Jennifer M. Welsh
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267217
- eISBN:
- 9780191601118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267219.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Outlines and evaluates the political, legal, and ethical objections to humanitarian intervention. In so doing, it questions not only whether the doctrine of ‘sovereignty as responsibility’ has taken ...
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Outlines and evaluates the political, legal, and ethical objections to humanitarian intervention. In so doing, it questions not only whether the doctrine of ‘sovereignty as responsibility’ has taken hold in international society, but also whether it should – particularly in the form suggested by Western states. The author argues that the ethical position of pluralism – as articulated by non-Western states – represents the most compelling case against humanitarian intervention, by emphasizing the impact on international society of relaxing the norm of non-intervention. Despite these pluralist objections, military intervention in cases of supreme humanitarian emergency can be defended on moral grounds, provided the intervention meets certain tests of legitimacy. Given the unintended consequences of military action, the author also suggests that more attention should be paid to the non-military means of operationalizing ‘sovereignty as responsibility’.Less
Outlines and evaluates the political, legal, and ethical objections to humanitarian intervention. In so doing, it questions not only whether the doctrine of ‘sovereignty as responsibility’ has taken hold in international society, but also whether it should – particularly in the form suggested by Western states. The author argues that the ethical position of pluralism – as articulated by non-Western states – represents the most compelling case against humanitarian intervention, by emphasizing the impact on international society of relaxing the norm of non-intervention. Despite these pluralist objections, military intervention in cases of supreme humanitarian emergency can be defended on moral grounds, provided the intervention meets certain tests of legitimacy. Given the unintended consequences of military action, the author also suggests that more attention should be paid to the non-military means of operationalizing ‘sovereignty as responsibility’.
Jennifer M. Welsh (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267217
- eISBN:
- 9780191601118
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267219.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The issue of humanitarian intervention has generated one of the most heated debates in international relations over the past decade, for both theorists and practitioners. At its heart is the alleged ...
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The issue of humanitarian intervention has generated one of the most heated debates in international relations over the past decade, for both theorists and practitioners. At its heart is the alleged tension between the principle of state sovereignty, and the evolving norms related to individual human rights. This edited collection examines the challenges to international society posed by humanitarian intervention in a post-September 11th world. It brings scholars of law, philosophy, and international relations together with those who have actively engaged in cases of intervention, in order to examine the legitimacy and consequences of the use of military force for humanitarian purposes. The book demonstrates why humanitarian intervention continues to be a controversial question not only for the United Nations but also for Western states and humanitarian organisations.Less
The issue of humanitarian intervention has generated one of the most heated debates in international relations over the past decade, for both theorists and practitioners. At its heart is the alleged tension between the principle of state sovereignty, and the evolving norms related to individual human rights. This edited collection examines the challenges to international society posed by humanitarian intervention in a post-September 11th world. It brings scholars of law, philosophy, and international relations together with those who have actively engaged in cases of intervention, in order to examine the legitimacy and consequences of the use of military force for humanitarian purposes. The book demonstrates why humanitarian intervention continues to be a controversial question not only for the United Nations but also for Western states and humanitarian organisations.
James Mayall
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267217
- eISBN:
- 9780191601118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267219.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
After the end of the Cold War, many in the West viewed Africa as a testing ground for the solidarist argument that sovereignty was no longer an absolute principle and that the international community ...
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After the end of the Cold War, many in the West viewed Africa as a testing ground for the solidarist argument that sovereignty was no longer an absolute principle and that the international community could intervene to protect individual from human rights violations. This argument seems particularly challenging in the African context, given the continental leadership’s historic commitment to territorial integrity and non-intervention. However, as the author shows, African leaders from 1945 to 1990 were largely upholding the pluralist international norms of the time. In other words, the case for humanitarian intervention – and the problems posed by the practice – are not region-specific. The early 1990s, during which the United Nations intervened in Somalia, seemed to confirm the solidarist position. However, the failure to intervene in Rwanda in 1994, and the more recent experience of interventions in Sierra Leone, present a more mixed picture. Humanitarian intervention remains a controversial practice because of its coercive means, and its tendency to attribute blame or responsibility in what are often very complex civil conflicts.Less
After the end of the Cold War, many in the West viewed Africa as a testing ground for the solidarist argument that sovereignty was no longer an absolute principle and that the international community could intervene to protect individual from human rights violations. This argument seems particularly challenging in the African context, given the continental leadership’s historic commitment to territorial integrity and non-intervention. However, as the author shows, African leaders from 1945 to 1990 were largely upholding the pluralist international norms of the time. In other words, the case for humanitarian intervention – and the problems posed by the practice – are not region-specific. The early 1990s, during which the United Nations intervened in Somalia, seemed to confirm the solidarist position. However, the failure to intervene in Rwanda in 1994, and the more recent experience of interventions in Sierra Leone, present a more mixed picture. Humanitarian intervention remains a controversial practice because of its coercive means, and its tendency to attribute blame or responsibility in what are often very complex civil conflicts.
Jennifer M. Welsh
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267217
- eISBN:
- 9780191601118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267219.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This concluding chapter assesses the debate over humanitarian intervention in the light of the events of September 11, 2001. On the one hand, it can be argued that 9/11 has reversed the momentum ...
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This concluding chapter assesses the debate over humanitarian intervention in the light of the events of September 11, 2001. On the one hand, it can be argued that 9/11 has reversed the momentum behind the norm of ‘sovereignty as responsibility’. In the course of waging the war on terrorism, the powers of sovereign states have been increased and the willingness of Western states to criticize the treatment of civilians within other sovereign jurisdictions appears to have weakened. On the other, there are three reasons why humanitarian intervention – and the issues associated with it – will continue to preoccupy scholars and statesmen in a post-September 11th world. First, the terrorist attacks of 2001 have reinforced the view that instability within or collapse of a state anywhere in the world can have implications that reach far wider than that particular region. Second, the debate about what constraints should be placed on the use of force – particularly those related to proper authority – are as relevant for the ‘war on terror’ as they are for humanitarian intervention. Finally, as the missions in Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003 have shown, humanitarian rationale are all-important in justifying the use of force in international society, even when other motives are at work.Less
This concluding chapter assesses the debate over humanitarian intervention in the light of the events of September 11, 2001. On the one hand, it can be argued that 9/11 has reversed the momentum behind the norm of ‘sovereignty as responsibility’. In the course of waging the war on terrorism, the powers of sovereign states have been increased and the willingness of Western states to criticize the treatment of civilians within other sovereign jurisdictions appears to have weakened. On the other, there are three reasons why humanitarian intervention – and the issues associated with it – will continue to preoccupy scholars and statesmen in a post-September 11th world. First, the terrorist attacks of 2001 have reinforced the view that instability within or collapse of a state anywhere in the world can have implications that reach far wider than that particular region. Second, the debate about what constraints should be placed on the use of force – particularly those related to proper authority – are as relevant for the ‘war on terror’ as they are for humanitarian intervention. Finally, as the missions in Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003 have shown, humanitarian rationale are all-important in justifying the use of force in international society, even when other motives are at work.
The Late Andrew Glyn (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241378
- eISBN:
- 9780191696923
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241378.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Never has the Left held power in so many advanced economies, yet never has the difference that this makes to economic policy been so hard to specify. Across a range of European countries and in ...
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Never has the Left held power in so many advanced economies, yet never has the difference that this makes to economic policy been so hard to specify. Across a range of European countries and in Australia, governments of the Left have struggled to chart a distinctive course in the face of the neoliberal backlash against state intervention, the welfare state, and guaranteed full employment. This book examines the record of these governments in securing high employment and a more equal distribution of income in the face of slow growth and global pressures to reduce inflation. Detailed studies of governments from Mitterand to Blair and from Keating to Papandreou by leading writers from the countries in question are complemented by surveys of experience of the welfare state and of the ideological and historical background to these governments' attempts to further the objectives of social democracy.Less
Never has the Left held power in so many advanced economies, yet never has the difference that this makes to economic policy been so hard to specify. Across a range of European countries and in Australia, governments of the Left have struggled to chart a distinctive course in the face of the neoliberal backlash against state intervention, the welfare state, and guaranteed full employment. This book examines the record of these governments in securing high employment and a more equal distribution of income in the face of slow growth and global pressures to reduce inflation. Detailed studies of governments from Mitterand to Blair and from Keating to Papandreou by leading writers from the countries in question are complemented by surveys of experience of the welfare state and of the ideological and historical background to these governments' attempts to further the objectives of social democracy.
Bob Jessop
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231423
- eISBN:
- 9780191710865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231423.003.0015
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter examines Polanyi's substantive institutionalist analysis of market economies, market societies, and state intervention in the light of two later schools: the Parisian regulation approach ...
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This chapter examines Polanyi's substantive institutionalist analysis of market economies, market societies, and state intervention in the light of two later schools: the Parisian regulation approach to contemporary capitalism and systems-theoretical accounts of the market economy as an autopoietic system. All three regard the modern economy as an operationally autonomous system that is nonetheless socially embedded and needful of complex forms of social regulation. For each, an adequate account of economic activities should explore how they are related to the wider social environment; how they are embedded in a wider nexus of social institutions; how the latter assist in reproducing the capitalist (or market) economy; and how their development is coupled to these and other environing institutions. The chapter presents their respective accounts of economic institutedness and embeddedness, and then discusses the stability and reproducibility of the capitalist economy, paying particular attention to governance and meta-governance.Less
This chapter examines Polanyi's substantive institutionalist analysis of market economies, market societies, and state intervention in the light of two later schools: the Parisian regulation approach to contemporary capitalism and systems-theoretical accounts of the market economy as an autopoietic system. All three regard the modern economy as an operationally autonomous system that is nonetheless socially embedded and needful of complex forms of social regulation. For each, an adequate account of economic activities should explore how they are related to the wider social environment; how they are embedded in a wider nexus of social institutions; how the latter assist in reproducing the capitalist (or market) economy; and how their development is coupled to these and other environing institutions. The chapter presents their respective accounts of economic institutedness and embeddedness, and then discusses the stability and reproducibility of the capitalist economy, paying particular attention to governance and meta-governance.
Gillian Brock
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199230938
- eISBN:
- 9780191710957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230938.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter argues that military intervention to support the goals of global justice can be defensible in the extreme cases in which people's abilities to meet their most basic needs and protect ...
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This chapter argues that military intervention to support the goals of global justice can be defensible in the extreme cases in which people's abilities to meet their most basic needs and protect their basic freedoms are not adequately attended to by the governments of those citizens. Reconceptualizing sovereignty as responsibility allows us to circumvent problems thought to attend such proposals, for instance, that intervention would interfere unjustly with the sovereignty of nations. Protections against abuse provide the assurances we need and constitute an important part of the justification for legitimate interventions. The findings of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty discussed in this chapter provide reason for optimism about future possibilities for acting decisively as humanitarian crises unfold, especially as the core idea of a responsibility to protect now enjoys widespread endorsement.Less
This chapter argues that military intervention to support the goals of global justice can be defensible in the extreme cases in which people's abilities to meet their most basic needs and protect their basic freedoms are not adequately attended to by the governments of those citizens. Reconceptualizing sovereignty as responsibility allows us to circumvent problems thought to attend such proposals, for instance, that intervention would interfere unjustly with the sovereignty of nations. Protections against abuse provide the assurances we need and constitute an important part of the justification for legitimate interventions. The findings of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty discussed in this chapter provide reason for optimism about future possibilities for acting decisively as humanitarian crises unfold, especially as the core idea of a responsibility to protect now enjoys widespread endorsement.
Juhana Vartiainen
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289845
- eISBN:
- 9780191684777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289845.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter deals with deciphering the secrets of state-led industrialisers like the East Asian countries of South Korea and Taiwan and the European countries of Finland and Austria. The arguments ...
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This chapter deals with deciphering the secrets of state-led industrialisers like the East Asian countries of South Korea and Taiwan and the European countries of Finland and Austria. The arguments of this chapter tilt in favour of the interventionists and support the idea that state intervention can successfully work. This chapter is also concerned with the determinants of success of state interventionism. Another question to which the authors are interested is whether the miracles achieved by these industrialisers are replicable and can be applied to other developing countries. However, according to the authors, healthy scepticism must be applied in employing the state intervention used by these industrialisers. This chapter further deals with the implication of other economic theories surrounding these miracles made by industrialisers.Less
This chapter deals with deciphering the secrets of state-led industrialisers like the East Asian countries of South Korea and Taiwan and the European countries of Finland and Austria. The arguments of this chapter tilt in favour of the interventionists and support the idea that state intervention can successfully work. This chapter is also concerned with the determinants of success of state interventionism. Another question to which the authors are interested is whether the miracles achieved by these industrialisers are replicable and can be applied to other developing countries. However, according to the authors, healthy scepticism must be applied in employing the state intervention used by these industrialisers. This chapter further deals with the implication of other economic theories surrounding these miracles made by industrialisers.
Ha-Joon Chang and Robert Rowthorn
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289845
- eISBN:
- 9780191684777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289845.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter deals with the role that the state may assume. According to the authors, there are four state interventions in the market: New Political Economy, welfare economics, institutional ...
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This chapter deals with the role that the state may assume. According to the authors, there are four state interventions in the market: New Political Economy, welfare economics, institutional economics and Austrian economics. The state has its different roles according to these views which varies from full state intervention up to a state-intervention-free market. The authors suggest that the state must possess all the strength of the argument offered by these views. To sum it all, the state must be a good and ultimate entrepreneur and conflict manager at the same time. Too much intervention on the part of the state may harm the market while on the other, too much leniency on the side of the state may make the state too weak or too corrupt.Less
This chapter deals with the role that the state may assume. According to the authors, there are four state interventions in the market: New Political Economy, welfare economics, institutional economics and Austrian economics. The state has its different roles according to these views which varies from full state intervention up to a state-intervention-free market. The authors suggest that the state must possess all the strength of the argument offered by these views. To sum it all, the state must be a good and ultimate entrepreneur and conflict manager at the same time. Too much intervention on the part of the state may harm the market while on the other, too much leniency on the side of the state may make the state too weak or too corrupt.
Ahmed Galal (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774160509
- eISBN:
- 9781617970290
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774160509.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Most governments in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region use trade policy to protect certain industries, provide tax incentives to promote a particular type of investment, and make ...
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Most governments in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region use trade policy to protect certain industries, provide tax incentives to promote a particular type of investment, and make subsidized credit available to firms of a certain size. Such government intervention, known as industrial policy, is the topic of this book. The aim is to assess whether state intervention leads to net benefits to society, why policymakers intervene, and how to bring about a healthier balance between states and markets. Answers to these questions are given in six chapters based on research papers that were presented at a conference held in Cairo in November 2005, and include case studies on Egypt, Morocco, Turkey, and Jordan.Less
Most governments in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region use trade policy to protect certain industries, provide tax incentives to promote a particular type of investment, and make subsidized credit available to firms of a certain size. Such government intervention, known as industrial policy, is the topic of this book. The aim is to assess whether state intervention leads to net benefits to society, why policymakers intervene, and how to bring about a healthier balance between states and markets. Answers to these questions are given in six chapters based on research papers that were presented at a conference held in Cairo in November 2005, and include case studies on Egypt, Morocco, Turkey, and Jordan.
Norvin Richards
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199731749
- eISBN:
- 9780199866311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731749.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Parents have considerable latitude in the way they treat their children but are not free to abuse the children or to neglect them. But what should count as abuse or neglect, and what should determine ...
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Parents have considerable latitude in the way they treat their children but are not free to abuse the children or to neglect them. But what should count as abuse or neglect, and what should determine the ways in which the state intervenes when it occurs? This chapter offers a way to understand negligence on a single occasion on the model of Learned Hand's formula for negligence in tort law. It also offers a way to determine what counts as neglect over longer periods of time, and what should constitute abusing a child. All three accounts are sensitive to the several distinct purposes we might have for intervening on a child's behalf, and all three emphasize seeing the behavior in terms of what it reveals about the parent.Less
Parents have considerable latitude in the way they treat their children but are not free to abuse the children or to neglect them. But what should count as abuse or neglect, and what should determine the ways in which the state intervenes when it occurs? This chapter offers a way to understand negligence on a single occasion on the model of Learned Hand's formula for negligence in tort law. It also offers a way to determine what counts as neglect over longer periods of time, and what should constitute abusing a child. All three accounts are sensitive to the several distinct purposes we might have for intervening on a child's behalf, and all three emphasize seeing the behavior in terms of what it reveals about the parent.
Olivier Blanchard
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534081
- eISBN:
- 9780191714658
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534081.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter explores the characteristics of both optimal and actual unemployment insurance and employment protection. It then sketches potential paths for reforms in both rich and middle-income ...
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This chapter explores the characteristics of both optimal and actual unemployment insurance and employment protection. It then sketches potential paths for reforms in both rich and middle-income countries. There is a role for both state-provided unemployment insurance and employment protection. In rich countries, one challenge is to combine unemployment insurance with strong incentives for the unemployed to take jobs. The other challenge is to redefine employment protection by reducing administrative constraints and judicial intervention, and relying more on financial incentives. In middle-income countries, the main challenge is to move from the current system of high severance payments and employment protection to a system of state-provided unemployment benefits and lower severance payments. Modern economies are characterized by high levels of job creation and job destruction: such reallocation is central to productivity growth. Job destruction risks unemployment. Private markets, left to themselves, do a poor job of protecting workers. This suggests a potentially welfare-improving role for state intervention, through the joint design of unemployment insurance and employment protection. Designing and putting in place the right institutions is a complex task. The evidence is that many rich countries, particularly in Europe, have done a poor job. The mistakes they made have led both to poorly functioning labour market, and high unemployment. It is therefore essential to take a step back and think about the optimal design of labor market institutions. European countries already have a complex set of labour market institutions; reforms mean transforming existing institutions. Poorer countries, such as those in Latin America have more embryonic labour market institutions to start, and more limited institutional capability; reforms mean putting in place new, potentially simpler, institutions. The goal of this chapter is to explore these themes.Less
This chapter explores the characteristics of both optimal and actual unemployment insurance and employment protection. It then sketches potential paths for reforms in both rich and middle-income countries. There is a role for both state-provided unemployment insurance and employment protection. In rich countries, one challenge is to combine unemployment insurance with strong incentives for the unemployed to take jobs. The other challenge is to redefine employment protection by reducing administrative constraints and judicial intervention, and relying more on financial incentives. In middle-income countries, the main challenge is to move from the current system of high severance payments and employment protection to a system of state-provided unemployment benefits and lower severance payments. Modern economies are characterized by high levels of job creation and job destruction: such reallocation is central to productivity growth. Job destruction risks unemployment. Private markets, left to themselves, do a poor job of protecting workers. This suggests a potentially welfare-improving role for state intervention, through the joint design of unemployment insurance and employment protection. Designing and putting in place the right institutions is a complex task. The evidence is that many rich countries, particularly in Europe, have done a poor job. The mistakes they made have led both to poorly functioning labour market, and high unemployment. It is therefore essential to take a step back and think about the optimal design of labor market institutions. European countries already have a complex set of labour market institutions; reforms mean transforming existing institutions. Poorer countries, such as those in Latin America have more embryonic labour market institutions to start, and more limited institutional capability; reforms mean putting in place new, potentially simpler, institutions. The goal of this chapter is to explore these themes.
E. H. H. GREEN
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198205937
- eISBN:
- 9780191717116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205937.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This chapter outlines perhaps the fullest, earliest Conservative response to Keynes through the ideas of the Conservative politician Arthur Steel–Maitland. These evolved from the time of his ...
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This chapter outlines perhaps the fullest, earliest Conservative response to Keynes through the ideas of the Conservative politician Arthur Steel–Maitland. These evolved from the time of his involvement in the pre-1914 tariff debate as a member of the Confederacy, the Compatriots Club, and the Unionist Social Reform Committee, through his engagement with the ‘new economics’ of the inter-war years. Steel–Maitland's ideas on tariff reform, constructive imperialism, social reform, industrial relations, state intervention, the ‘slump’ and mass unemployment are reviewed.Less
This chapter outlines perhaps the fullest, earliest Conservative response to Keynes through the ideas of the Conservative politician Arthur Steel–Maitland. These evolved from the time of his involvement in the pre-1914 tariff debate as a member of the Confederacy, the Compatriots Club, and the Unionist Social Reform Committee, through his engagement with the ‘new economics’ of the inter-war years. Steel–Maitland's ideas on tariff reform, constructive imperialism, social reform, industrial relations, state intervention, the ‘slump’ and mass unemployment are reviewed.
Sanjaya Lall
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296058
- eISBN:
- 9780191596209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296053.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This case study looks at the consequences of technological change and globalization for the organization of economic activity in East Asia, focusing on Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. ...
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This case study looks at the consequences of technological change and globalization for the organization of economic activity in East Asia, focusing on Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. The author points out in his chapter that most of East Asia—partly for cultural and sociological reasons—has followed the Japanese style of market‐based capitalism. Strong governments, with the close cooperation of private enterprise, have patterned the course of economic development, although, as the development has proceeded, the operational intervention of the state has been greatly reduced. However, while acknowledging the similarities in intent and philosophy, Sanjaya Lall also emphasizes the differences in the interface between the public and private sector, explaining, for example, that whereas in the Chinese tradition the role of the small entrepreneurial firm has been of critical importance, in South Korea, as in Japan, industrial development has been more concentrated within the hands of the large trading companies—the Chaebol. Lall also evaluates the success and failures of the two systems and the lessons to be drawn from them.Less
This case study looks at the consequences of technological change and globalization for the organization of economic activity in East Asia, focusing on Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. The author points out in his chapter that most of East Asia—partly for cultural and sociological reasons—has followed the Japanese style of market‐based capitalism. Strong governments, with the close cooperation of private enterprise, have patterned the course of economic development, although, as the development has proceeded, the operational intervention of the state has been greatly reduced. However, while acknowledging the similarities in intent and philosophy, Sanjaya Lall also emphasizes the differences in the interface between the public and private sector, explaining, for example, that whereas in the Chinese tradition the role of the small entrepreneurial firm has been of critical importance, in South Korea, as in Japan, industrial development has been more concentrated within the hands of the large trading companies—the Chaebol. Lall also evaluates the success and failures of the two systems and the lessons to be drawn from them.
Ljuben Berov
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288039
- eISBN:
- 9780191596230
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288034.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Economic History
The first stage in the financial history of Bulgaria after the First World War was a period of hyperinflation and currency depreciation, associated with large budget deficits and rapid expansion of ...
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The first stage in the financial history of Bulgaria after the First World War was a period of hyperinflation and currency depreciation, associated with large budget deficits and rapid expansion of the money supply. This continued until 1923, when the situation was brought under a degree of control by a coup d’etat and restrictions on public expenditure. The economic crisis of 1929–33 saw a sharp fall in prices and a further change in the general direction of policy from a broadly free market to intensive state intervention. This included state controls on the prices of grain and some industrial products, the creation of state monopoly enterprises, and intervention in the exchange regime and in foreign trade. The inter‐war periods also saw the emergence of a central bank with responsibility for the note issue.Less
The first stage in the financial history of Bulgaria after the First World War was a period of hyperinflation and currency depreciation, associated with large budget deficits and rapid expansion of the money supply. This continued until 1923, when the situation was brought under a degree of control by a coup d’etat and restrictions on public expenditure. The economic crisis of 1929–33 saw a sharp fall in prices and a further change in the general direction of policy from a broadly free market to intensive state intervention. This included state controls on the prices of grain and some industrial products, the creation of state monopoly enterprises, and intervention in the exchange regime and in foreign trade. The inter‐war periods also saw the emergence of a central bank with responsibility for the note issue.
Ha-Joon Chang and Robert Rowthorn (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289845
- eISBN:
- 9780191684777
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289845.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The role of the state has occupied centre stage in the development of economics as an independent discipline and is one of the most contentious issues addressed by contemporary economists and ...
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The role of the state has occupied centre stage in the development of economics as an independent discipline and is one of the most contentious issues addressed by contemporary economists and political economists. The immediate post-war years saw a swing in economic theory towards interventionism, motivated by the urgent need for reconstruction in advanced capitalist countries, the establishment of socialism in parts of Asia and Eastern Europe, and the liberation of many developing nations from colonialism. After a quarter of a century of interventionist policies, a vigorous backlash against state intervention began with the discrediting of welfare statism in advanced capitalist countries, grew through the spread of liberalisation programmes among developing nations during the 1980s, and culminated in the dismantling of socialist central planning since 1989. This book examines patterns of interventionism and anti-interventionism in a wide variety of historical, political and institutional contexts and within different theoretical traditions. The primary focus is on the internal factors which shape the role of the state and determine its effectiveness in promoting economic change. It explains the growing disenchantment with the neo-liberal, anti-interventionist programme. Although one can talk of certain general principles, there is no hard and fast rule to determine the optimal degree and the desirable areas of state intervention, which can only be determined in the concrete historical, institutional, and geographical context. The challenge is to form a new synthesis in which the valid insights of neo-liberalism are stripped of their ideological baggage and intergrated into a wider and more objective intellectual framework.Less
The role of the state has occupied centre stage in the development of economics as an independent discipline and is one of the most contentious issues addressed by contemporary economists and political economists. The immediate post-war years saw a swing in economic theory towards interventionism, motivated by the urgent need for reconstruction in advanced capitalist countries, the establishment of socialism in parts of Asia and Eastern Europe, and the liberation of many developing nations from colonialism. After a quarter of a century of interventionist policies, a vigorous backlash against state intervention began with the discrediting of welfare statism in advanced capitalist countries, grew through the spread of liberalisation programmes among developing nations during the 1980s, and culminated in the dismantling of socialist central planning since 1989. This book examines patterns of interventionism and anti-interventionism in a wide variety of historical, political and institutional contexts and within different theoretical traditions. The primary focus is on the internal factors which shape the role of the state and determine its effectiveness in promoting economic change. It explains the growing disenchantment with the neo-liberal, anti-interventionist programme. Although one can talk of certain general principles, there is no hard and fast rule to determine the optimal degree and the desirable areas of state intervention, which can only be determined in the concrete historical, institutional, and geographical context. The challenge is to form a new synthesis in which the valid insights of neo-liberalism are stripped of their ideological baggage and intergrated into a wider and more objective intellectual framework.
Luis Bértola and José Antonio Ocampo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199662135
- eISBN:
- 9780191748950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662135.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History, International
Chapter 4 considers the shift of Latin America, in the wake of major global shocks, toward State-led industrialization. This new development pattern, dominant in the large and mid-sized economies, ...
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Chapter 4 considers the shift of Latin America, in the wake of major global shocks, toward State-led industrialization. This new development pattern, dominant in the large and mid-sized economies, was characterized by a focus on industrialization, a significant expansion of the role of the State and an orientation toward the domestic market; the latter feature tended to change with the opportunities to export manufactures and renewed access to private external financing since the mid-1960s. Most small economies superimposed these patterns on persistent export-led growth. After a transitional stage of slow growth during the Great Depression and the Second World War, Latin America experienced up to 1980 the fastest economic and productivity growth rates in history, a population explosion and rapid urbanization. Particularly during the second phase, human development accelerated and there was the fastest reduction in poverty in the twentieth century, though with diverse trends in income distribution.Less
Chapter 4 considers the shift of Latin America, in the wake of major global shocks, toward State-led industrialization. This new development pattern, dominant in the large and mid-sized economies, was characterized by a focus on industrialization, a significant expansion of the role of the State and an orientation toward the domestic market; the latter feature tended to change with the opportunities to export manufactures and renewed access to private external financing since the mid-1960s. Most small economies superimposed these patterns on persistent export-led growth. After a transitional stage of slow growth during the Great Depression and the Second World War, Latin America experienced up to 1980 the fastest economic and productivity growth rates in history, a population explosion and rapid urbanization. Particularly during the second phase, human development accelerated and there was the fastest reduction in poverty in the twentieth century, though with diverse trends in income distribution.
Charles Edquist
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199258178
- eISBN:
- 9780191595868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258171.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Many innovations arise spontaneously as a result of the market mechanism and the actions of capitalist firms, but some, especially the more radical ones, require public intervention. The first part ...
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Many innovations arise spontaneously as a result of the market mechanism and the actions of capitalist firms, but some, especially the more radical ones, require public intervention. The first part of this chapter discusses when such policy interventions might be necessary and why. The next section discusses selectivity in innovation policy. The last (main) section of the chapter discusses the general and specific policy implications of the new ‘system of innovation’ (SI) approach; this studies innovations as an endogenous part of the economy and has emerged only in the last decade or so. An SI can be defined as encompassing all the important factors that influence the development, diffusion, and use of innovations, as well as the relations between these factors, which can be studied in a national, regional, or sectoral context.Less
Many innovations arise spontaneously as a result of the market mechanism and the actions of capitalist firms, but some, especially the more radical ones, require public intervention. The first part of this chapter discusses when such policy interventions might be necessary and why. The next section discusses selectivity in innovation policy. The last (main) section of the chapter discusses the general and specific policy implications of the new ‘system of innovation’ (SI) approach; this studies innovations as an endogenous part of the economy and has emerged only in the last decade or so. An SI can be defined as encompassing all the important factors that influence the development, diffusion, and use of innovations, as well as the relations between these factors, which can be studied in a national, regional, or sectoral context.
Nadia Ramsis Farah
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774162176
- eISBN:
- 9781617970337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774162176.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter examines the theoretical controversy raging between the proponents of neoliberalism, who advocate the complete withdrawal of the state from the economy, and the proponents of the ...
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This chapter examines the theoretical controversy raging between the proponents of neoliberalism, who advocate the complete withdrawal of the state from the economy, and the proponents of the “developmental state,” that is, a state that intervenes in underdeveloped economies to nurture a capitalist class that will later be able to carry out independently the functions of capital accumulation and development. An analysis of the economic role of the Egyptian state during the last two hundred years demonstrates that every time the state intervenes in the economy, the rate of economic growth increases rapidly. A reduction or cessation of state intervention usually results in a slower economy, high unemployment, and increasing poverty rates. Worth noting is the articulation of state intervention in the economy with periods of high state autonomy, that is, a situation in which the state is autonomous from the power of all social classes. This kind of state autonomy has occurred only twice in Egypt during the last two hundred years: under the Muhammad 'Ali state and during Nasser's time. State autonomy is not a permanent state of affairs, however, since eventually state autonomy erodes and diverse interest groups penetrate the state. In Egypt, erosion of state autonomy led ultimately to the domination of the system by special interest groups, a decline in the economic role of the state, and the deterioration of development.Less
This chapter examines the theoretical controversy raging between the proponents of neoliberalism, who advocate the complete withdrawal of the state from the economy, and the proponents of the “developmental state,” that is, a state that intervenes in underdeveloped economies to nurture a capitalist class that will later be able to carry out independently the functions of capital accumulation and development. An analysis of the economic role of the Egyptian state during the last two hundred years demonstrates that every time the state intervenes in the economy, the rate of economic growth increases rapidly. A reduction or cessation of state intervention usually results in a slower economy, high unemployment, and increasing poverty rates. Worth noting is the articulation of state intervention in the economy with periods of high state autonomy, that is, a situation in which the state is autonomous from the power of all social classes. This kind of state autonomy has occurred only twice in Egypt during the last two hundred years: under the Muhammad 'Ali state and during Nasser's time. State autonomy is not a permanent state of affairs, however, since eventually state autonomy erodes and diverse interest groups penetrate the state. In Egypt, erosion of state autonomy led ultimately to the domination of the system by special interest groups, a decline in the economic role of the state, and the deterioration of development.
Peter M. R. Stirk
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748622900
- eISBN:
- 9780748652730
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748622900.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Germany, as Europe's most powerful state, has a political significance that underlines the importance of twentieth-century German political thought. Yet this tradition has been poorly represented in ...
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Germany, as Europe's most powerful state, has a political significance that underlines the importance of twentieth-century German political thought. Yet this tradition has been poorly represented in academic literature. This book offers an account of German political thought, emphasising its diversity and contested nature, and gives an overview of the subject that allows access to relatively unknown figures as well as the ‘names’ of the tradition (Weber, Schmitt, Arendt, Habermas). The book also demonstrates the political significance of figures better known in other disciplines including law and sociology. The book is organised chronologically, with a series of recurrent themes providing analytic unity: the nature of politics (including political vocation and leadership, and definitions of politics), collective identity, the rule of law, the role of the state, the role of political parties and the nature of parliamentary democracy, state intervention in society and the economy and, finally, the international order. Pedagogical features include a glossary of German terms and a substantial set of biographical notes identifying the major theorists referred to in the text.Less
Germany, as Europe's most powerful state, has a political significance that underlines the importance of twentieth-century German political thought. Yet this tradition has been poorly represented in academic literature. This book offers an account of German political thought, emphasising its diversity and contested nature, and gives an overview of the subject that allows access to relatively unknown figures as well as the ‘names’ of the tradition (Weber, Schmitt, Arendt, Habermas). The book also demonstrates the political significance of figures better known in other disciplines including law and sociology. The book is organised chronologically, with a series of recurrent themes providing analytic unity: the nature of politics (including political vocation and leadership, and definitions of politics), collective identity, the rule of law, the role of the state, the role of political parties and the nature of parliamentary democracy, state intervention in society and the economy and, finally, the international order. Pedagogical features include a glossary of German terms and a substantial set of biographical notes identifying the major theorists referred to in the text.
