Jon Williamson
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198530794
- eISBN:
- 9780191712982
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530794.003.0006
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
Objective Bayesianism yields a justification of the causal Markov condition: in certain circumstances, the objective Bayesian net is just the causal net and so the causal net is an appropriate ...
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Objective Bayesianism yields a justification of the causal Markov condition: in certain circumstances, the objective Bayesian net is just the causal net and so the causal net is an appropriate representation of rational degrees of belief. However, the resulting Bayesian net may not yield accurate enough predictions. This motivates a two-stage methodology for using Bayesian nets: first construct a causal net, then refine this net to better represent physical probability.Less
Objective Bayesianism yields a justification of the causal Markov condition: in certain circumstances, the objective Bayesian net is just the causal net and so the causal net is an appropriate representation of rational degrees of belief. However, the resulting Bayesian net may not yield accurate enough predictions. This motivates a two-stage methodology for using Bayesian nets: first construct a causal net, then refine this net to better represent physical probability.
Michelle Kosch
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199289110
- eISBN:
- 9780191604003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199289115.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter examines Kierkegaard’s critical accounts of aesthetic and ethical stages of existence, arguing that on Kierkegaard’s view, both life-views incorporate distorted accounts of human agency. ...
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This chapter examines Kierkegaard’s critical accounts of aesthetic and ethical stages of existence, arguing that on Kierkegaard’s view, both life-views incorporate distorted accounts of human agency. The criticism of the ethical stage is tied to the criticism of Kant’s approach to freedom for evil examined in chapters 2 and 4.Less
This chapter examines Kierkegaard’s critical accounts of aesthetic and ethical stages of existence, arguing that on Kierkegaard’s view, both life-views incorporate distorted accounts of human agency. The criticism of the ethical stage is tied to the criticism of Kant’s approach to freedom for evil examined in chapters 2 and 4.
Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Marion Kloep, Leo B. Hendry, and Jennifer L. Tanner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199757176
- eISBN:
- 9780199863389
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199757176.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
In this book two pairs of developmental psychologists take sides in a spirited debate over the theory of “emerging adulthood,” Jeffrey Arnett’s proposal that a new life stage has developed in between ...
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In this book two pairs of developmental psychologists take sides in a spirited debate over the theory of “emerging adulthood,” Jeffrey Arnett’s proposal that a new life stage has developed in between adolescence and young adulthood, lasting roughly from ages 18 to 25. Arnett and Jennifer Tanner argue that as young people around the world share demographic similarities such as longer education and later marriage, the 18-25 age period is best understood as entailing the rise of a new life stage of emerging adulthood. However, because the experiences of emerging adults worldwide vary according to cultural context, educational attainment, and social class, Arnett and Tanner suggest that there may not be one but many different emerging adulthoods. An important issue for this burgeoning area of inquiry is to explore and describe this variation. In contrast, Marion Kloep and Leo Hendry assert that stage theories have never been able to explain individual transitions across the life course; in their view, stage theories—including the theory of emerging adulthood--ought to be abolished altogether, and explanations found for the processes and mechanisms that govern human change at any age. This book provides the argument of “stage or process” in full-force, with vigorous disagreements, conflicting alternatives, some leavening humor, and ultimately even some common ground.Less
In this book two pairs of developmental psychologists take sides in a spirited debate over the theory of “emerging adulthood,” Jeffrey Arnett’s proposal that a new life stage has developed in between adolescence and young adulthood, lasting roughly from ages 18 to 25. Arnett and Jennifer Tanner argue that as young people around the world share demographic similarities such as longer education and later marriage, the 18-25 age period is best understood as entailing the rise of a new life stage of emerging adulthood. However, because the experiences of emerging adults worldwide vary according to cultural context, educational attainment, and social class, Arnett and Tanner suggest that there may not be one but many different emerging adulthoods. An important issue for this burgeoning area of inquiry is to explore and describe this variation. In contrast, Marion Kloep and Leo Hendry assert that stage theories have never been able to explain individual transitions across the life course; in their view, stage theories—including the theory of emerging adulthood--ought to be abolished altogether, and explanations found for the processes and mechanisms that govern human change at any age. This book provides the argument of “stage or process” in full-force, with vigorous disagreements, conflicting alternatives, some leavening humor, and ultimately even some common ground.
Michael J. North and Charles M. Macal
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195172119
- eISBN:
- 9780199789894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172119.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter discusses how to manage agent-based modeling and simulation projects. It considers factors such as goal setting, project structures, staffing, the stages of model development, and the ...
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This chapter discusses how to manage agent-based modeling and simulation projects. It considers factors such as goal setting, project structures, staffing, the stages of model development, and the stages of model use.Less
This chapter discusses how to manage agent-based modeling and simulation projects. It considers factors such as goal setting, project structures, staffing, the stages of model development, and the stages of model use.
Katherine Hawley
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199275434
- eISBN:
- 9780191699818
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275434.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
How do things persist? Are material objects spread out through time just as they are spread out through space? Or is temporal persistence quite different from spatial extension? This key question ...
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How do things persist? Are material objects spread out through time just as they are spread out through space? Or is temporal persistence quite different from spatial extension? This key question lies at the heart of any metaphysical exploration of the material world, and it plays a crucial part in debates about personal identity and survival. This book explores and compares three theories of persistence — endurance, perdurance, and stage theories — investigating the ways in which they attempt to account for the world around us. Having provided valuable clarification of its two main rivals, the book concludes by advocating stage theory. Such a basic issue about the nature of the physical world naturally has close ties with other central philosophical problems. This book includes discussions of change and parthood, of how we refer to material objects at different times, of the doctrine of Humean supervenience, and of the modal features of material things. In particular, it contains new accounts of the nature of worldly vagueness, and of what binds material things together over time, distinguishing the career of a natural object from an arbitrary sequence of events. Each chapter concludes with a reflection about the impact of these metaphysical debates upon questions about our personal identity and survival.Less
How do things persist? Are material objects spread out through time just as they are spread out through space? Or is temporal persistence quite different from spatial extension? This key question lies at the heart of any metaphysical exploration of the material world, and it plays a crucial part in debates about personal identity and survival. This book explores and compares three theories of persistence — endurance, perdurance, and stage theories — investigating the ways in which they attempt to account for the world around us. Having provided valuable clarification of its two main rivals, the book concludes by advocating stage theory. Such a basic issue about the nature of the physical world naturally has close ties with other central philosophical problems. This book includes discussions of change and parthood, of how we refer to material objects at different times, of the doctrine of Humean supervenience, and of the modal features of material things. In particular, it contains new accounts of the nature of worldly vagueness, and of what binds material things together over time, distinguishing the career of a natural object from an arbitrary sequence of events. Each chapter concludes with a reflection about the impact of these metaphysical debates upon questions about our personal identity and survival.
Stewart Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195177435
- eISBN:
- 9780199864690
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177435.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Performing Practice/Studies
This book offers advice for all performers to achieve performance mastery. It defines performance in the broadest terms as being applicable to many life situations and challenges in many professions. ...
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This book offers advice for all performers to achieve performance mastery. It defines performance in the broadest terms as being applicable to many life situations and challenges in many professions. Through real life experiences and pre-performance exercises, the book offers highly practical advice on every aspect of performance. It analyzes motivation, assesses talent levels, sets performance goals, suggests levels of energy needed, and develops a performance philosophy. It deals with building technique, practice routines, the role of repetition and drill, changing bad habits, and developing a secure memory. It discusses performance anxiety or stage fright and how to deal with it. It explores psychological states during performance, evaluation after performance, audience reaction, and challenges faced during a lifetime of performance, including career planning, plateaus, and burnout. Finally, it relates performance to the development of a spiritual life.Less
This book offers advice for all performers to achieve performance mastery. It defines performance in the broadest terms as being applicable to many life situations and challenges in many professions. Through real life experiences and pre-performance exercises, the book offers highly practical advice on every aspect of performance. It analyzes motivation, assesses talent levels, sets performance goals, suggests levels of energy needed, and develops a performance philosophy. It deals with building technique, practice routines, the role of repetition and drill, changing bad habits, and developing a secure memory. It discusses performance anxiety or stage fright and how to deal with it. It explores psychological states during performance, evaluation after performance, audience reaction, and challenges faced during a lifetime of performance, including career planning, plateaus, and burnout. Finally, it relates performance to the development of a spiritual life.
Stanley Wells
- Published in print:
- 1984
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198129349
- eISBN:
- 9780191671777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198129349.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies
The four chapters of this book are concerned with the presentation as well as with the establishing of Shakespeare's text. The first two look at verbal details of that text, the second two at matters ...
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The four chapters of this book are concerned with the presentation as well as with the establishing of Shakespeare's text. The first two look at verbal details of that text, the second two at matters of staging. They address questions such as the justification for modernizing the spelling and punctuation of the early printings of the plays, the need to re-examine traditional emendations, and the propriety and techniques of adding to and altering their original stage directions. Many editions of Shakespeare are now available to the modern reader. But many people keep thinking hard about Shakespeare and, more generally, about various aspects of the time in which he lived. There are new editions that are in modern spelling: there was no edition of the complete works in their original spelling and punctuation.Less
The four chapters of this book are concerned with the presentation as well as with the establishing of Shakespeare's text. The first two look at verbal details of that text, the second two at matters of staging. They address questions such as the justification for modernizing the spelling and punctuation of the early printings of the plays, the need to re-examine traditional emendations, and the propriety and techniques of adding to and altering their original stage directions. Many editions of Shakespeare are now available to the modern reader. But many people keep thinking hard about Shakespeare and, more generally, about various aspects of the time in which he lived. There are new editions that are in modern spelling: there was no edition of the complete works in their original spelling and punctuation.
Steven Kepnes
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195313819
- eISBN:
- 9780199785650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313819.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This book could be summarized with the following proposition: Truth is liturgical. This means that truth is performative, communal, and temporal. Truth is also multi‐staged and processional; it takes ...
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This book could be summarized with the following proposition: Truth is liturgical. This means that truth is performative, communal, and temporal. Truth is also multi‐staged and processional; it takes time to develop and unfold. Truth is also a hybrid multi‐shaped thing rather than a pure and univocal essence. Liturgical truth is philosophy, ethics, theology, art, poetry, music, and dance, all working together. Monotheistic liturgies tell us that truth is married to scripture. If truth is liturgical, this chapter suggests that perhaps it can be found in nonreligious liturgical forms such as the form of the dialogue or, as in ancient Greece, the “symposium.” The chapter concludes with a suggestion that group practices of reading scripture also have liturgical aspects. The study sessions of Scriptural Reasoning are then explored for the ways in which they exhibit liturgical truth.Less
This book could be summarized with the following proposition: Truth is liturgical. This means that truth is performative, communal, and temporal. Truth is also multi‐staged and processional; it takes time to develop and unfold. Truth is also a hybrid multi‐shaped thing rather than a pure and univocal essence. Liturgical truth is philosophy, ethics, theology, art, poetry, music, and dance, all working together. Monotheistic liturgies tell us that truth is married to scripture. If truth is liturgical, this chapter suggests that perhaps it can be found in nonreligious liturgical forms such as the form of the dialogue or, as in ancient Greece, the “symposium.” The chapter concludes with a suggestion that group practices of reading scripture also have liturgical aspects. The study sessions of Scriptural Reasoning are then explored for the ways in which they exhibit liturgical truth.
David Maskell
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198151616
- eISBN:
- 9780191672774
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198151616.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
In the seventeenth century, plays were bounded heavily by the power of language and verbal effects. However, Racine provided stage directions so that even deaf spectators would see and understand his ...
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In the seventeenth century, plays were bounded heavily by the power of language and verbal effects. However, Racine provided stage directions so that even deaf spectators would see and understand his plays. In his plays, he introduced a theatrical language that is active in both the visual and verbal effects. The main argument of this study is that Racine's theatrical language has a more important visual component than is usually conceded. He exploited visual language throughout his career by highlighting decorations, by investing in the exits and entrances of his actors, by emphasizing physical actions, by investing in costumes and stage properties, and by endowing his characters with the skills of an orator through teaching them the proper display of passion, facial expressions, gesture, and tone of voice. In addition, Racine created a link in the speech and action as well as powerful interaction between the speaker and the listener. Theatrics in the seventeenth century conformed to and were constricted by the bounds of genre definition, but Racine unleashed and exploited theatrical language.Less
In the seventeenth century, plays were bounded heavily by the power of language and verbal effects. However, Racine provided stage directions so that even deaf spectators would see and understand his plays. In his plays, he introduced a theatrical language that is active in both the visual and verbal effects. The main argument of this study is that Racine's theatrical language has a more important visual component than is usually conceded. He exploited visual language throughout his career by highlighting decorations, by investing in the exits and entrances of his actors, by emphasizing physical actions, by investing in costumes and stage properties, and by endowing his characters with the skills of an orator through teaching them the proper display of passion, facial expressions, gesture, and tone of voice. In addition, Racine created a link in the speech and action as well as powerful interaction between the speaker and the listener. Theatrics in the seventeenth century conformed to and were constricted by the bounds of genre definition, but Racine unleashed and exploited theatrical language.
Michael D. McDonald and Ian Budge
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199286720
- eISBN:
- 9780191603327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286728.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter clinches the previous analysis by linking equilibria on both sides, (politics and policy) showing that they correspond closely. Broadly speaking, political preferences are transmitted ...
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This chapter clinches the previous analysis by linking equilibria on both sides, (politics and policy) showing that they correspond closely. Broadly speaking, political preferences are transmitted from median voter to median parliamentary party, from that to government, and then to ministries in the sequence postulated by the median mandate. This implies that under the froth and change of politics, certain stable processes continue, and these are in conformity with a median mandate interpretation of democratic processes.Less
This chapter clinches the previous analysis by linking equilibria on both sides, (politics and policy) showing that they correspond closely. Broadly speaking, political preferences are transmitted from median voter to median parliamentary party, from that to government, and then to ministries in the sequence postulated by the median mandate. This implies that under the froth and change of politics, certain stable processes continue, and these are in conformity with a median mandate interpretation of democratic processes.
Michael D. McDonald and Ian Budge
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199286720
- eISBN:
- 9780191603327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286728.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter performs a static analysis of correspondences between median voter, Parliamentary median, and government preferences by individual government and election. Distortions are widespread but ...
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This chapter performs a static analysis of correspondences between median voter, Parliamentary median, and government preferences by individual government and election. Distortions are widespread but more evident under SMD than PR systems — which are of course designed to produce a ‘necessary’ correspondence between the median voter and the median party in Parliament. However, distortions at each stage (voter-Parliament, Parliament-government) and over time cancel each other out so long-term representational bias is limited.Less
This chapter performs a static analysis of correspondences between median voter, Parliamentary median, and government preferences by individual government and election. Distortions are widespread but more evident under SMD than PR systems — which are of course designed to produce a ‘necessary’ correspondence between the median voter and the median party in Parliament. However, distortions at each stage (voter-Parliament, Parliament-government) and over time cancel each other out so long-term representational bias is limited.
Anthony Rudd
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198752189
- eISBN:
- 9780191695063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198752189.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The book has now followed Søren Kierkegaard's account of the progress through the stages of life. It has also discussed and endorsed its polemic against objectivism. The book is hoping that it has ...
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The book has now followed Søren Kierkegaard's account of the progress through the stages of life. It has also discussed and endorsed its polemic against objectivism. The book is hoping that it has presented clearly that this does not involve a defence of arbitrariness or of the invention of values by each individual and is believing that Kierkegaard has shown his readers a way out of the sterile conflict between this subjectivism and pseudo-scientific objectivism. The book has also followed the argument for ethics and concluded that there is good reason for making particular commitments and for developing relevant virtues. This book overall has been one of criticism and clarification. Ultimately, however, it is only each individual's felt need for meaning that can determine the choices and commitments that he or she will make.Less
The book has now followed Søren Kierkegaard's account of the progress through the stages of life. It has also discussed and endorsed its polemic against objectivism. The book is hoping that it has presented clearly that this does not involve a defence of arbitrariness or of the invention of values by each individual and is believing that Kierkegaard has shown his readers a way out of the sterile conflict between this subjectivism and pseudo-scientific objectivism. The book has also followed the argument for ethics and concluded that there is good reason for making particular commitments and for developing relevant virtues. This book overall has been one of criticism and clarification. Ultimately, however, it is only each individual's felt need for meaning that can determine the choices and commitments that he or she will make.
Christopher Hood, Henry Rothstein, and Robert Baldwin
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199243631
- eISBN:
- 9780191599507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199243638.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Moves away from explaining the comparative statics of risk regulation regimes and explores what happens when regimes are under pressure to change, and, in particular, when they are under presure for ...
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Moves away from explaining the comparative statics of risk regulation regimes and explores what happens when regimes are under pressure to change, and, in particular, when they are under presure for greater openness and transparency. The chapter develops a style‐phase model of staged organizational responses to external pressure for change and compares its predictive value against two competing hypotheses. Examination of the nine case‐study risk regulation regimes reveals that, contrary to the common belief that such pressures are all pervasive, less than half were exposed to substantial pressures of this type. Responses of organizations in the ‘high‐pressure’ regimes were varied, but the overall pattern was consistent with a mixture of an autopoietic and staged‐response hypothesis stressing blame prevention. The chapter presents a hybrid ‘Catherine‐wheel’ model of the observed pattern and concludes by discussing the implications for policy outcomes.Less
Moves away from explaining the comparative statics of risk regulation regimes and explores what happens when regimes are under pressure to change, and, in particular, when they are under presure for greater openness and transparency. The chapter develops a style‐phase model of staged organizational responses to external pressure for change and compares its predictive value against two competing hypotheses. Examination of the nine case‐study risk regulation regimes reveals that, contrary to the common belief that such pressures are all pervasive, less than half were exposed to substantial pressures of this type. Responses of organizations in the ‘high‐pressure’ regimes were varied, but the overall pattern was consistent with a mixture of an autopoietic and staged‐response hypothesis stressing blame prevention. The chapter presents a hybrid ‘Catherine‐wheel’ model of the observed pattern and concludes by discussing the implications for policy outcomes.
Roderick Martin, Peter D. Casson, and Tahir M. Nisar
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199202607
- eISBN:
- 9780191707896
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202607.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
Private equity funds contribute heavily to the performance of the firms in which they invest beyond the provision of capital. Through detailed examination of seven case studies of private equity ...
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Private equity funds contribute heavily to the performance of the firms in which they invest beyond the provision of capital. Through detailed examination of seven case studies of private equity funds and portfolio companies, this chapter shows how private equity funds provide ‘commercial savvy’ and international connections to the companies in which they invest, as well as sector-specific knowledge. The funds may involve themselves in areas traditionally considered as matters of concern to investors, such as corporate strategy, and in matters normally considered the province of managers, such as innovation and employee skill development.Less
Private equity funds contribute heavily to the performance of the firms in which they invest beyond the provision of capital. Through detailed examination of seven case studies of private equity funds and portfolio companies, this chapter shows how private equity funds provide ‘commercial savvy’ and international connections to the companies in which they invest, as well as sector-specific knowledge. The funds may involve themselves in areas traditionally considered as matters of concern to investors, such as corporate strategy, and in matters normally considered the province of managers, such as innovation and employee skill development.
Gil Avnimelech and Morris Teubal
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207183
- eISBN:
- 9780191708886
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207183.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter documents the emergence of the Israeli venture capital (VC) industry. The process is divided into three phases that spread out over three decades and it is also a vital part of Israel's ...
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This chapter documents the emergence of the Israeli venture capital (VC) industry. The process is divided into three phases that spread out over three decades and it is also a vital part of Israel's innovation and technology policy. There was a deliberate policy that targeted VC — besides the importance of bringing in foreign expertise at an early stage, is the importance of designing policy in a way that reassures the existence of a sufficient knowledge base. Moreover, the successful launching of a VC industry hinges on a critical mass of technology-based start-ups for a robust demand side. A truly innovative part in Israel's policy was the inclusion of a mechanism from the very start for the government to withdraw and privatize the venture capital funds.Less
This chapter documents the emergence of the Israeli venture capital (VC) industry. The process is divided into three phases that spread out over three decades and it is also a vital part of Israel's innovation and technology policy. There was a deliberate policy that targeted VC — besides the importance of bringing in foreign expertise at an early stage, is the importance of designing policy in a way that reassures the existence of a sufficient knowledge base. Moreover, the successful launching of a VC industry hinges on a critical mass of technology-based start-ups for a robust demand side. A truly innovative part in Israel's policy was the inclusion of a mechanism from the very start for the government to withdraw and privatize the venture capital funds.
Jerrold I. Davis, Kevin C. Nixon, and Damon P. Little
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297306
- eISBN:
- 9780191713729
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297306.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Software for cladistic analysis has been widely available for more than twenty years, and a series of advances made during this time have facilitated the analysis of matrices of ever-increasing size. ...
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Software for cladistic analysis has been widely available for more than twenty years, and a series of advances made during this time have facilitated the analysis of matrices of ever-increasing size. This chapter provides an overview of the development of parsimony methods for cladistic analysis, describes strategies that have allowed large data matrices to be analysed by conventional methods, and in doing so, demonstrates that data sets historically considered intracable could in fact have been readily approached using then-available hardware and software. Preliminary analyses, even when unsuccessful at discovering most-parsimonious trees, can be used to identify appropriate software settings for use during thorough analyses. A useful indicator of the settings that yield the most efficient searches is the excess branch swapping ratio, which is the ratio between the number of tree rearrangements conducted during a particular phase of branch swapping in which shorter trees are being discovered, and the minimum possible number of rearrangements during this phase. It is concluded that two-stage search strategies, with intensive branch swapping conducted on a small percentage of the most optimal sets of trees obtained by a large number of relatively short searches, are more efficient than one-stage searches.Less
Software for cladistic analysis has been widely available for more than twenty years, and a series of advances made during this time have facilitated the analysis of matrices of ever-increasing size. This chapter provides an overview of the development of parsimony methods for cladistic analysis, describes strategies that have allowed large data matrices to be analysed by conventional methods, and in doing so, demonstrates that data sets historically considered intracable could in fact have been readily approached using then-available hardware and software. Preliminary analyses, even when unsuccessful at discovering most-parsimonious trees, can be used to identify appropriate software settings for use during thorough analyses. A useful indicator of the settings that yield the most efficient searches is the excess branch swapping ratio, which is the ratio between the number of tree rearrangements conducted during a particular phase of branch swapping in which shorter trees are being discovered, and the minimum possible number of rearrangements during this phase. It is concluded that two-stage search strategies, with intensive branch swapping conducted on a small percentage of the most optimal sets of trees obtained by a large number of relatively short searches, are more efficient than one-stage searches.
Andy Rotman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195366150
- eISBN:
- 9780199867882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366150.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
Chapter 6 discusses the aesthetics and erotics of prasāda and how these help to explain the compelling power that prasāda exerts, both in objects and in people, and its apparent naturalism. The ...
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Chapter 6 discusses the aesthetics and erotics of prasāda and how these help to explain the compelling power that prasāda exerts, both in objects and in people, and its apparent naturalism. The seemingly automatic and spontaneous nature of prasāda-initiated giving has important implications for a sociology of prasāda and, perhaps, the politics behind it. The chapter also considers the various connections between giving, karmic status, and social status, and the insights this might offer into the prestige economy of Buddhism. Lastly, the chapter considers the stages of faith in the Buddhist path and how the discourse of prasāda may have been a refuge for the dispossessed.Less
Chapter 6 discusses the aesthetics and erotics of prasāda and how these help to explain the compelling power that prasāda exerts, both in objects and in people, and its apparent naturalism. The seemingly automatic and spontaneous nature of prasāda-initiated giving has important implications for a sociology of prasāda and, perhaps, the politics behind it. The chapter also considers the various connections between giving, karmic status, and social status, and the insights this might offer into the prestige economy of Buddhism. Lastly, the chapter considers the stages of faith in the Buddhist path and how the discourse of prasāda may have been a refuge for the dispossessed.
Philip V. Bohlman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195178326
- eISBN:
- 9780199869992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178326.003.0010
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter employs the metaphors of drama and the stage to bear witness to the vastly varied forms Jewish music had taken on the eve of World War II and the Holocaust. The first stages are those of ...
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This chapter employs the metaphors of drama and the stage to bear witness to the vastly varied forms Jewish music had taken on the eve of World War II and the Holocaust. The first stages are those of popular theater, especially cabarets like the original Budapest Orpheum Society, which mixed styles and genres, and revolutionized European popular music and the music brought by immigrants to North America and used for Yiddish theater and film. By allowing hybridity, the stage also encouraged Jews and non-Jews to cross the cultural borders separating them. The Holocaust radically altered the path of border crossing, however, and the chapter concludes by examining case studies of music in the Holocaust and the concentration camps, especially that of Viktor Ullmann (1898–1944) from the camp at Terezín, which together provide transcendence in the historical drama of European Jewish music.Less
This chapter employs the metaphors of drama and the stage to bear witness to the vastly varied forms Jewish music had taken on the eve of World War II and the Holocaust. The first stages are those of popular theater, especially cabarets like the original Budapest Orpheum Society, which mixed styles and genres, and revolutionized European popular music and the music brought by immigrants to North America and used for Yiddish theater and film. By allowing hybridity, the stage also encouraged Jews and non-Jews to cross the cultural borders separating them. The Holocaust radically altered the path of border crossing, however, and the chapter concludes by examining case studies of music in the Holocaust and the concentration camps, especially that of Viktor Ullmann (1898–1944) from the camp at Terezín, which together provide transcendence in the historical drama of European Jewish music.
Curtis L. Meinert
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742967
- eISBN:
- 9780199897278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742967.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter discusses the stages of a clinical trial. The stage of a trial is different from phase of a trial. The stage is a period within the course of a trial. The phase is a facet of activities ...
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This chapter discusses the stages of a clinical trial. The stage of a trial is different from phase of a trial. The stage is a period within the course of a trial. The phase is a facet of activities in a sequence of activities related to developing and testing a treatment for possible use in human beings. The sojourn times by stage vary depending on the trial. They can be days, weeks, months, or years; months or years in the case of long-term trials. Stages can be seen as two-dimensional arrays with the following activities, overlaid on stages, since they run across stages: training and certification, data collection and processing, monitoring, data analysis, and paper writing.Less
This chapter discusses the stages of a clinical trial. The stage of a trial is different from phase of a trial. The stage is a period within the course of a trial. The phase is a facet of activities in a sequence of activities related to developing and testing a treatment for possible use in human beings. The sojourn times by stage vary depending on the trial. They can be days, weeks, months, or years; months or years in the case of long-term trials. Stages can be seen as two-dimensional arrays with the following activities, overlaid on stages, since they run across stages: training and certification, data collection and processing, monitoring, data analysis, and paper writing.
David Brown
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231836
- eISBN:
- 9780191716201
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231836.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter examines the Church's liturgy. The analysis proceeds in four stages. First, the relevance of the ritual of bodily actions to performance of the liturgy is examined, then liturgical ...
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This chapter examines the Church's liturgy. The analysis proceeds in four stages. First, the relevance of the ritual of bodily actions to performance of the liturgy is examined, then liturgical clothing as one small example of the complexity of the issues involved. The next section focuses on architecture and the relevance of such staging. The final section discusses liturgical change and the preservation of mystery.Less
This chapter examines the Church's liturgy. The analysis proceeds in four stages. First, the relevance of the ritual of bodily actions to performance of the liturgy is examined, then liturgical clothing as one small example of the complexity of the issues involved. The next section focuses on architecture and the relevance of such staging. The final section discusses liturgical change and the preservation of mystery.
