Alexander Orakhelashvili
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546114
- eISBN:
- 9780191712203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546114.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter deals with the impact of jus cogens on State immunity. It begins by examining the scope of State immunity, then addresses sources of law to establish whether State immunity is really ...
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This chapter deals with the impact of jus cogens on State immunity. It begins by examining the scope of State immunity, then addresses sources of law to establish whether State immunity is really accepted in international law as a norm or principle. The immediate impact and primacy of jus cogens over immunities is considered. The chapter covers immunity of States and their officials, and immunity from execution. As a follow-up of this chapter, the articles by this author in 49 German YbIL (2006) and 18 EJIL (2007) should be consulted.Less
This chapter deals with the impact of jus cogens on State immunity. It begins by examining the scope of State immunity, then addresses sources of law to establish whether State immunity is really accepted in international law as a norm or principle. The immediate impact and primacy of jus cogens over immunities is considered. The chapter covers immunity of States and their officials, and immunity from execution. As a follow-up of this chapter, the articles by this author in 49 German YbIL (2006) and 18 EJIL (2007) should be consulted.
Rosanne Van Alebeek
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199232475
- eISBN:
- 9780191696558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232475.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Functional immunity of foreign state officials is typically approached as a consequence of the rule of state's immunity. This in turn, creates questions on the scope of the rule of state immunity in ...
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Functional immunity of foreign state officials is typically approached as a consequence of the rule of state's immunity. This in turn, creates questions on the scope of the rule of state immunity in relation to the foreign home state. This chapter argues that functional immunity should not be directly related to the immunity of state and the suggestion that state immunity rules determines the position of (former) state officials before foreign national courts is misleading. This chapter provides the nature and substance of the rules determining the competence of national courts over (former) foreign state officials in order to determine the tools necessary for the development of the state's law and policy arguments.Less
Functional immunity of foreign state officials is typically approached as a consequence of the rule of state's immunity. This in turn, creates questions on the scope of the rule of state immunity in relation to the foreign home state. This chapter argues that functional immunity should not be directly related to the immunity of state and the suggestion that state immunity rules determines the position of (former) state officials before foreign national courts is misleading. This chapter provides the nature and substance of the rules determining the competence of national courts over (former) foreign state officials in order to determine the tools necessary for the development of the state's law and policy arguments.
Philippa Webb
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199647071
- eISBN:
- 9780191738999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199647071.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter examines the norm conflict that arises when a state official is accused of serious human rights violations in the court of another state. The human rights norm militates in favour of ...
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This chapter examines the norm conflict that arises when a state official is accused of serious human rights violations in the court of another state. The human rights norm militates in favour of holding individuals accountable for violations, regardless of their position, while the sovereign equality and effective performance norm favours upholding immunity. Drawing on the case law of twenty-four jurisdictions, the chapter identifies the circumstances in which courts decide that human rights prevail over immunities, and vice versa. It reveals various conflict avoidance techniques and sets out the inconsistent treatment of jus cogens. It concludes that the case law does not yet indicate the emergence of a human rights-based hierarchy within international law.Less
This chapter examines the norm conflict that arises when a state official is accused of serious human rights violations in the court of another state. The human rights norm militates in favour of holding individuals accountable for violations, regardless of their position, while the sovereign equality and effective performance norm favours upholding immunity. Drawing on the case law of twenty-four jurisdictions, the chapter identifies the circumstances in which courts decide that human rights prevail over immunities, and vice versa. It reveals various conflict avoidance techniques and sets out the inconsistent treatment of jus cogens. It concludes that the case law does not yet indicate the emergence of a human rights-based hierarchy within international law.
Rosanne Van Alebeek
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199232475
- eISBN:
- 9780191696558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232475.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
One of the benefits a state official possesses is a comprehensive personal immunity from the jurisdiction of foreign national courts during their term of office. Diplomatic and head of state immunity ...
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One of the benefits a state official possesses is a comprehensive personal immunity from the jurisdiction of foreign national courts during their term of office. Diplomatic and head of state immunity rules apply independently from the essential competence of the court. This chapter examines several controversial issues regarding the material and formal scope of diplomatic and head of state immunity and the personal immunity rules applicable to diplomatic agents and heads of state. The lack of essential competence, absence of personal responsibility, and immunity from jurisdiction is also analyzed. The chapter also looks at its relation with the development of international human rights law and international criminal law.Less
One of the benefits a state official possesses is a comprehensive personal immunity from the jurisdiction of foreign national courts during their term of office. Diplomatic and head of state immunity rules apply independently from the essential competence of the court. This chapter examines several controversial issues regarding the material and formal scope of diplomatic and head of state immunity and the personal immunity rules applicable to diplomatic agents and heads of state. The lack of essential competence, absence of personal responsibility, and immunity from jurisdiction is also analyzed. The chapter also looks at its relation with the development of international human rights law and international criminal law.
Fiona Leverick
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199283460
- eISBN:
- 9780191712654
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283460.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter examines the impact of Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to life) on the law of self-defence. It concludes that Article 2 clearly does not permit lethal ...
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This chapter examines the impact of Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to life) on the law of self-defence. It concludes that Article 2 clearly does not permit lethal force to be used in defence of property. It is also argued that any jurisdiction (such as England and Wales) that permits self-defence as a complete defence where the accused held an unreasonable belief that force was necessary breaches Article 2. This is clearly the case where the force was used in error by a state official. The duty imposed on the state by article 2 to adequately protect its citizens from threats to their life means that the law should not permit an unreasonable mistake to ground a complete defence more generally — even where the accused is a private citizen.Less
This chapter examines the impact of Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to life) on the law of self-defence. It concludes that Article 2 clearly does not permit lethal force to be used in defence of property. It is also argued that any jurisdiction (such as England and Wales) that permits self-defence as a complete defence where the accused held an unreasonable belief that force was necessary breaches Article 2. This is clearly the case where the force was used in error by a state official. The duty imposed on the state by article 2 to adequately protect its citizens from threats to their life means that the law should not permit an unreasonable mistake to ground a complete defence more generally — even where the accused is a private citizen.
Adam B. Cox and Cristina M. Rodríguez
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190694364
- eISBN:
- 9780197520680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190694364.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Legal History
This chapter considers how federalism has played an important role in immigration enforcement and challenged presidents of both parties, thus helping to structure national debates over the place of ...
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This chapter considers how federalism has played an important role in immigration enforcement and challenged presidents of both parties, thus helping to structure national debates over the place of immigrants in American society. The cooperation of state and local officials turns out to be critical to the project of locating and deporting immigration violators. Today, local officials work as formal and informal partners to the federal government, serve as sources of information and bureaucratic expertise, and provide personnel essential to federal enforcement efforts. The integration of federal and state officials into a single immigration enforcement bureaucracy has expanded and complicated the President’s power over immigration law. Particularly when immigration federalism has taken a partisan turn, powerful incentives have arisen for the President to co-opt, crush, or otherwise control local initiatives in order to push immigration policy in the administration’s preferred direction. Both the Obama and Trump eras provide vivid examples of this centralizing tendency. Presidential efforts to consolidate power in these circumstances has never been complete, however. Because the Executive Branch cannot escape its bureaucratic reliance on local institutions, the delegation of meaningful power to nonfederal officials remains part of the system whether presidential administrations like it or not.Less
This chapter considers how federalism has played an important role in immigration enforcement and challenged presidents of both parties, thus helping to structure national debates over the place of immigrants in American society. The cooperation of state and local officials turns out to be critical to the project of locating and deporting immigration violators. Today, local officials work as formal and informal partners to the federal government, serve as sources of information and bureaucratic expertise, and provide personnel essential to federal enforcement efforts. The integration of federal and state officials into a single immigration enforcement bureaucracy has expanded and complicated the President’s power over immigration law. Particularly when immigration federalism has taken a partisan turn, powerful incentives have arisen for the President to co-opt, crush, or otherwise control local initiatives in order to push immigration policy in the administration’s preferred direction. Both the Obama and Trump eras provide vivid examples of this centralizing tendency. Presidential efforts to consolidate power in these circumstances has never been complete, however. Because the Executive Branch cannot escape its bureaucratic reliance on local institutions, the delegation of meaningful power to nonfederal officials remains part of the system whether presidential administrations like it or not.
Michael E. Meeker
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520225268
- eISBN:
- 9780520929128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520225268.003.0009
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Middle Eastern Cultural Anthropology
This chapter describes how the nationalist revolution succeeded in undermining the legitimacy of local elites, even as state officials continued to rely on them for governmental assistance, and also ...
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This chapter describes how the nationalist revolution succeeded in undermining the legitimacy of local elites, even as state officials continued to rely on them for governmental assistance, and also considers the way two Oflu authors tried to understand the dislocated periodization that occurred during the late 1940s.Less
This chapter describes how the nationalist revolution succeeded in undermining the legitimacy of local elites, even as state officials continued to rely on them for governmental assistance, and also considers the way two Oflu authors tried to understand the dislocated periodization that occurred during the late 1940s.
Mun Young Cho
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451652
- eISBN:
- 9780801467431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451652.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines the processes of differential impoverishment: why and in what ways the urban poor and rural migrants in Hadong have reinforced the distinctions between them rather than ...
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This chapter examines the processes of differential impoverishment: why and in what ways the urban poor and rural migrants in Hadong have reinforced the distinctions between them rather than recognized their commonalities. In particular, the chapter scrutinizes the workings and outcomes of “dividing the poor,” which is one governmental intervention for recruiting from the poor an army against the poor. China's urban poor are not merely excluded from the wider society; they are prompted to voice their grievances not against the state but against other poor people. Thus impoverished urbanites and rural migrants in Hadong are divided by themselves as well as by state officials.Less
This chapter examines the processes of differential impoverishment: why and in what ways the urban poor and rural migrants in Hadong have reinforced the distinctions between them rather than recognized their commonalities. In particular, the chapter scrutinizes the workings and outcomes of “dividing the poor,” which is one governmental intervention for recruiting from the poor an army against the poor. China's urban poor are not merely excluded from the wider society; they are prompted to voice their grievances not against the state but against other poor people. Thus impoverished urbanites and rural migrants in Hadong are divided by themselves as well as by state officials.
Aaron Ansell
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781469613970
- eISBN:
- 9781469613994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469613970.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines a technique called “induced nostalgia,” which refers to practices by which state officials linked romantic notions of collective labor to idealized visions of the rural past, ...
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This chapter examines a technique called “induced nostalgia,” which refers to practices by which state officials linked romantic notions of collective labor to idealized visions of the rural past, while portraying vertical intimacies as a fall from a pristine golden age. It shows how this technique played out in the context of a community-driven development project that depended on coordinated management of livestock and the officials’ fixation on romantic models of traditional labor, which caused problems for villagers whose memory of their past conflicted with the state officials’ narrative.Less
This chapter examines a technique called “induced nostalgia,” which refers to practices by which state officials linked romantic notions of collective labor to idealized visions of the rural past, while portraying vertical intimacies as a fall from a pristine golden age. It shows how this technique played out in the context of a community-driven development project that depended on coordinated management of livestock and the officials’ fixation on romantic models of traditional labor, which caused problems for villagers whose memory of their past conflicted with the state officials’ narrative.
Ian F. Mcneely
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233300
- eISBN:
- 9780520928527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233300.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter addresses the state officials and local citizens who drew on a host of powerful Enlightenment ideas—encyclopedism—to portray and depict this new civic landscape in the statistical ...
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This chapter addresses the state officials and local citizens who drew on a host of powerful Enlightenment ideas—encyclopedism—to portray and depict this new civic landscape in the statistical almanacs. Leopold Krug, Philipp Ludwig Heinrich Röder, and Christian Heinrich Niemann speak to both the limitations and potential of statistical topography as it was practiced at the end of the Enlightenment, the field having exploded the boundaries of the old “science of state” but lacking institutional organization for its efforts. The Biedermeier world animating the otherwise inert and discrete findings of the county almanacs were a small, provincial one, but also thoroughly modern in accommodating a negative capability conjoining diverse types of knowledge in a single worldview.Less
This chapter addresses the state officials and local citizens who drew on a host of powerful Enlightenment ideas—encyclopedism—to portray and depict this new civic landscape in the statistical almanacs. Leopold Krug, Philipp Ludwig Heinrich Röder, and Christian Heinrich Niemann speak to both the limitations and potential of statistical topography as it was practiced at the end of the Enlightenment, the field having exploded the boundaries of the old “science of state” but lacking institutional organization for its efforts. The Biedermeier world animating the otherwise inert and discrete findings of the county almanacs were a small, provincial one, but also thoroughly modern in accommodating a negative capability conjoining diverse types of knowledge in a single worldview.
Pavel Šturma
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198849667
- eISBN:
- 9780191883941
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198849667.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This contribution aims to shed more light on the question whether international law on immunities is in crisis and, if so, how to overcome the crisis. It will not deal with all kinds of immunities ...
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This contribution aims to shed more light on the question whether international law on immunities is in crisis and, if so, how to overcome the crisis. It will not deal with all kinds of immunities under international law but will focus only on immunity of state officials. Immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction is governed by customary international law whose exact scope is often debatable both in theory and in practice, particularly in connection with the international effort to end impunity for the most serious crimes under international law, such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, including torture and enforced disappearances. Although state practice and case law of the International Court of Justice supports the absolute immunity ratione personae of the highest officials, such as head of state, head of government, and minister of foreign affairs, as long as they are in office, the situation of immunity ratione materiae that protects the official acts of other state officials seems to be less clear. There are good arguments in favour of exceptions to such immunity, at least in respect of crimes under international law.Less
This contribution aims to shed more light on the question whether international law on immunities is in crisis and, if so, how to overcome the crisis. It will not deal with all kinds of immunities under international law but will focus only on immunity of state officials. Immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction is governed by customary international law whose exact scope is often debatable both in theory and in practice, particularly in connection with the international effort to end impunity for the most serious crimes under international law, such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, including torture and enforced disappearances. Although state practice and case law of the International Court of Justice supports the absolute immunity ratione personae of the highest officials, such as head of state, head of government, and minister of foreign affairs, as long as they are in office, the situation of immunity ratione materiae that protects the official acts of other state officials seems to be less clear. There are good arguments in favour of exceptions to such immunity, at least in respect of crimes under international law.
Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300194562
- eISBN:
- 9780300213416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300194562.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter discusses the relationship of the executive branch and the federal state executive. The federal state executive is responsible for conducting federal legislative elections and deciding ...
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This chapter discusses the relationship of the executive branch and the federal state executive. The federal state executive is responsible for conducting federal legislative elections and deciding how to appoint presidential electors. The Constitution obliges them to take orders from the chief executive in enforcing federal law. The president can also ask for the help of the state executive to call upon militia, given their access to a large roster of state officials. However, relying upon state officers somewhat restricts the president's powers. While state officers generally act as subordinates, recognizing the supremacy of federal law and the chief executive, they occasionally act on their own accord. The president has no power to force them to obey his instructions and has no way of circumventing them.Less
This chapter discusses the relationship of the executive branch and the federal state executive. The federal state executive is responsible for conducting federal legislative elections and deciding how to appoint presidential electors. The Constitution obliges them to take orders from the chief executive in enforcing federal law. The president can also ask for the help of the state executive to call upon militia, given their access to a large roster of state officials. However, relying upon state officers somewhat restricts the president's powers. While state officers generally act as subordinates, recognizing the supremacy of federal law and the chief executive, they occasionally act on their own accord. The president has no power to force them to obey his instructions and has no way of circumventing them.
Michael E. Kraft, Mark Stephan, and Troy D. Abel
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014953
- eISBN:
- 9780262295208
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014953.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This book investigates the process of information disclosure as a policy strategy for environmental protection. The process, which is a new approach to environmental protection, sometimes leads ...
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This book investigates the process of information disclosure as a policy strategy for environmental protection. The process, which is a new approach to environmental protection, sometimes leads government and industry to focus on meeting only minimal standards. The authors examine the effectiveness of information disclosure in achieving improvements in corporate environmental performance by analyzing data from the federal government’s Toxics Release Inventory, or TRI, and drawing on an original set of survey data from corporations and federal, state, and local officials, among other sources. The authors find that TRI, a prime example of information disclosure, has had a substantial effect over time on the environmental performance of industry. When examining case studies from all over the United States, the conclusion is that improvement is not uniform: some facilities perform much better than others. The authors argue that information disclosure plays an important role in environmental policy—but only as part of an integrated set of policy tools that includes conventional regulation.Less
This book investigates the process of information disclosure as a policy strategy for environmental protection. The process, which is a new approach to environmental protection, sometimes leads government and industry to focus on meeting only minimal standards. The authors examine the effectiveness of information disclosure in achieving improvements in corporate environmental performance by analyzing data from the federal government’s Toxics Release Inventory, or TRI, and drawing on an original set of survey data from corporations and federal, state, and local officials, among other sources. The authors find that TRI, a prime example of information disclosure, has had a substantial effect over time on the environmental performance of industry. When examining case studies from all over the United States, the conclusion is that improvement is not uniform: some facilities perform much better than others. The authors argue that information disclosure plays an important role in environmental policy—but only as part of an integrated set of policy tools that includes conventional regulation.
Aaron Ansell
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781469613970
- eISBN:
- 9781469613994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469613970.003.009
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some final thoughts. It describes the various modes of combining intimate and liberal political ethics that emerged in the context of a ...
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This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some final thoughts. It describes the various modes of combining intimate and liberal political ethics that emerged in the context of a highly plural reaction to the Zero Hunger state officials. The chapter suggests that the Lula administration’s effort to dismantle patronage prompted Passarinho’s citizens to use their political intelligence to integrate those aspects of liberal democracy that accorded with their sense of what was practical and moral.Less
This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some final thoughts. It describes the various modes of combining intimate and liberal political ethics that emerged in the context of a highly plural reaction to the Zero Hunger state officials. The chapter suggests that the Lula administration’s effort to dismantle patronage prompted Passarinho’s citizens to use their political intelligence to integrate those aspects of liberal democracy that accorded with their sense of what was practical and moral.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804757249
- eISBN:
- 9780804779609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804757249.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter examines Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC. It considers the state of Missouri's effort to establish campaign contribution limits for state officials paralleling those upheld in ...
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This chapter examines Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC. It considers the state of Missouri's effort to establish campaign contribution limits for state officials paralleling those upheld in Buckley v. Valeo. Challenging the $1,000 limit ($1,075, as applied in this case), Shrink Missouri Government PAC argued that the caps on contributions unconstitutionally restricted its ability to support its preferred Republican candidate in the primary election for state auditor. But for the Court, the state had shown that the limits were necessary to diminish (the “appearance” of) “corruption,” to encourage more positive perceptions of the political process, and even to facilitate particular forms of speech (e.g. time as opposed to money) in the electoral marketplace of ideas.Less
This chapter examines Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC. It considers the state of Missouri's effort to establish campaign contribution limits for state officials paralleling those upheld in Buckley v. Valeo. Challenging the $1,000 limit ($1,075, as applied in this case), Shrink Missouri Government PAC argued that the caps on contributions unconstitutionally restricted its ability to support its preferred Republican candidate in the primary election for state auditor. But for the Court, the state had shown that the limits were necessary to diminish (the “appearance” of) “corruption,” to encourage more positive perceptions of the political process, and even to facilitate particular forms of speech (e.g. time as opposed to money) in the electoral marketplace of ideas.
Andra Gillespie
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814732441
- eISBN:
- 9780814738689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814732441.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses Booker's relationship with local, county, and state officials. Just as residents have decisive impressions of the mayor, Booker's colleagues in elective office also judge him ...
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This chapter discusses Booker's relationship with local, county, and state officials. Just as residents have decisive impressions of the mayor, Booker's colleagues in elective office also judge him and decide each day whether to cooperate with him. Thus, any strain in the working relationship among Booker and his colleagues can obstruct the passage of local and state legislation, thereby robbing Booker of the needed support should he decide to run for higher office. The chapter further explains how elites' and officials' respect for Booker can garner support for his allies when they run for office. Otherwise, his endorsement will carry little weight.Less
This chapter discusses Booker's relationship with local, county, and state officials. Just as residents have decisive impressions of the mayor, Booker's colleagues in elective office also judge him and decide each day whether to cooperate with him. Thus, any strain in the working relationship among Booker and his colleagues can obstruct the passage of local and state legislation, thereby robbing Booker of the needed support should he decide to run for higher office. The chapter further explains how elites' and officials' respect for Booker can garner support for his allies when they run for office. Otherwise, his endorsement will carry little weight.
Lily Chumley
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691164977
- eISBN:
- 9781400881321
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164977.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter begins with an oral history of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, describing how the school changed over the course of gaigekaifang. Gaigekaifang is often referred to in English as ...
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This chapter begins with an oral history of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, describing how the school changed over the course of gaigekaifang. Gaigekaifang is often referred to in English as “reform” (gaige), putting the stress on the structural adjustments that fomented change, while kaifang roughly means “opening up.” This institutional history is given a broader social context through interpretations of three art exhibitions commemorating the thirtieth anniversary of reform and opening up in 2008. These exhibitions offer perspectives on the legacies of socialism and the novelties of reform that are variously aligned with or critical of official state narratives, showing how contemporary Chinese dreamworlds contest with one another.Less
This chapter begins with an oral history of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, describing how the school changed over the course of gaigekaifang. Gaigekaifang is often referred to in English as “reform” (gaige), putting the stress on the structural adjustments that fomented change, while kaifang roughly means “opening up.” This institutional history is given a broader social context through interpretations of three art exhibitions commemorating the thirtieth anniversary of reform and opening up in 2008. These exhibitions offer perspectives on the legacies of socialism and the novelties of reform that are variously aligned with or critical of official state narratives, showing how contemporary Chinese dreamworlds contest with one another.
Ioanna Iordanou
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198791317
- eISBN:
- 9780191833823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198791317.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter discusses the culture of secrecy that the Council of Ten distilled within and beyond the walls of the Doge’s Palace. This culture was perpetuated through a slew of formal regulations on ...
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This chapter discusses the culture of secrecy that the Council of Ten distilled within and beyond the walls of the Doge’s Palace. This culture was perpetuated through a slew of formal regulations on the instrumentality of secrecy, especially official state secrecy, for the affairs and, by extension, the security of the Venetian state. The demand for secrecy spread across the dominion and permeated all echelons of Venetian society. Using social theorizations of secrecy, the chapter shows how secrecy, as the ongoing process of intentional concealment, enabled social interactions amongst individuals of diverse social standing who, without the shield of concealment, would not have been able to interact. In this respect, secrecy functioned as a vehicle of knowledge exchange, creating a dynamic and enduring relationship between the government and the governed. Ultimately, official state secrecy became a vital tool of statecraft and political control for the Council of Ten.Less
This chapter discusses the culture of secrecy that the Council of Ten distilled within and beyond the walls of the Doge’s Palace. This culture was perpetuated through a slew of formal regulations on the instrumentality of secrecy, especially official state secrecy, for the affairs and, by extension, the security of the Venetian state. The demand for secrecy spread across the dominion and permeated all echelons of Venetian society. Using social theorizations of secrecy, the chapter shows how secrecy, as the ongoing process of intentional concealment, enabled social interactions amongst individuals of diverse social standing who, without the shield of concealment, would not have been able to interact. In this respect, secrecy functioned as a vehicle of knowledge exchange, creating a dynamic and enduring relationship between the government and the governed. Ultimately, official state secrecy became a vital tool of statecraft and political control for the Council of Ten.
Ioanna Iordanou
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198791317
- eISBN:
- 9780191833823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198791317.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter analyses the organizational structure of Renaissance Venice’s intelligence service as it was headed by the Council of Ten and composed of geographically dispersed state representatives ...
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This chapter analyses the organizational structure of Renaissance Venice’s intelligence service as it was headed by the Council of Ten and composed of geographically dispersed state representatives and their state officials, military and naval men, in-house and expatriate white-collar state functionaries, and casually salaried spies and informants. The chapter reviews the organizational layout of Venice’s state intelligence apparatus, which included formally appointed diplomats and state officials and a large part of the Venetian state bureaucracy, including the secret chancery. There is a particular focus on correspondence as a vital tool of managing human action and performance at a distance, enabling the administration of large-scale, geographically dispersed organization of work. The chapter also shows how Venice’s intelligence organization was sanctioned through regulations that not only determined uniform professional operations and relationships but, importantly, legitimized the Ten’s power of command as Venice’s spy chiefs.Less
This chapter analyses the organizational structure of Renaissance Venice’s intelligence service as it was headed by the Council of Ten and composed of geographically dispersed state representatives and their state officials, military and naval men, in-house and expatriate white-collar state functionaries, and casually salaried spies and informants. The chapter reviews the organizational layout of Venice’s state intelligence apparatus, which included formally appointed diplomats and state officials and a large part of the Venetian state bureaucracy, including the secret chancery. There is a particular focus on correspondence as a vital tool of managing human action and performance at a distance, enabling the administration of large-scale, geographically dispersed organization of work. The chapter also shows how Venice’s intelligence organization was sanctioned through regulations that not only determined uniform professional operations and relationships but, importantly, legitimized the Ten’s power of command as Venice’s spy chiefs.
Julilly Kohler-Hausmann
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691174525
- eISBN:
- 9781400885183
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691174525.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This introductory chapter talks about how American lawmakers “got tough” on drugs, welfare, and crime. These political choices drove one of the most dramatic expansions of a penal system in world ...
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This introductory chapter talks about how American lawmakers “got tough” on drugs, welfare, and crime. These political choices drove one of the most dramatic expansions of a penal system in world history, but policymakers did not simply increase the number and severity of penal sanctions. They also continued degrading the civic standing of those convicted of crimes, imposing limitations on their access to state benefits, employment opportunities, and civil and political rights. As lawmakers and state officials funneled more resources into the penal system, they also retrenched many social welfare programs, particularly those imagined to be serving poor, “nonworking” people of color.Less
This introductory chapter talks about how American lawmakers “got tough” on drugs, welfare, and crime. These political choices drove one of the most dramatic expansions of a penal system in world history, but policymakers did not simply increase the number and severity of penal sanctions. They also continued degrading the civic standing of those convicted of crimes, imposing limitations on their access to state benefits, employment opportunities, and civil and political rights. As lawmakers and state officials funneled more resources into the penal system, they also retrenched many social welfare programs, particularly those imagined to be serving poor, “nonworking” people of color.