Michael Moran
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199247578
- eISBN:
- 9780191601996
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199247579.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This book examines the transformation of governing arrangements in Britain from stagnation in the first two-thirds of the 20th century to hyper-innovation. These two phases were connected by crisis, ...
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This book examines the transformation of governing arrangements in Britain from stagnation in the first two-thirds of the 20th century to hyper-innovation. These two phases were connected by crisis, namely, a crisis of economic policy and the crisis of the content of rule itself. The collapse of the club system is also discussed to explain the reasons behind the hostility towards the new regulatory state.Less
This book examines the transformation of governing arrangements in Britain from stagnation in the first two-thirds of the 20th century to hyper-innovation. These two phases were connected by crisis, namely, a crisis of economic policy and the crisis of the content of rule itself. The collapse of the club system is also discussed to explain the reasons behind the hostility towards the new regulatory state.
Michael Moran
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199247578
- eISBN:
- 9780191601996
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199247579.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This introductory chapter discusses the transformation of governing arrangements in Britain from stagnation in the first two-thirds of the 20th century, to hyper-innovation. It argues that these two ...
More
This introductory chapter discusses the transformation of governing arrangements in Britain from stagnation in the first two-thirds of the 20th century, to hyper-innovation. It argues that these two phases are connected by crisis, specifically a crisis of economic policy and the crisis of the content of rule itself. A brief overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the transformation of governing arrangements in Britain from stagnation in the first two-thirds of the 20th century, to hyper-innovation. It argues that these two phases are connected by crisis, specifically a crisis of economic policy and the crisis of the content of rule itself. A brief overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
Prasannan Parthasarathi
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265321
- eISBN:
- 9780191760495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265321.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
The methods of comparative history pose an analytic focus for global history. Comparison must analyse not just one or two, but multiple paths of economic and historical development in the early ...
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The methods of comparative history pose an analytic focus for global history. Comparison must analyse not just one or two, but multiple paths of economic and historical development in the early modern world. Comparison must reach beyond the stereotypes of a dynamic Europe and stagnant Asia to show the strikingly different needs and imperatives leading towards different paths of economic and technological change.Less
The methods of comparative history pose an analytic focus for global history. Comparison must analyse not just one or two, but multiple paths of economic and historical development in the early modern world. Comparison must reach beyond the stereotypes of a dynamic Europe and stagnant Asia to show the strikingly different needs and imperatives leading towards different paths of economic and technological change.
Dan P. McAdams
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195176933
- eISBN:
- 9780199786787
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176933.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter considers the life stories of American adults who score low on psychological tests measuring generativity. Research suggests that less generative adults tend to construct life stories ...
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This chapter considers the life stories of American adults who score low on psychological tests measuring generativity. Research suggests that less generative adults tend to construct life stories that feature contamination sequences — scenes that begin very good but become irrevocably ruined or spoiled — and circular plots wherein protagonists fail to show progress or growth over time. The chapter traces the ideas of contamination sequences and circular narratives in the theoretical writings of Freud and Silvan Tomkins, and describes efforts to undo contamination in life stories of recovery, rehabilitation, and reform. Among the most powerful redemptive narratives in contemporary American culture are those associated with Alcoholics Anonymous and criminals' efforts to reform their lives.Less
This chapter considers the life stories of American adults who score low on psychological tests measuring generativity. Research suggests that less generative adults tend to construct life stories that feature contamination sequences — scenes that begin very good but become irrevocably ruined or spoiled — and circular plots wherein protagonists fail to show progress or growth over time. The chapter traces the ideas of contamination sequences and circular narratives in the theoretical writings of Freud and Silvan Tomkins, and describes efforts to undo contamination in life stories of recovery, rehabilitation, and reform. Among the most powerful redemptive narratives in contemporary American culture are those associated with Alcoholics Anonymous and criminals' efforts to reform their lives.
Peter J. Schmelz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195341935
- eISBN:
- 9780199866854
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341935.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter discusses the musical repercussions of the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia by focusing on an “unofficial” concert that took place in 1970 featuring two compositions, one of which ...
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This chapter discusses the musical repercussions of the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia by focusing on an “unofficial” concert that took place in 1970 featuring two compositions, one of which was Edison Denisov's Laments (Plachi, 1966), the other a collectively composed work usually credited to Andrey Volkonsky called Rejoinder (Replika). Rejoinder in particular encapsulates many of the shifts that 1968 signaled even as it illuminates the ambiguous possibilities for resistance at a pivotal moment in “unofficial” Soviet music. By looking more closely at both Laments and Rejoinder, this chapter helps pinpoint the most important artistic and social changes that were occurring around 1970, near the end of the “Thaw” and the beginnings of both “Stagnation” and Yurchak's “late socialism.” These two works help further define the “paradox” of the 1970s simultaneous “immutability” and “displacement” that anthropologist Alexei Yurchak so provocatively proposes in his work. Edison Denisov Laments (Plachi) Andrey Volkonsky Rejoinder (Replika) 1968 Czechoslovakia resistance Alexei Yurchak Stagnation late socialismLess
This chapter discusses the musical repercussions of the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia by focusing on an “unofficial” concert that took place in 1970 featuring two compositions, one of which was Edison Denisov's Laments (Plachi, 1966), the other a collectively composed work usually credited to Andrey Volkonsky called Rejoinder (Replika). Rejoinder in particular encapsulates many of the shifts that 1968 signaled even as it illuminates the ambiguous possibilities for resistance at a pivotal moment in “unofficial” Soviet music. By looking more closely at both Laments and Rejoinder, this chapter helps pinpoint the most important artistic and social changes that were occurring around 1970, near the end of the “Thaw” and the beginnings of both “Stagnation” and Yurchak's “late socialism.” These two works help further define the “paradox” of the 1970s simultaneous “immutability” and “displacement” that anthropologist Alexei Yurchak so provocatively proposes in his work. Edison Denisov Laments (Plachi) Andrey Volkonsky Rejoinder (Replika) 1968 Czechoslovakia resistance Alexei Yurchak Stagnation late socialism
Peter J. Schmelz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195341935
- eISBN:
- 9780199866854
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341935.003.0008
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter addresses the generational change and the gradual relaxation of restrictions that marked the end of the musical Thaw. It discusses Andrey Volkonsky's emigration from the Soviet Union in ...
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This chapter addresses the generational change and the gradual relaxation of restrictions that marked the end of the musical Thaw. It discusses Andrey Volkonsky's emigration from the Soviet Union in 1973, drawing heavily upon interviews with poet Gennadiy Aygi. The chapter also details the construction and premiere of Alfred Schnittke's First Symphony in 1974. With Volkonsky's exit, “unofficial” music lost one of its most outspoken and visible personalities. Schnittke's First Symphony on the other hand revealed how much distance had passed musically and socially since the composition and premiere of Volkonsky's early serial works over a decade before. With Schnittke's polystylistic magnum opus, “unofficial” music “caught up” with the West, even as it presaged a new stage of musical development and aesthetic thinking in the Soviet Union commonly referred to as “Stagnation.” generation Andrey Volkonsky Alfred Schnittke First Symphony Gennadiy Aygi polystylism end of Thaw emigration serialism StagnationLess
This chapter addresses the generational change and the gradual relaxation of restrictions that marked the end of the musical Thaw. It discusses Andrey Volkonsky's emigration from the Soviet Union in 1973, drawing heavily upon interviews with poet Gennadiy Aygi. The chapter also details the construction and premiere of Alfred Schnittke's First Symphony in 1974. With Volkonsky's exit, “unofficial” music lost one of its most outspoken and visible personalities. Schnittke's First Symphony on the other hand revealed how much distance had passed musically and socially since the composition and premiere of Volkonsky's early serial works over a decade before. With Schnittke's polystylistic magnum opus, “unofficial” music “caught up” with the West, even as it presaged a new stage of musical development and aesthetic thinking in the Soviet Union commonly referred to as “Stagnation.” generation Andrey Volkonsky Alfred Schnittke First Symphony Gennadiy Aygi polystylism end of Thaw emigration serialism Stagnation
Christopher Dyer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199214242
- eISBN:
- 9780191740954
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214242.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Economic History
This chapter sets the scene for John Heritage's life against a national and global background. It defines the problems confronting historians who wish to interpret the period. It analyses the state ...
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This chapter sets the scene for John Heritage's life against a national and global background. It defines the problems confronting historians who wish to interpret the period. It analyses the state of the English economy around 1500, and shows how historians have explained it by highlighting population fluctuations; the transition to capitalism; the influence of institutions; commercialization; and changes in the structure of society. This can be seen as a period of both stagnation and growth. The sources are discussed, in terms of the decline in the value of those produced by the old methods of economic management, and those linked with the new men.Less
This chapter sets the scene for John Heritage's life against a national and global background. It defines the problems confronting historians who wish to interpret the period. It analyses the state of the English economy around 1500, and shows how historians have explained it by highlighting population fluctuations; the transition to capitalism; the influence of institutions; commercialization; and changes in the structure of society. This can be seen as a period of both stagnation and growth. The sources are discussed, in terms of the decline in the value of those produced by the old methods of economic management, and those linked with the new men.
Athol Fitzgibbons
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292883
- eISBN:
- 9780191596247
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292880.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
Discusses how Smith understood the moral foundations of political states, considers his theory that political power moved in a cycle, and discusses his theories of democracy, monarchy, and military ...
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Discusses how Smith understood the moral foundations of political states, considers his theory that political power moved in a cycle, and discusses his theories of democracy, monarchy, and military power. It rejects the theory that Smith had an economic theory of history.Less
Discusses how Smith understood the moral foundations of political states, considers his theory that political power moved in a cycle, and discusses his theories of democracy, monarchy, and military power. It rejects the theory that Smith had an economic theory of history.
Deepak Lal
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199275793
- eISBN:
- 9780191706097
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275793.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
India is an emerging giant. This book explains its long economic stagnation and recent rise by examining its social, political, and historical evolution with a long-term perspective. It explains how ...
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India is an emerging giant. This book explains its long economic stagnation and recent rise by examining its social, political, and historical evolution with a long-term perspective. It explains how its distinct social system based on caste arose and why it still is of importance in its political and social arrangements, despite India's recent move from the plan to market.Less
India is an emerging giant. This book explains its long economic stagnation and recent rise by examining its social, political, and historical evolution with a long-term perspective. It explains how its distinct social system based on caste arose and why it still is of importance in its political and social arrangements, despite India's recent move from the plan to market.
Kshama V. Kaushik and Kaushik Dutta
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198072614
- eISBN:
- 9780199081592
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072614.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter discusses the modern story of Indian business and economy. After two hundred years of colonial rule and relative economic stagnation, India has started to regain its lost glory in world ...
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This chapter discusses the modern story of Indian business and economy. After two hundred years of colonial rule and relative economic stagnation, India has started to regain its lost glory in world trade. According to Goldman Sachs Economic Research, India's high growth rate since 2003 represents a structural increase rather than simply a cyclical upturn and it projects India's potential or sustainable growth rate at about eight per cent until 2020. This chapter looks at a few sectors that are or can become powerful growth drivers to sustain the economy while providing employment to tens of thousands as they migrate towards a better lifestyle. These include information technology (IT), IT-enabled services, wellness and fitness, sports, pharmaceutical industry, entertainment and media, and automobile and component sectors.Less
This chapter discusses the modern story of Indian business and economy. After two hundred years of colonial rule and relative economic stagnation, India has started to regain its lost glory in world trade. According to Goldman Sachs Economic Research, India's high growth rate since 2003 represents a structural increase rather than simply a cyclical upturn and it projects India's potential or sustainable growth rate at about eight per cent until 2020. This chapter looks at a few sectors that are or can become powerful growth drivers to sustain the economy while providing employment to tens of thousands as they migrate towards a better lifestyle. These include information technology (IT), IT-enabled services, wellness and fitness, sports, pharmaceutical industry, entertainment and media, and automobile and component sectors.
Graeme Gill and Roger D. Markwick
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240418
- eISBN:
- 9780191599347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240418.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
The process of the democratization of a regime is best understood in terms of the dynamic between elites and civil society forces. Crucial in this is the context within which that relationship is ...
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The process of the democratization of a regime is best understood in terms of the dynamic between elites and civil society forces. Crucial in this is the context within which that relationship is played out. In the Soviet Union of the second half of the 1980s, that context was shaped by the Soviet legacy. This legacy comprised a unitarist political system which not only had little room for real popular participation but also had significant structural weaknesses; in particular, an economy which had declined to the point of stagnation and a multi‐ethnic state structure. Such a legacy imposed severe constraints on the possibilities for systemic reform.Less
The process of the democratization of a regime is best understood in terms of the dynamic between elites and civil society forces. Crucial in this is the context within which that relationship is played out. In the Soviet Union of the second half of the 1980s, that context was shaped by the Soviet legacy. This legacy comprised a unitarist political system which not only had little room for real popular participation but also had significant structural weaknesses; in particular, an economy which had declined to the point of stagnation and a multi‐ethnic state structure. Such a legacy imposed severe constraints on the possibilities for systemic reform.
Barry Eichengreen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199257430
- eISBN:
- 9780191698453
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257430.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter discusses the lessons that can be learned from recent experience of financial crises. The Argentinean and the Turkish financial crises affected different sectors but both experienced ...
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This chapter discusses the lessons that can be learned from recent experience of financial crises. The Argentinean and the Turkish financial crises affected different sectors but both experienced similar symptoms that include post-stabilization economic growth and extended period of economic stagnation. Shortly after the onset of the crisis, the exports of the two countries surged, but was insufficient to finance buoyant import demands. This made both economies dependent on capital inflows and vulnerable to deteriorating external conditions.Less
This chapter discusses the lessons that can be learned from recent experience of financial crises. The Argentinean and the Turkish financial crises affected different sectors but both experienced similar symptoms that include post-stabilization economic growth and extended period of economic stagnation. Shortly after the onset of the crisis, the exports of the two countries surged, but was insufficient to finance buoyant import demands. This made both economies dependent on capital inflows and vulnerable to deteriorating external conditions.
Mića Panić
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289845
- eISBN:
- 9780191684777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289845.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter deals with the role of the national government as well as the creation of a supranational government. The authors say that if the operation of the market shall be left to the effective ...
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This chapter deals with the role of the national government as well as the creation of a supranational government. The authors say that if the operation of the market shall be left to the effective control of the state, these states are preparing to risk a return to the economic warfare wherein each state uses their economic might in order to hostage other states. On the other hand, a supranational government is also needed in order to govern the conduct of the market or the flow of the world trade. Absence of a supranational government and control of the market left to the national government will leave the states just like the industrialised nations in 1973 wherein their economic growth stagnated and no improvement was made in their economies.Less
This chapter deals with the role of the national government as well as the creation of a supranational government. The authors say that if the operation of the market shall be left to the effective control of the state, these states are preparing to risk a return to the economic warfare wherein each state uses their economic might in order to hostage other states. On the other hand, a supranational government is also needed in order to govern the conduct of the market or the flow of the world trade. Absence of a supranational government and control of the market left to the national government will leave the states just like the industrialised nations in 1973 wherein their economic growth stagnated and no improvement was made in their economies.
Andrew L. Oros
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780231172615
- eISBN:
- 9780231542593
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231172615.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
For decades after World War II, Japan chose to focus on soft power and economic diplomacy alongside a close alliance with the United States, eschewing a potential leadership role in regional and ...
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For decades after World War II, Japan chose to focus on soft power and economic diplomacy alongside a close alliance with the United States, eschewing a potential leadership role in regional and global security. Since the end of the Cold War, and especially since the rise of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, Japan's military capabilities have resurged. In this analysis of Japan's changing military policy, Andrew L. Oros shows how a gradual awakening to new security challenges has culminated in the multifaceted "security renaissance" of the past decade. Despite openness to new approaches, however, three historical legacies—contested memories of the Pacific War and Imperial Japan, postwar anti-militarist convictions, and an unequal relationship with the United States—play an outsized role. In Japan's Security Renaissance Oros argues that Japan's future security policies will continue to be shaped by these legacies, which Japanese leaders have struggled to address. He argues that claims of rising nationalism in Japan are overstated, but there has been a discernable shift favoring the conservative Abe and his Liberal Democratic Party. Bringing together Japanese domestic politics with the broader geopolitical landscape of East Asia and the world, Japan's Security Renaissance provides guidance on this century's emerging international dynamics.Less
For decades after World War II, Japan chose to focus on soft power and economic diplomacy alongside a close alliance with the United States, eschewing a potential leadership role in regional and global security. Since the end of the Cold War, and especially since the rise of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, Japan's military capabilities have resurged. In this analysis of Japan's changing military policy, Andrew L. Oros shows how a gradual awakening to new security challenges has culminated in the multifaceted "security renaissance" of the past decade. Despite openness to new approaches, however, three historical legacies—contested memories of the Pacific War and Imperial Japan, postwar anti-militarist convictions, and an unequal relationship with the United States—play an outsized role. In Japan's Security Renaissance Oros argues that Japan's future security policies will continue to be shaped by these legacies, which Japanese leaders have struggled to address. He argues that claims of rising nationalism in Japan are overstated, but there has been a discernable shift favoring the conservative Abe and his Liberal Democratic Party. Bringing together Japanese domestic politics with the broader geopolitical landscape of East Asia and the world, Japan's Security Renaissance provides guidance on this century's emerging international dynamics.
Grzegorz W. Kolodko
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297437
- eISBN:
- 9780191685354
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297437.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Although any country has the tendency to stop growth and development (thus, becoming stagnant) at any point, realisation of this can be a stepping stone to the pursuance of sustainable progress. ...
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Although any country has the tendency to stop growth and development (thus, becoming stagnant) at any point, realisation of this can be a stepping stone to the pursuance of sustainable progress. Postsocialist economies we hope will continue to expand in the future; and countries, specifically members of the OECD or the Central European Free Trade Agreement, might be included in the list of nations operating under advanced economies. Qualification for the grouping is based on structural features, present establishments, and performance trends. Despite these categorisations, the selection process demands some revisions; hence, the transformation from a postsocialist market system to a market economy requires extensive reviews as well as hardcore behavioural and cultural modifications. Indeed, the arguments about transitions will persist; however, it should be noted that all these endeavours should encourage sustainable development.Less
Although any country has the tendency to stop growth and development (thus, becoming stagnant) at any point, realisation of this can be a stepping stone to the pursuance of sustainable progress. Postsocialist economies we hope will continue to expand in the future; and countries, specifically members of the OECD or the Central European Free Trade Agreement, might be included in the list of nations operating under advanced economies. Qualification for the grouping is based on structural features, present establishments, and performance trends. Despite these categorisations, the selection process demands some revisions; hence, the transformation from a postsocialist market system to a market economy requires extensive reviews as well as hardcore behavioural and cultural modifications. Indeed, the arguments about transitions will persist; however, it should be noted that all these endeavours should encourage sustainable development.
Chris Briggs
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264416
- eISBN:
- 9780191734342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264416.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This book began by describing the transformation that occurred in the 1990s in the impression and ideas of credit systems in the medieval countryside. Through this change in attitude on the medieval ...
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This book began by describing the transformation that occurred in the 1990s in the impression and ideas of credit systems in the medieval countryside. Through this change in attitude on the medieval credit system, the sophistication of rural credit mechanisms and their positive effects within the traditional economies were established. Before this time, the consensus on medieval credit mechanism was of a vehicle of poverty and stagnation. By changing the perspective of credit as a framework of crisis to focusing on credit as mere credit itself, the mechanism of lending and borrowing during the medieval period was not constantly borne out of crisis. It has been found out that credit supply did not always fail in problem periods, that debtors were not always worse off than their lenders, and that leasing of land by debtors was an effective strategy compatible with individual prosperity and not an indication of economic failure. In sum, the credit system of medieval Europe had bearings on the economy of the country. Although rural credit had little effect on the overall contours of the economic change of Europe, it nonetheless shaped other significant forces. In the earlier part of the century, the rural credit system was there to reinforce wealth, and influenced in such a way to separate the peasants from the upper strata. In the second half of the century, market opportunities were exploited by the means of credit mechanisms. However, when economic contraction happened at the end of the century due to the sustained demographic collapse and monetary difficulties, rural credit mechanisms fell into abeyance.Less
This book began by describing the transformation that occurred in the 1990s in the impression and ideas of credit systems in the medieval countryside. Through this change in attitude on the medieval credit system, the sophistication of rural credit mechanisms and their positive effects within the traditional economies were established. Before this time, the consensus on medieval credit mechanism was of a vehicle of poverty and stagnation. By changing the perspective of credit as a framework of crisis to focusing on credit as mere credit itself, the mechanism of lending and borrowing during the medieval period was not constantly borne out of crisis. It has been found out that credit supply did not always fail in problem periods, that debtors were not always worse off than their lenders, and that leasing of land by debtors was an effective strategy compatible with individual prosperity and not an indication of economic failure. In sum, the credit system of medieval Europe had bearings on the economy of the country. Although rural credit had little effect on the overall contours of the economic change of Europe, it nonetheless shaped other significant forces. In the earlier part of the century, the rural credit system was there to reinforce wealth, and influenced in such a way to separate the peasants from the upper strata. In the second half of the century, market opportunities were exploited by the means of credit mechanisms. However, when economic contraction happened at the end of the century due to the sustained demographic collapse and monetary difficulties, rural credit mechanisms fell into abeyance.
Rohit
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198088417
- eISBN:
- 9780199082292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198088417.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Chapter 4 presents a brief overview of the existing theories in the heterodox economics tradition, which study the linkages between income inequalities and growth trajectories. It includes a review ...
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Chapter 4 presents a brief overview of the existing theories in the heterodox economics tradition, which study the linkages between income inequalities and growth trajectories. It includes a review of the Kalecki-Steindl tradition in its original avatar as well as its contemporary interpretations. Steindl had argued that with increase in income inequalities and business concentration, a tendency towards stagnation sets in under capitalism because workers have a higher propensity to consume out of their wages as compared to the capitalist class, a process which was named underconsumption. However, contemporary Steindlian models have studied this relationship in the context of possibilities of debt-financed consumption, wealth and financialisation and found that these could run counter to the stagnationist tendency. One important component that most of these explanations miss is Steindl’s argument on underinvestment which results from an increase in business concentration as the need to build capacity decreases with a decline in competitiveness.Less
Chapter 4 presents a brief overview of the existing theories in the heterodox economics tradition, which study the linkages between income inequalities and growth trajectories. It includes a review of the Kalecki-Steindl tradition in its original avatar as well as its contemporary interpretations. Steindl had argued that with increase in income inequalities and business concentration, a tendency towards stagnation sets in under capitalism because workers have a higher propensity to consume out of their wages as compared to the capitalist class, a process which was named underconsumption. However, contemporary Steindlian models have studied this relationship in the context of possibilities of debt-financed consumption, wealth and financialisation and found that these could run counter to the stagnationist tendency. One important component that most of these explanations miss is Steindl’s argument on underinvestment which results from an increase in business concentration as the need to build capacity decreases with a decline in competitiveness.
Antonio Barros de Castro
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199235261
- eISBN:
- 9780191715617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235261.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter analyzes the interaction between public policies and patterns of growth in Brazil over the last three decades, starting from the period when fast industrialization ends and major ...
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This chapter analyzes the interaction between public policies and patterns of growth in Brazil over the last three decades, starting from the period when fast industrialization ends and major macroeconomic imbalances emerge. The effects of the various macroeconomic policy measures in terms of patterns of industrial growth are discussed. Brazil is possibly the only Latin American country that has emerged from the stabilization cures and liberalization shocks with a live and diversified industrial structure. However, at the end of the tunnel of semi-stagnation the international scene has dramatically changed with the emergence of China as a powerful major producer and exporter (including to the markets of other industrializing countries). Hence, new challenges but also new opportunities have arisen in Brazilian industry. As industrial policies played a crucial role in the early industrialization phase, they are likely to be important — albeit on different levels — in the adjustment to a Sino-centric world.Less
This chapter analyzes the interaction between public policies and patterns of growth in Brazil over the last three decades, starting from the period when fast industrialization ends and major macroeconomic imbalances emerge. The effects of the various macroeconomic policy measures in terms of patterns of industrial growth are discussed. Brazil is possibly the only Latin American country that has emerged from the stabilization cures and liberalization shocks with a live and diversified industrial structure. However, at the end of the tunnel of semi-stagnation the international scene has dramatically changed with the emergence of China as a powerful major producer and exporter (including to the markets of other industrializing countries). Hence, new challenges but also new opportunities have arisen in Brazilian industry. As industrial policies played a crucial role in the early industrialization phase, they are likely to be important — albeit on different levels — in the adjustment to a Sino-centric world.
F.P. Lock
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199226634
- eISBN:
- 9780191696244
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226634.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Ideas
In the summer of 1770, the political world sank into torpor. The ferment raised by Wilkes and the Middlesex election, which had animated the petitioning movement and the hopes of the opposition, ...
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In the summer of 1770, the political world sank into torpor. The ferment raised by Wilkes and the Middlesex election, which had animated the petitioning movement and the hopes of the opposition, subsided. The prospects appeared so bleak that before each of the next three sessions, the leaders of the Rockingham party needed to convince themselves that even to attend Parliament was worthwhile. For Burke, enduring three years of political stagnation was painful. Fortunately, the calm was punctuated with ‘equinoctial Squalls’, and in greater debates, he joined eagerly. He could not take a mild interest in a question, or give a cause lukewarm support. Investing his side with a monopoly of virtue and integrity, he acted as though everything was at stake. Constant struggle and constant failure, the themes of these years, exacted their psychological penalty upon Burke.Less
In the summer of 1770, the political world sank into torpor. The ferment raised by Wilkes and the Middlesex election, which had animated the petitioning movement and the hopes of the opposition, subsided. The prospects appeared so bleak that before each of the next three sessions, the leaders of the Rockingham party needed to convince themselves that even to attend Parliament was worthwhile. For Burke, enduring three years of political stagnation was painful. Fortunately, the calm was punctuated with ‘equinoctial Squalls’, and in greater debates, he joined eagerly. He could not take a mild interest in a question, or give a cause lukewarm support. Investing his side with a monopoly of virtue and integrity, he acted as though everything was at stake. Constant struggle and constant failure, the themes of these years, exacted their psychological penalty upon Burke.
George W. Evans
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199666126
- eISBN:
- 9780191749278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199666126.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
In Evans, Guse, and HonkapohjaEER 2008 the intended steady state is locally but not globally stable under adaptive learning, and unstable deflationary paths can arise after large pessimistic shocks ...
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In Evans, Guse, and HonkapohjaEER 2008 the intended steady state is locally but not globally stable under adaptive learning, and unstable deflationary paths can arise after large pessimistic shocks to expectations. In the current paper a modified model is presented that includes a locally stable stagnation regime as a possible outcome arising from large expectation shocks. Policy implications are examined. Sufficiently large temporary increases in government spending can dislodge the economy from the stagnation regime and restore the natural stabilizing dynamics. More specific policy proposals are presented and discussed.Less
In Evans, Guse, and HonkapohjaEER 2008 the intended steady state is locally but not globally stable under adaptive learning, and unstable deflationary paths can arise after large pessimistic shocks to expectations. In the current paper a modified model is presented that includes a locally stable stagnation regime as a possible outcome arising from large expectation shocks. Policy implications are examined. Sufficiently large temporary increases in government spending can dislodge the economy from the stagnation regime and restore the natural stabilizing dynamics. More specific policy proposals are presented and discussed.
