises. The closest that international law comes to acts that are punishable without a guilty mind is the prosecution of commanders for the acts of their subordinates, when the superior ‘had reason to know’ that atrocities might be perpetrated by those under his or her control. The state policy issue remains one of the unresolved issues in the interpretation of both genocide and crimes against humanity. The ad hoc tribunals have made their position clear, declaring this to be excluded as an element of the crimes in question. To be entirely accurate, state policy has never really been an issue at either the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, where the prosecutions have been confined to genocide charges associated with a brutal regime, or the Special Court for Sierra Leone, where the targets of prosecution were always senior leaders in the apparatus of the state or state-like rebel groups.
Alexander Somek
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199693375
- eISBN:
- 9780191729737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693375.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law, EU Law
The impact of the European Union on the social policies of its Member States can generally be described in terms of domestication, assimilation, and disarmament. Social policy has been domesticated ...
More
The impact of the European Union on the social policies of its Member States can generally be described in terms of domestication, assimilation, and disarmament. Social policy has been domesticated in the sense of remaining largely within the competence of the Member States, however, it is also subject to constraints by the law of the internal market. Assimilation has occurred where the fundamental freedoms were used in order to make social benefits move across national bounds. Disarmament is epitomized by monetary union and by recent developments in the Court’s case law that have moved beyond domestication and ushered in a new era of market liberalisation. The development affects, in particular, industrial relations and systems of collective wage determination. The rise to prominence of European anti-discrimination law needs be seen and assessed against this background.Less
The impact of the European Union on the social policies of its Member States can generally be described in terms of domestication, assimilation, and disarmament. Social policy has been domesticated in the sense of remaining largely within the competence of the Member States, however, it is also subject to constraints by the law of the internal market. Assimilation has occurred where the fundamental freedoms were used in order to make social benefits move across national bounds. Disarmament is epitomized by monetary union and by recent developments in the Court’s case law that have moved beyond domestication and ushered in a new era of market liberalisation. The development affects, in particular, industrial relations and systems of collective wage determination. The rise to prominence of European anti-discrimination law needs be seen and assessed against this background.
Jeremy Richardson (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199604104
- eISBN:
- 9780191741531
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604104.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The book sets out to examine the processes by which Europeanization takes place. Europeanization is defined as the process by which the key decisions about public policies are gradually transferred ...
More
The book sets out to examine the processes by which Europeanization takes place. Europeanization is defined as the process by which the key decisions about public policies are gradually transferred to the European level (or for new policy areas, emerge at the European level). This is in contrast to definitions of Europeanization which focus on the adaption of member states to European public policies. Thus, the main focus is whether a European Union ‘policy-making state’ is being created via changes in the distribution of power between member states and the European level institutions over time. In addition to several overview chapters (such as on agenda setting in the EU), there are twelve sectoral studies which analyse the differing trajectories and outcomes of the Europeanization process and the extent to which the European Union can make ‘authoritative allocations’. The case studies have been selected in order to illustrate the degree of cross-sectoral variation in the process of Europeanization, from sectors which have yet to see very much Europeanization, such as health, to sectors such as competition policy which are almost fully Europeanized. The book is consciously multi-theoretic in its approach, drawing on a range of theories and concepts, from theories of European integration, to theories of public policy processes.Less
The book sets out to examine the processes by which Europeanization takes place. Europeanization is defined as the process by which the key decisions about public policies are gradually transferred to the European level (or for new policy areas, emerge at the European level). This is in contrast to definitions of Europeanization which focus on the adaption of member states to European public policies. Thus, the main focus is whether a European Union ‘policy-making state’ is being created via changes in the distribution of power between member states and the European level institutions over time. In addition to several overview chapters (such as on agenda setting in the EU), there are twelve sectoral studies which analyse the differing trajectories and outcomes of the Europeanization process and the extent to which the European Union can make ‘authoritative allocations’. The case studies have been selected in order to illustrate the degree of cross-sectoral variation in the process of Europeanization, from sectors which have yet to see very much Europeanization, such as health, to sectors such as competition policy which are almost fully Europeanized. The book is consciously multi-theoretic in its approach, drawing on a range of theories and concepts, from theories of European integration, to theories of public policy processes.
Elisabeth Kontogiorgi
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278961
- eISBN:
- 9780191706806
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278961.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Following the defeat of the Greek Army in 1922 by nationalist Turkish forces, the Convention of Lausanne in 1923 specified the first compulsory exchange of populations ratified by an international ...
More
Following the defeat of the Greek Army in 1922 by nationalist Turkish forces, the Convention of Lausanne in 1923 specified the first compulsory exchange of populations ratified by an international organization. The arrival in Greece of over 1.2 million refugees and their settlement proved to be a watershed with far-reaching consequences for the country. This book examines the exchange of populations and the agricultural settlement in Greek Macedonia of hundreds of thousands of refugees from Asia Minor and the Pontus, Eastern Thrace, the Caucasus, and Bulgaria during the inter-war period. It examines Greek state policy and the role of the Refugee Settlement Commission which, under the auspices of the League of Nations, carried out the refugee resettlement project. Macedonia, a multilingual and ethnically diverse society, experienced a transformation so dramatic that it literally changed its character. The author charts that change and attempts to provide the means of understanding it. The consequences of the settlement of refugees for the ethnological composition of the population, and its political, social, demographic, and economic implications are treated in the light of new archival material. Reality is separated from myth in examining the factors involved in the process of integration of the newcomers and assimilation of the inhabitants — both refugees and indigenous — of the New Lands into the nation-state. The author examines the impact of the agrarian reforms and land distribution and makes an effort to convert the climate of the rural society of Macedonia during the inter-war period. The antagonisms between Slavophone and Vlach-speaking natives and refugee newcomers regarding the reallocation of former Muslim properties had significant ramifications for the political events in the region in the years to come. Other recurring themes in the book include the geographical distribution of the refugees, changing patterns of settlement and toponyms, the organisation of health services in the countryside, as well as the execution of irrigation and drainage works in marshlands. The book also throws light upon and analyses the puzzling mixture of achievement and failure which characterizes the history of the region during this transitional period. As the first successful refugee resettlement project of its kind, the ‘refugee experiment’ in Macedonia could provide a template for similar projects involving refugee movements in many parts of the world today.Less
Following the defeat of the Greek Army in 1922 by nationalist Turkish forces, the Convention of Lausanne in 1923 specified the first compulsory exchange of populations ratified by an international organization. The arrival in Greece of over 1.2 million refugees and their settlement proved to be a watershed with far-reaching consequences for the country. This book examines the exchange of populations and the agricultural settlement in Greek Macedonia of hundreds of thousands of refugees from Asia Minor and the Pontus, Eastern Thrace, the Caucasus, and Bulgaria during the inter-war period. It examines Greek state policy and the role of the Refugee Settlement Commission which, under the auspices of the League of Nations, carried out the refugee resettlement project. Macedonia, a multilingual and ethnically diverse society, experienced a transformation so dramatic that it literally changed its character. The author charts that change and attempts to provide the means of understanding it. The consequences of the settlement of refugees for the ethnological composition of the population, and its political, social, demographic, and economic implications are treated in the light of new archival material. Reality is separated from myth in examining the factors involved in the process of integration of the newcomers and assimilation of the inhabitants — both refugees and indigenous — of the New Lands into the nation-state. The author examines the impact of the agrarian reforms and land distribution and makes an effort to convert the climate of the rural society of Macedonia during the inter-war period. The antagonisms between Slavophone and Vlach-speaking natives and refugee newcomers regarding the reallocation of former Muslim properties had significant ramifications for the political events in the region in the years to come. Other recurring themes in the book include the geographical distribution of the refugees, changing patterns of settlement and toponyms, the organisation of health services in the countryside, as well as the execution of irrigation and drainage works in marshlands. The book also throws light upon and analyses the puzzling mixture of achievement and failure which characterizes the history of the region during this transitional period. As the first successful refugee resettlement project of its kind, the ‘refugee experiment’ in Macedonia could provide a template for similar projects involving refugee movements in many parts of the world today.
Christopher Wilkie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199606467
- eISBN:
- 9780191731648
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199606467.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Following the Rio Agreement in 1967, the birth of the Special Drawing Right (SDR) was widely heralded as the first step towards a world international money. The SDR's intended purpose, though, was ...
More
Following the Rio Agreement in 1967, the birth of the Special Drawing Right (SDR) was widely heralded as the first step towards a world international money. The SDR's intended purpose, though, was more modest: to help salvage the prevailing international monetary system which had evolved since Bretton Woods. This volume examines the relatively recent and important history of SDRs—what they are, where they came from, and why they are significant. This book considers the changing roles and influences of the US and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as post‐Bretton Woods monetary arrangements established themselves. Despite their retreat from early acclaim, work continued, particularly at the Fund, on enhancing the potential of SDRs to contribute to international monetary stability, and SDRs have recently re‐emerged as a potential source of support and stability for the international monetary system underpinning the world economy. The SDR, and the debate surrounding it, is an excellent prism through which to examine other important themes in contemporary international political economy, including international liquidity provision and international monetary reform. Ultimately, the policies of the US, the IMF, and the changing nature of the relationship between them emerge as fundamental themes for an understanding of prospects for SDRs under post‐Bretton Woods international monetary arrangements. Today, the promise and disappointment that has characterized the short history of SDRs is more important than ever as the world again examines these arrangements in the wake of the international financial crisis.Less
Following the Rio Agreement in 1967, the birth of the Special Drawing Right (SDR) was widely heralded as the first step towards a world international money. The SDR's intended purpose, though, was more modest: to help salvage the prevailing international monetary system which had evolved since Bretton Woods. This volume examines the relatively recent and important history of SDRs—what they are, where they came from, and why they are significant. This book considers the changing roles and influences of the US and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as post‐Bretton Woods monetary arrangements established themselves. Despite their retreat from early acclaim, work continued, particularly at the Fund, on enhancing the potential of SDRs to contribute to international monetary stability, and SDRs have recently re‐emerged as a potential source of support and stability for the international monetary system underpinning the world economy. The SDR, and the debate surrounding it, is an excellent prism through which to examine other important themes in contemporary international political economy, including international liquidity provision and international monetary reform. Ultimately, the policies of the US, the IMF, and the changing nature of the relationship between them emerge as fundamental themes for an understanding of prospects for SDRs under post‐Bretton Woods international monetary arrangements. Today, the promise and disappointment that has characterized the short history of SDRs is more important than ever as the world again examines these arrangements in the wake of the international financial crisis.
Marcia K. Meyers, Janet C. Gornick, Laura R. Peck, and Amanda J. Lockshin
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861342539
- eISBN:
- 9781447301738
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861342539.003.0018
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter discusses a new approach to understanding how state-level policies may affect childhood poverty in the Unites States. It begins with a section on the opportunities for public ...
More
This chapter discusses a new approach to understanding how state-level policies may affect childhood poverty in the Unites States. It begins with a section on the opportunities for public intervention. The framework in this section is used to identify the characteristics of certain government programmes that can be expected to influence the resources of families. It then employs cluster analysis in order to pinpoint the five groups of states that have similar policy packages as of 1994. A description of the policy packages and an examination of the variation in child poverty rates across the resulting clusters are provided.Less
This chapter discusses a new approach to understanding how state-level policies may affect childhood poverty in the Unites States. It begins with a section on the opportunities for public intervention. The framework in this section is used to identify the characteristics of certain government programmes that can be expected to influence the resources of families. It then employs cluster analysis in order to pinpoint the five groups of states that have similar policy packages as of 1994. A description of the policy packages and an examination of the variation in child poverty rates across the resulting clusters are provided.
James Foreman-Peck and Robert Millward
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203599
- eISBN:
- 9780191675881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203599.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Economic History
This chapter looks at network technology industries between the years 1820 and 1870. It is inefficient to duplicate networks with high fixed capital costs. Additional considerations for public ...
More
This chapter looks at network technology industries between the years 1820 and 1870. It is inefficient to duplicate networks with high fixed capital costs. Additional considerations for public regulation in gas and water proved to be geographically inadequate extensions of supply and health and safety concerns, which were even more important in the areas of gas and water than in rail travel. In short, state policy in these years allowed for a certain amount of competition between networks, and the public was dissatisfied with the results. Because there was no second-hand market for railway tracks, gas and water pipes under the streets, or telegraph lines, once investment had been undertaken, the network company was committed to the industry; its fixed costs were often literally, as well as conceptually, sunk costs. New entry into the whole range of an established company's activities was therefore unlikely to be successful unless the competitor was both large and much more efficient.Less
This chapter looks at network technology industries between the years 1820 and 1870. It is inefficient to duplicate networks with high fixed capital costs. Additional considerations for public regulation in gas and water proved to be geographically inadequate extensions of supply and health and safety concerns, which were even more important in the areas of gas and water than in rail travel. In short, state policy in these years allowed for a certain amount of competition between networks, and the public was dissatisfied with the results. Because there was no second-hand market for railway tracks, gas and water pipes under the streets, or telegraph lines, once investment had been undertaken, the network company was committed to the industry; its fixed costs were often literally, as well as conceptually, sunk costs. New entry into the whole range of an established company's activities was therefore unlikely to be successful unless the competitor was both large and much more efficient.
James Foreman-Peck and Robert Millward
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203599
- eISBN:
- 9780191675881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203599.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Economic History
Judged by productivity growth, capital costs, and continuing controversies over freight rates, the railway policy in Britain after 1870 proved to be none too effective. The need for a policy on ...
More
Judged by productivity growth, capital costs, and continuing controversies over freight rates, the railway policy in Britain after 1870 proved to be none too effective. The need for a policy on telephone technology fell between telegraphs and railways for, when state policy became a live issue, the Treasury was very conscious of the expense of a subsidised telegraph system. British telephony therefore failed to take full advantage of the technology, and this had adverse effects for the industry as a whole. The other side of the coin was a large, effective, and integrated telegraph network, albeit one that was subsidised by postal users. The long-established state-owned Post Office offered a model for some would-be reformers of the transport and communication industries. However, state industry prestige was not universally high in the 1860s.Less
Judged by productivity growth, capital costs, and continuing controversies over freight rates, the railway policy in Britain after 1870 proved to be none too effective. The need for a policy on telephone technology fell between telegraphs and railways for, when state policy became a live issue, the Treasury was very conscious of the expense of a subsidised telegraph system. British telephony therefore failed to take full advantage of the technology, and this had adverse effects for the industry as a whole. The other side of the coin was a large, effective, and integrated telegraph network, albeit one that was subsidised by postal users. The long-established state-owned Post Office offered a model for some would-be reformers of the transport and communication industries. However, state industry prestige was not universally high in the 1860s.
Maryann Feldman and Lauren Lanahan
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226286723
- eISBN:
- 9780226286860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226286860.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Over the past 30 years, the 50 state governments have experimented with different programs that attempt to leverage academic science to create economic growth. Three broadly diffuse programs are: ...
More
Over the past 30 years, the 50 state governments have experimented with different programs that attempt to leverage academic science to create economic growth. Three broadly diffuse programs are: Eminent Scholars, which attracts scientific talent; Centers of Excellence, which builds research expertise that involves industry; and University Research Grants, which provides funding for research projects. This chapter traces their adoption and estimates the relationship with economic, political and R&D-related conditions for each program. The results indicate that states, in part, use these policy levers to enhance the performance of their R&D capacity workforce and to substitute declines in national trends of extramural funding of research and development. Viewing Eminent Scholars and the University Research Grants as more upstream programs, the authors find that state commitment relies on the strength of the state’s R&D capacity and demonstrated commitment to science. By contrast, state adoption of the Centers of Excellence program, which is more downstream, has broader appeal, which is likely due to its design of producing more immediate economic outcomes.Less
Over the past 30 years, the 50 state governments have experimented with different programs that attempt to leverage academic science to create economic growth. Three broadly diffuse programs are: Eminent Scholars, which attracts scientific talent; Centers of Excellence, which builds research expertise that involves industry; and University Research Grants, which provides funding for research projects. This chapter traces their adoption and estimates the relationship with economic, political and R&D-related conditions for each program. The results indicate that states, in part, use these policy levers to enhance the performance of their R&D capacity workforce and to substitute declines in national trends of extramural funding of research and development. Viewing Eminent Scholars and the University Research Grants as more upstream programs, the authors find that state commitment relies on the strength of the state’s R&D capacity and demonstrated commitment to science. By contrast, state adoption of the Centers of Excellence program, which is more downstream, has broader appeal, which is likely due to its design of producing more immediate economic outcomes.
Martti Koskenniemi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199599875
- eISBN:
- 9780191595813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599875.003.0015
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter argues that no continuous tradition of international legal thought exists from early modernity — Gentili, Vitoria, Suárez, Grotius, Pufendorf, Vattel, however one wants to date the ...
More
This chapter argues that no continuous tradition of international legal thought exists from early modernity — Gentili, Vitoria, Suárez, Grotius, Pufendorf, Vattel, however one wants to date the moment of inception — to the 20th century. What we read in standard histories is a myth. Nineteenth-century international lawyers imagined a history to what they were doing because that was the habit of a historical age. What we have, instead, is a literature on the government of modern states that occasionally deals with the external aspects of that government — war, treaties, and diplomacy. But these are not understood as a legal ‘system’ somewhere outside statehood, with the point of limiting the negative effects of state policy. Instead, they are part of a functional notion of territorial rule the purpose of which varied over time from ‘conservation’ of the realm to the ‘perfection’ of its people.Less
This chapter argues that no continuous tradition of international legal thought exists from early modernity — Gentili, Vitoria, Suárez, Grotius, Pufendorf, Vattel, however one wants to date the moment of inception — to the 20th century. What we read in standard histories is a myth. Nineteenth-century international lawyers imagined a history to what they were doing because that was the habit of a historical age. What we have, instead, is a literature on the government of modern states that occasionally deals with the external aspects of that government — war, treaties, and diplomacy. But these are not understood as a legal ‘system’ somewhere outside statehood, with the point of limiting the negative effects of state policy. Instead, they are part of a functional notion of territorial rule the purpose of which varied over time from ‘conservation’ of the realm to the ‘perfection’ of its people.
Valentine M. Moghadam (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290230
- eISBN:
- 9780191684807
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290230.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
At the end of the 20th century, after four world conferences on women, debates on the impact of economic development on the lives and status of women — including their life-options and opportunities ...
More
At the end of the 20th century, after four world conferences on women, debates on the impact of economic development on the lives and status of women — including their life-options and opportunities for betterment — continue unresolved. Is patriarchy on the decline, or is it merely its form that is changing? What effect does development have on gender relations, and how do patriarchal structures affect the development process? The chapters in this book were written for a UNU/WIDER research conference convened to explore two parallel phenomena: the changing position of women and gender relations and the relevance of the concept of patriarchy, and the impact of development — and especially industrialization and wage work — on women and gender. They address questions through theoretical, historical, and empirical approaches, and provide critical analysis and macro- and micro-level data for Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian sub-continent, the Nordic region, and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Following an introduction and overview, the book is divided into two main parts. Part II offers historical and theoretical perspectives on the evolution of women's positions in the course of development. Part III focuses on industrialization, state policies, and women workers. The book ends with an appendix of statistical tables providing descriptive data on women in the countries under consideration and others.Less
At the end of the 20th century, after four world conferences on women, debates on the impact of economic development on the lives and status of women — including their life-options and opportunities for betterment — continue unresolved. Is patriarchy on the decline, or is it merely its form that is changing? What effect does development have on gender relations, and how do patriarchal structures affect the development process? The chapters in this book were written for a UNU/WIDER research conference convened to explore two parallel phenomena: the changing position of women and gender relations and the relevance of the concept of patriarchy, and the impact of development — and especially industrialization and wage work — on women and gender. They address questions through theoretical, historical, and empirical approaches, and provide critical analysis and macro- and micro-level data for Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian sub-continent, the Nordic region, and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Following an introduction and overview, the book is divided into two main parts. Part II offers historical and theoretical perspectives on the evolution of women's positions in the course of development. Part III focuses on industrialization, state policies, and women workers. The book ends with an appendix of statistical tables providing descriptive data on women in the countries under consideration and others.
Helen Keller, Magdalena Forowicz, and Lorenz Engi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600977
- eISBN:
- 9780191595820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600977.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, EU Law
This chapter focuses on the diversity of friendly settlements in appearance and function. It shows the subtle difference between the various forms of friendly settlements and arrangements. It also ...
More
This chapter focuses on the diversity of friendly settlements in appearance and function. It shows the subtle difference between the various forms of friendly settlements and arrangements. It also connects these practices to the phenomenon of unilateral declarations based on a failed friendly settlement. The chapter is based on twenty-eight interviews with judges, state agents, the Registry's personnel and human rights lawyers.Less
This chapter focuses on the diversity of friendly settlements in appearance and function. It shows the subtle difference between the various forms of friendly settlements and arrangements. It also connects these practices to the phenomenon of unilateral declarations based on a failed friendly settlement. The chapter is based on twenty-eight interviews with judges, state agents, the Registry's personnel and human rights lawyers.
Supriya RoyChowdhury
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198084945
- eISBN:
- 9780199082391
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198084945.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
This chapter examines research and literature about the history of the political economy of the Indian state. It explores how the left-leaning scholarship has seriously constrained the state’s ...
More
This chapter examines research and literature about the history of the political economy of the Indian state. It explores how the left-leaning scholarship has seriously constrained the state’s welfare and redistributive capacities. It discusses how a structuralist understanding of the state as predominantly determined by the logic of capitalist development has been widely shared by this genre of scholars. It also highlights the emergence of the state as the protector of corporate capital in the name of development and the latter as the most powerful shaper of state policies.Less
This chapter examines research and literature about the history of the political economy of the Indian state. It explores how the left-leaning scholarship has seriously constrained the state’s welfare and redistributive capacities. It discusses how a structuralist understanding of the state as predominantly determined by the logic of capitalist development has been widely shared by this genre of scholars. It also highlights the emergence of the state as the protector of corporate capital in the name of development and the latter as the most powerful shaper of state policies.
Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781501725050
- eISBN:
- 9781501725067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501725050.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
Building on the preceding chapter, Chapter 3 analyzes U.S. and Soviet responses to the decline of the United Kingdom. This portion of the book shows that the United States and Soviet Union each ...
More
Building on the preceding chapter, Chapter 3 analyzes U.S. and Soviet responses to the decline of the United Kingdom. This portion of the book shows that the United States and Soviet Union each adopted supportive strategies towards Britain in 1945-1947, calculating that each could use Great Britain to compete against the other. However, once Britain decisively aligned with the United States after mid-1947, U.S. and Soviet efforts diverged: U.S. strategy remained highly supportive, whereas the Soviet Union turned toward predation. These results provide strong evidence in support of the argument, matching predictions derived from predation theory (see Chapter 3) while disconfirming the course of events expected by alternative arguments.Less
Building on the preceding chapter, Chapter 3 analyzes U.S. and Soviet responses to the decline of the United Kingdom. This portion of the book shows that the United States and Soviet Union each adopted supportive strategies towards Britain in 1945-1947, calculating that each could use Great Britain to compete against the other. However, once Britain decisively aligned with the United States after mid-1947, U.S. and Soviet efforts diverged: U.S. strategy remained highly supportive, whereas the Soviet Union turned toward predation. These results provide strong evidence in support of the argument, matching predictions derived from predation theory (see Chapter 3) while disconfirming the course of events expected by alternative arguments.
Raymond Hinnebusch
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719053450
- eISBN:
- 9781781700204
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719053450.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This text aims to fill a gap in the field of Middle Eastern political studies by combining international relations theory with concrete case studies. It begins with an overview of the rules and ...
More
This text aims to fill a gap in the field of Middle Eastern political studies by combining international relations theory with concrete case studies. It begins with an overview of the rules and features of the Middle East regional system—the arena in which the local states, including Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Israel and the Arab states of Syria, Jordan and Iraq, operate. The book goes on to analyse foreign-policy-making in key states, illustrating how systemic determinants constrain this policy-making, and how these constraints are dealt with in distinctive ways depending on the particular domestic features of the individual states. Finally, it goes on to look at the outcomes of state policies by examining several major conflicts including the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Gulf War, and the system of regional alignment. The study assesses the impact of international penetration in the region, including the historic reasons behind the formation of the regional state system. It also analyses the continued role of external great powers, such as the United States and the former Soviet Union, and explains the process by which the region has become incorporated into the global capitalist market.Less
This text aims to fill a gap in the field of Middle Eastern political studies by combining international relations theory with concrete case studies. It begins with an overview of the rules and features of the Middle East regional system—the arena in which the local states, including Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Israel and the Arab states of Syria, Jordan and Iraq, operate. The book goes on to analyse foreign-policy-making in key states, illustrating how systemic determinants constrain this policy-making, and how these constraints are dealt with in distinctive ways depending on the particular domestic features of the individual states. Finally, it goes on to look at the outcomes of state policies by examining several major conflicts including the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Gulf War, and the system of regional alignment. The study assesses the impact of international penetration in the region, including the historic reasons behind the formation of the regional state system. It also analyses the continued role of external great powers, such as the United States and the former Soviet Union, and explains the process by which the region has become incorporated into the global capitalist market.
Zoya Hassan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198076964
- eISBN:
- 9780199080274
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198076964.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
Situated at the interface of policy and political processes, this study explores the dynamics and strategies of the state with regard to Muslims and lower castes. It examines the underlying issues ...
More
Situated at the interface of policy and political processes, this study explores the dynamics and strategies of the state with regard to Muslims and lower castes. It examines the underlying issues that influence state policy towards disadvantaged groups and assesses specific strategies and whether these need rethinking and reshaping to take India forward in its quest or equality. It also looks at the constitutional framework, the institutional structures, and the responses and debates surrounding the inclusion for lower castes and minorities, especially the emphasis on affirmative action for the former and the continuing opposition to the inclusion of the latter in this framework. The book includes an Appendix with tables and graphs of the socio-economic data used in the study.Less
Situated at the interface of policy and political processes, this study explores the dynamics and strategies of the state with regard to Muslims and lower castes. It examines the underlying issues that influence state policy towards disadvantaged groups and assesses specific strategies and whether these need rethinking and reshaping to take India forward in its quest or equality. It also looks at the constitutional framework, the institutional structures, and the responses and debates surrounding the inclusion for lower castes and minorities, especially the emphasis on affirmative action for the former and the continuing opposition to the inclusion of the latter in this framework. The book includes an Appendix with tables and graphs of the socio-economic data used in the study.
Saundra K. Schneider and William G. Jacoby (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804753005
- eISBN:
- 9780804767972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804753005.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter compares the impact of public opinion and interest groups on policy making in American states. It proposes a new measure of state public policy and identifies measures of state policy ...
More
This chapter compares the impact of public opinion and interest groups on policy making in American states. It proposes a new measure of state public policy and identifies measures of state policy priorities. It argues that public opinion indirectly affects both collective goods and particularistic policy through the impact of public opinion on interest group formation. This chapter also contends that the conventional view that public opinion and interest groups compete in the policy-making process is too simplistic.Less
This chapter compares the impact of public opinion and interest groups on policy making in American states. It proposes a new measure of state public policy and identifies measures of state policy priorities. It argues that public opinion indirectly affects both collective goods and particularistic policy through the impact of public opinion on interest group formation. This chapter also contends that the conventional view that public opinion and interest groups compete in the policy-making process is too simplistic.
