Rosanne Van Alebeek
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199232475
- eISBN:
- 9780191696558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232475.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Functional immunity of foreign state officials is typically approached as a consequence of the rule of state's immunity. This in turn, creates questions on the scope of the rule of state immunity in ...
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Functional immunity of foreign state officials is typically approached as a consequence of the rule of state's immunity. This in turn, creates questions on the scope of the rule of state immunity in relation to the foreign home state. This chapter argues that functional immunity should not be directly related to the immunity of state and the suggestion that state immunity rules determines the position of (former) state officials before foreign national courts is misleading. This chapter provides the nature and substance of the rules determining the competence of national courts over (former) foreign state officials in order to determine the tools necessary for the development of the state's law and policy arguments.Less
Functional immunity of foreign state officials is typically approached as a consequence of the rule of state's immunity. This in turn, creates questions on the scope of the rule of state immunity in relation to the foreign home state. This chapter argues that functional immunity should not be directly related to the immunity of state and the suggestion that state immunity rules determines the position of (former) state officials before foreign national courts is misleading. This chapter provides the nature and substance of the rules determining the competence of national courts over (former) foreign state officials in order to determine the tools necessary for the development of the state's law and policy arguments.
Alexander Orakhelashvili
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546114
- eISBN:
- 9780191712203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546114.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter deals with the impact of jus cogens on State immunity. It begins by examining the scope of State immunity, then addresses sources of law to establish whether State immunity is really ...
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This chapter deals with the impact of jus cogens on State immunity. It begins by examining the scope of State immunity, then addresses sources of law to establish whether State immunity is really accepted in international law as a norm or principle. The immediate impact and primacy of jus cogens over immunities is considered. The chapter covers immunity of States and their officials, and immunity from execution. As a follow-up of this chapter, the articles by this author in 49 German YbIL (2006) and 18 EJIL (2007) should be consulted.Less
This chapter deals with the impact of jus cogens on State immunity. It begins by examining the scope of State immunity, then addresses sources of law to establish whether State immunity is really accepted in international law as a norm or principle. The immediate impact and primacy of jus cogens over immunities is considered. The chapter covers immunity of States and their officials, and immunity from execution. As a follow-up of this chapter, the articles by this author in 49 German YbIL (2006) and 18 EJIL (2007) should be consulted.
Philippa Webb
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199647071
- eISBN:
- 9780191738999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199647071.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter examines the norm conflict that arises when a state official is accused of serious human rights violations in the court of another state. The human rights norm militates in favour of ...
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This chapter examines the norm conflict that arises when a state official is accused of serious human rights violations in the court of another state. The human rights norm militates in favour of holding individuals accountable for violations, regardless of their position, while the sovereign equality and effective performance norm favours upholding immunity. Drawing on the case law of twenty-four jurisdictions, the chapter identifies the circumstances in which courts decide that human rights prevail over immunities, and vice versa. It reveals various conflict avoidance techniques and sets out the inconsistent treatment of jus cogens. It concludes that the case law does not yet indicate the emergence of a human rights-based hierarchy within international law.Less
This chapter examines the norm conflict that arises when a state official is accused of serious human rights violations in the court of another state. The human rights norm militates in favour of holding individuals accountable for violations, regardless of their position, while the sovereign equality and effective performance norm favours upholding immunity. Drawing on the case law of twenty-four jurisdictions, the chapter identifies the circumstances in which courts decide that human rights prevail over immunities, and vice versa. It reveals various conflict avoidance techniques and sets out the inconsistent treatment of jus cogens. It concludes that the case law does not yet indicate the emergence of a human rights-based hierarchy within international law.
Rosanne Van Alebeek
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199232475
- eISBN:
- 9780191696558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232475.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
One of the benefits a state official possesses is a comprehensive personal immunity from the jurisdiction of foreign national courts during their term of office. Diplomatic and head of state immunity ...
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One of the benefits a state official possesses is a comprehensive personal immunity from the jurisdiction of foreign national courts during their term of office. Diplomatic and head of state immunity rules apply independently from the essential competence of the court. This chapter examines several controversial issues regarding the material and formal scope of diplomatic and head of state immunity and the personal immunity rules applicable to diplomatic agents and heads of state. The lack of essential competence, absence of personal responsibility, and immunity from jurisdiction is also analyzed. The chapter also looks at its relation with the development of international human rights law and international criminal law.Less
One of the benefits a state official possesses is a comprehensive personal immunity from the jurisdiction of foreign national courts during their term of office. Diplomatic and head of state immunity rules apply independently from the essential competence of the court. This chapter examines several controversial issues regarding the material and formal scope of diplomatic and head of state immunity and the personal immunity rules applicable to diplomatic agents and heads of state. The lack of essential competence, absence of personal responsibility, and immunity from jurisdiction is also analyzed. The chapter also looks at its relation with the development of international human rights law and international criminal law.
Fiona Leverick
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199283460
- eISBN:
- 9780191712654
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283460.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter examines the impact of Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to life) on the law of self-defence. It concludes that Article 2 clearly does not permit lethal ...
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This chapter examines the impact of Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to life) on the law of self-defence. It concludes that Article 2 clearly does not permit lethal force to be used in defence of property. It is also argued that any jurisdiction (such as England and Wales) that permits self-defence as a complete defence where the accused held an unreasonable belief that force was necessary breaches Article 2. This is clearly the case where the force was used in error by a state official. The duty imposed on the state by article 2 to adequately protect its citizens from threats to their life means that the law should not permit an unreasonable mistake to ground a complete defence more generally — even where the accused is a private citizen.Less
This chapter examines the impact of Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to life) on the law of self-defence. It concludes that Article 2 clearly does not permit lethal force to be used in defence of property. It is also argued that any jurisdiction (such as England and Wales) that permits self-defence as a complete defence where the accused held an unreasonable belief that force was necessary breaches Article 2. This is clearly the case where the force was used in error by a state official. The duty imposed on the state by article 2 to adequately protect its citizens from threats to their life means that the law should not permit an unreasonable mistake to ground a complete defence more generally — even where the accused is a private citizen.
Michael E. Meeker
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520225268
- eISBN:
- 9780520929128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520225268.003.0009
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Middle Eastern Cultural Anthropology
This chapter describes how the nationalist revolution succeeded in undermining the legitimacy of local elites, even as state officials continued to rely on them for governmental assistance, and also ...
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This chapter describes how the nationalist revolution succeeded in undermining the legitimacy of local elites, even as state officials continued to rely on them for governmental assistance, and also considers the way two Oflu authors tried to understand the dislocated periodization that occurred during the late 1940s.Less
This chapter describes how the nationalist revolution succeeded in undermining the legitimacy of local elites, even as state officials continued to rely on them for governmental assistance, and also considers the way two Oflu authors tried to understand the dislocated periodization that occurred during the late 1940s.
Mun Young Cho
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451652
- eISBN:
- 9780801467431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451652.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines the processes of differential impoverishment: why and in what ways the urban poor and rural migrants in Hadong have reinforced the distinctions between them rather than ...
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This chapter examines the processes of differential impoverishment: why and in what ways the urban poor and rural migrants in Hadong have reinforced the distinctions between them rather than recognized their commonalities. In particular, the chapter scrutinizes the workings and outcomes of “dividing the poor,” which is one governmental intervention for recruiting from the poor an army against the poor. China's urban poor are not merely excluded from the wider society; they are prompted to voice their grievances not against the state but against other poor people. Thus impoverished urbanites and rural migrants in Hadong are divided by themselves as well as by state officials.Less
This chapter examines the processes of differential impoverishment: why and in what ways the urban poor and rural migrants in Hadong have reinforced the distinctions between them rather than recognized their commonalities. In particular, the chapter scrutinizes the workings and outcomes of “dividing the poor,” which is one governmental intervention for recruiting from the poor an army against the poor. China's urban poor are not merely excluded from the wider society; they are prompted to voice their grievances not against the state but against other poor people. Thus impoverished urbanites and rural migrants in Hadong are divided by themselves as well as by state officials.
Ian F. Mcneely
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233300
- eISBN:
- 9780520928527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233300.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter addresses the state officials and local citizens who drew on a host of powerful Enlightenment ideas—encyclopedism—to portray and depict this new civic landscape in the statistical ...
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This chapter addresses the state officials and local citizens who drew on a host of powerful Enlightenment ideas—encyclopedism—to portray and depict this new civic landscape in the statistical almanacs. Leopold Krug, Philipp Ludwig Heinrich Röder, and Christian Heinrich Niemann speak to both the limitations and potential of statistical topography as it was practiced at the end of the Enlightenment, the field having exploded the boundaries of the old “science of state” but lacking institutional organization for its efforts. The Biedermeier world animating the otherwise inert and discrete findings of the county almanacs were a small, provincial one, but also thoroughly modern in accommodating a negative capability conjoining diverse types of knowledge in a single worldview.Less
This chapter addresses the state officials and local citizens who drew on a host of powerful Enlightenment ideas—encyclopedism—to portray and depict this new civic landscape in the statistical almanacs. Leopold Krug, Philipp Ludwig Heinrich Röder, and Christian Heinrich Niemann speak to both the limitations and potential of statistical topography as it was practiced at the end of the Enlightenment, the field having exploded the boundaries of the old “science of state” but lacking institutional organization for its efforts. The Biedermeier world animating the otherwise inert and discrete findings of the county almanacs were a small, provincial one, but also thoroughly modern in accommodating a negative capability conjoining diverse types of knowledge in a single worldview.
Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300194562
- eISBN:
- 9780300213416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300194562.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter discusses the relationship of the executive branch and the federal state executive. The federal state executive is responsible for conducting federal legislative elections and deciding ...
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This chapter discusses the relationship of the executive branch and the federal state executive. The federal state executive is responsible for conducting federal legislative elections and deciding how to appoint presidential electors. The Constitution obliges them to take orders from the chief executive in enforcing federal law. The president can also ask for the help of the state executive to call upon militia, given their access to a large roster of state officials. However, relying upon state officers somewhat restricts the president's powers. While state officers generally act as subordinates, recognizing the supremacy of federal law and the chief executive, they occasionally act on their own accord. The president has no power to force them to obey his instructions and has no way of circumventing them.Less
This chapter discusses the relationship of the executive branch and the federal state executive. The federal state executive is responsible for conducting federal legislative elections and deciding how to appoint presidential electors. The Constitution obliges them to take orders from the chief executive in enforcing federal law. The president can also ask for the help of the state executive to call upon militia, given their access to a large roster of state officials. However, relying upon state officers somewhat restricts the president's powers. While state officers generally act as subordinates, recognizing the supremacy of federal law and the chief executive, they occasionally act on their own accord. The president has no power to force them to obey his instructions and has no way of circumventing them.
Michael E. Kraft, Mark Stephan, and Troy D. Abel
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014953
- eISBN:
- 9780262295208
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014953.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This book investigates the process of information disclosure as a policy strategy for environmental protection. The process, which is a new approach to environmental protection, sometimes leads ...
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This book investigates the process of information disclosure as a policy strategy for environmental protection. The process, which is a new approach to environmental protection, sometimes leads government and industry to focus on meeting only minimal standards. The authors examine the effectiveness of information disclosure in achieving improvements in corporate environmental performance by analyzing data from the federal government’s Toxics Release Inventory, or TRI, and drawing on an original set of survey data from corporations and federal, state, and local officials, among other sources. The authors find that TRI, a prime example of information disclosure, has had a substantial effect over time on the environmental performance of industry. When examining case studies from all over the United States, the conclusion is that improvement is not uniform: some facilities perform much better than others. The authors argue that information disclosure plays an important role in environmental policy—but only as part of an integrated set of policy tools that includes conventional regulation.Less
This book investigates the process of information disclosure as a policy strategy for environmental protection. The process, which is a new approach to environmental protection, sometimes leads government and industry to focus on meeting only minimal standards. The authors examine the effectiveness of information disclosure in achieving improvements in corporate environmental performance by analyzing data from the federal government’s Toxics Release Inventory, or TRI, and drawing on an original set of survey data from corporations and federal, state, and local officials, among other sources. The authors find that TRI, a prime example of information disclosure, has had a substantial effect over time on the environmental performance of industry. When examining case studies from all over the United States, the conclusion is that improvement is not uniform: some facilities perform much better than others. The authors argue that information disclosure plays an important role in environmental policy—but only as part of an integrated set of policy tools that includes conventional regulation.
Aaron Ansell
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781469613970
- eISBN:
- 9781469613994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469613970.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines a technique called “induced nostalgia,” which refers to practices by which state officials linked romantic notions of collective labor to idealized visions of the rural past, ...
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This chapter examines a technique called “induced nostalgia,” which refers to practices by which state officials linked romantic notions of collective labor to idealized visions of the rural past, while portraying vertical intimacies as a fall from a pristine golden age. It shows how this technique played out in the context of a community-driven development project that depended on coordinated management of livestock and the officials’ fixation on romantic models of traditional labor, which caused problems for villagers whose memory of their past conflicted with the state officials’ narrative.Less
This chapter examines a technique called “induced nostalgia,” which refers to practices by which state officials linked romantic notions of collective labor to idealized visions of the rural past, while portraying vertical intimacies as a fall from a pristine golden age. It shows how this technique played out in the context of a community-driven development project that depended on coordinated management of livestock and the officials’ fixation on romantic models of traditional labor, which caused problems for villagers whose memory of their past conflicted with the state officials’ narrative.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804757249
- eISBN:
- 9780804779609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804757249.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter examines Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC. It considers the state of Missouri's effort to establish campaign contribution limits for state officials paralleling those upheld in ...
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This chapter examines Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC. It considers the state of Missouri's effort to establish campaign contribution limits for state officials paralleling those upheld in Buckley v. Valeo. Challenging the $1,000 limit ($1,075, as applied in this case), Shrink Missouri Government PAC argued that the caps on contributions unconstitutionally restricted its ability to support its preferred Republican candidate in the primary election for state auditor. But for the Court, the state had shown that the limits were necessary to diminish (the “appearance” of) “corruption,” to encourage more positive perceptions of the political process, and even to facilitate particular forms of speech (e.g. time as opposed to money) in the electoral marketplace of ideas.Less
This chapter examines Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC. It considers the state of Missouri's effort to establish campaign contribution limits for state officials paralleling those upheld in Buckley v. Valeo. Challenging the $1,000 limit ($1,075, as applied in this case), Shrink Missouri Government PAC argued that the caps on contributions unconstitutionally restricted its ability to support its preferred Republican candidate in the primary election for state auditor. But for the Court, the state had shown that the limits were necessary to diminish (the “appearance” of) “corruption,” to encourage more positive perceptions of the political process, and even to facilitate particular forms of speech (e.g. time as opposed to money) in the electoral marketplace of ideas.
Andra Gillespie
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814732441
- eISBN:
- 9780814738689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814732441.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses Booker's relationship with local, county, and state officials. Just as residents have decisive impressions of the mayor, Booker's colleagues in elective office also judge him ...
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This chapter discusses Booker's relationship with local, county, and state officials. Just as residents have decisive impressions of the mayor, Booker's colleagues in elective office also judge him and decide each day whether to cooperate with him. Thus, any strain in the working relationship among Booker and his colleagues can obstruct the passage of local and state legislation, thereby robbing Booker of the needed support should he decide to run for higher office. The chapter further explains how elites' and officials' respect for Booker can garner support for his allies when they run for office. Otherwise, his endorsement will carry little weight.Less
This chapter discusses Booker's relationship with local, county, and state officials. Just as residents have decisive impressions of the mayor, Booker's colleagues in elective office also judge him and decide each day whether to cooperate with him. Thus, any strain in the working relationship among Booker and his colleagues can obstruct the passage of local and state legislation, thereby robbing Booker of the needed support should he decide to run for higher office. The chapter further explains how elites' and officials' respect for Booker can garner support for his allies when they run for office. Otherwise, his endorsement will carry little weight.
Aaron Ansell
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781469613970
- eISBN:
- 9781469613994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469613970.003.009
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some final thoughts. It describes the various modes of combining intimate and liberal political ethics that emerged in the context of a ...
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This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some final thoughts. It describes the various modes of combining intimate and liberal political ethics that emerged in the context of a highly plural reaction to the Zero Hunger state officials. The chapter suggests that the Lula administration’s effort to dismantle patronage prompted Passarinho’s citizens to use their political intelligence to integrate those aspects of liberal democracy that accorded with their sense of what was practical and moral.Less
This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some final thoughts. It describes the various modes of combining intimate and liberal political ethics that emerged in the context of a highly plural reaction to the Zero Hunger state officials. The chapter suggests that the Lula administration’s effort to dismantle patronage prompted Passarinho’s citizens to use their political intelligence to integrate those aspects of liberal democracy that accorded with their sense of what was practical and moral.
Lily Chumley
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691164977
- eISBN:
- 9781400881321
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164977.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter begins with an oral history of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, describing how the school changed over the course of gaigekaifang. Gaigekaifang is often referred to in English as ...
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This chapter begins with an oral history of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, describing how the school changed over the course of gaigekaifang. Gaigekaifang is often referred to in English as “reform” (gaige), putting the stress on the structural adjustments that fomented change, while kaifang roughly means “opening up.” This institutional history is given a broader social context through interpretations of three art exhibitions commemorating the thirtieth anniversary of reform and opening up in 2008. These exhibitions offer perspectives on the legacies of socialism and the novelties of reform that are variously aligned with or critical of official state narratives, showing how contemporary Chinese dreamworlds contest with one another.Less
This chapter begins with an oral history of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, describing how the school changed over the course of gaigekaifang. Gaigekaifang is often referred to in English as “reform” (gaige), putting the stress on the structural adjustments that fomented change, while kaifang roughly means “opening up.” This institutional history is given a broader social context through interpretations of three art exhibitions commemorating the thirtieth anniversary of reform and opening up in 2008. These exhibitions offer perspectives on the legacies of socialism and the novelties of reform that are variously aligned with or critical of official state narratives, showing how contemporary Chinese dreamworlds contest with one another.
Julilly Kohler-Hausmann
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691174525
- eISBN:
- 9781400885183
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691174525.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This introductory chapter talks about how American lawmakers “got tough” on drugs, welfare, and crime. These political choices drove one of the most dramatic expansions of a penal system in world ...
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This introductory chapter talks about how American lawmakers “got tough” on drugs, welfare, and crime. These political choices drove one of the most dramatic expansions of a penal system in world history, but policymakers did not simply increase the number and severity of penal sanctions. They also continued degrading the civic standing of those convicted of crimes, imposing limitations on their access to state benefits, employment opportunities, and civil and political rights. As lawmakers and state officials funneled more resources into the penal system, they also retrenched many social welfare programs, particularly those imagined to be serving poor, “nonworking” people of color.Less
This introductory chapter talks about how American lawmakers “got tough” on drugs, welfare, and crime. These political choices drove one of the most dramatic expansions of a penal system in world history, but policymakers did not simply increase the number and severity of penal sanctions. They also continued degrading the civic standing of those convicted of crimes, imposing limitations on their access to state benefits, employment opportunities, and civil and political rights. As lawmakers and state officials funneled more resources into the penal system, they also retrenched many social welfare programs, particularly those imagined to be serving poor, “nonworking” people of color.
James Edward Miller
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807832479
- eISBN:
- 9781469606002
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807887943_miller.15
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter focuses on an event on August 5, 1974, in which Henry Kissinger addressed a meeting of disgruntled State Department officials and defended his handling of the Cyprus crisis. The crisis ...
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This chapter focuses on an event on August 5, 1974, in which Henry Kissinger addressed a meeting of disgruntled State Department officials and defended his handling of the Cyprus crisis. The crisis left Kissinger's diplomacy in tatters but not his self-confidence. Failure to preserve peace and stability in the eastern Mediterranean, the secretary of state was soon explaining, was the responsibility of everyone except himself. He rewarded those junior State Department officials who had warned him of the dangers that his actions were creating with a systematic effort to destroy their careers. The secretary refused to provide Congress with a complete account of his actions and pointed the finger of blame for the Cyprus mess at the Democratic majorities in the House and Senate, which, after years of supinely accepting Nixon administration policies, finally nerved themselves to take back part of their constitutional role in the management of foreign affairs.Less
This chapter focuses on an event on August 5, 1974, in which Henry Kissinger addressed a meeting of disgruntled State Department officials and defended his handling of the Cyprus crisis. The crisis left Kissinger's diplomacy in tatters but not his self-confidence. Failure to preserve peace and stability in the eastern Mediterranean, the secretary of state was soon explaining, was the responsibility of everyone except himself. He rewarded those junior State Department officials who had warned him of the dangers that his actions were creating with a systematic effort to destroy their careers. The secretary refused to provide Congress with a complete account of his actions and pointed the finger of blame for the Cyprus mess at the Democratic majorities in the House and Senate, which, after years of supinely accepting Nixon administration policies, finally nerved themselves to take back part of their constitutional role in the management of foreign affairs.
Isaac West
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479832149
- eISBN:
- 9781479826872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479832149.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter presents the account of Mayne, an officially recognized male-to-female transsexual who repeatedly provoked her own arrest in Los Angeles in the 1950s by using a female restroom where ...
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This chapter presents the account of Mayne, an officially recognized male-to-female transsexual who repeatedly provoked her own arrest in Los Angeles in the 1950s by using a female restroom where gays are prohibited to enter. Mayne’s action explained how stranger relationalities are a series of articulations and subjective negotiations without any predictable outcome. She invited the threat of legal discipline to afford herself an opportunity to challenge dominant understandings of sex, gender, and sexuality. In doing so, she revealed that official state recognition does not guarantee freedom from discriminatory policies that emerge in opposition to the intentions of the state.Less
This chapter presents the account of Mayne, an officially recognized male-to-female transsexual who repeatedly provoked her own arrest in Los Angeles in the 1950s by using a female restroom where gays are prohibited to enter. Mayne’s action explained how stranger relationalities are a series of articulations and subjective negotiations without any predictable outcome. She invited the threat of legal discipline to afford herself an opportunity to challenge dominant understandings of sex, gender, and sexuality. In doing so, she revealed that official state recognition does not guarantee freedom from discriminatory policies that emerge in opposition to the intentions of the state.
Edward P. Crapol
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807872239
- eISBN:
- 9781469602288
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807882726_crapol.5
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter talks about President William Henry Harrison's death due to pneumonia after just a month in office. Popular legend has it that Vice President John Tyler was momentarily stunned when ...
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This chapter talks about President William Henry Harrison's death due to pneumonia after just a month in office. Popular legend has it that Vice President John Tyler was momentarily stunned when Fletcher Webster, a State Department official and son of the secretary of state, pounded on the door of his Williamsburg, Virginia, home at sunrise on April 5 to awaken him with the news of President Harrison's death. Another tale about that momentous day, delightful for its rustic simplicity and republican innocence, had the fifty-one-year-old aristocratic Virginian playing marbles with his sons in front of his home when the young Webster arrived from Washington. Tyler initially may have been startled by the dispatch from Harrison's cabinet announcing the president's death, but surely the marbles tale is apocryphal. It surfaced decades later in the early twentieth century, long after the principal parties involved had died, in a breezy and unreliable collection of personal reminiscences about former presidents.Less
This chapter talks about President William Henry Harrison's death due to pneumonia after just a month in office. Popular legend has it that Vice President John Tyler was momentarily stunned when Fletcher Webster, a State Department official and son of the secretary of state, pounded on the door of his Williamsburg, Virginia, home at sunrise on April 5 to awaken him with the news of President Harrison's death. Another tale about that momentous day, delightful for its rustic simplicity and republican innocence, had the fifty-one-year-old aristocratic Virginian playing marbles with his sons in front of his home when the young Webster arrived from Washington. Tyler initially may have been startled by the dispatch from Harrison's cabinet announcing the president's death, but surely the marbles tale is apocryphal. It surfaced decades later in the early twentieth century, long after the principal parties involved had died, in a breezy and unreliable collection of personal reminiscences about former presidents.
Cindy Hahamovitch
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807846391
- eISBN:
- 9781469603964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807899922_hahamovitch.11
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This chapter describes migrant farmworkers as “stateless”; they paid no taxes and did not vote. If they did not leave promptly when they were no longer needed, they became more a hindrance than a ...
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This chapter describes migrant farmworkers as “stateless”; they paid no taxes and did not vote. If they did not leave promptly when they were no longer needed, they became more a hindrance than a help. Thus state and local authorities kept migrant workers moving, and as long as they kept moving, no state or municipality could be made to accept responsibility for them. Farmworkers were, however, still citizens of the nation. If any government had an interest in their health, housing, and working conditions, it was the federal government, or so state officials argued on a fairly regular basis. Still, Franklin Delano Roosevelt's administration was uncharacteristically slow to form a policy toward migrant farmworkers. Indeed, farmworkers were excluded from all labor and relief measures passed during the legislative whirlwind of the New Deal's first hundred days.Less
This chapter describes migrant farmworkers as “stateless”; they paid no taxes and did not vote. If they did not leave promptly when they were no longer needed, they became more a hindrance than a help. Thus state and local authorities kept migrant workers moving, and as long as they kept moving, no state or municipality could be made to accept responsibility for them. Farmworkers were, however, still citizens of the nation. If any government had an interest in their health, housing, and working conditions, it was the federal government, or so state officials argued on a fairly regular basis. Still, Franklin Delano Roosevelt's administration was uncharacteristically slow to form a policy toward migrant farmworkers. Indeed, farmworkers were excluded from all labor and relief measures passed during the legislative whirlwind of the New Deal's first hundred days.
