OSAMU HONMOU and WISE YOUNG
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195082937
- eISBN:
- 9780199865802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195082937.003.0025
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses the mechanisms of axonal loss and dysfunction in spinal cord injury. It focuses on the primary causes of axonal injury, the subsequent extracellular ionic derangements that ...
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This chapter discusses the mechanisms of axonal loss and dysfunction in spinal cord injury. It focuses on the primary causes of axonal injury, the subsequent extracellular ionic derangements that occur at the injury site, and neurotransmitter-mediated secondary injury mechanisms.Less
This chapter discusses the mechanisms of axonal loss and dysfunction in spinal cord injury. It focuses on the primary causes of axonal injury, the subsequent extracellular ionic derangements that occur at the injury site, and neurotransmitter-mediated secondary injury mechanisms.
Gerta Vrbová and Urszula Sławin´ska
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199746507
- eISBN:
- 9780199918768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746507.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Disorders of the Nervous System
At the Summer School for Biological Treatment of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury, held in Vienna in October 2008, some approaches tested on patients, based on experimental work on animals to encourage ...
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At the Summer School for Biological Treatment of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury, held in Vienna in October 2008, some approaches tested on patients, based on experimental work on animals to encourage regeneration of axons in the central nervous system, were discussed. These included problems of overcoming the effect of the unfavorable environment of the injured spinal cord on axon regeneration; helping regeneration by implantation of various cell populations; and bypassing the unfavorable environment of the spinal cord by grafts of peripheral nerves. This chapter summarizes experimental results that led to these trials on patients.Less
At the Summer School for Biological Treatment of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury, held in Vienna in October 2008, some approaches tested on patients, based on experimental work on animals to encourage regeneration of axons in the central nervous system, were discussed. These included problems of overcoming the effect of the unfavorable environment of the injured spinal cord on axon regeneration; helping regeneration by implantation of various cell populations; and bypassing the unfavorable environment of the spinal cord by grafts of peripheral nerves. This chapter summarizes experimental results that led to these trials on patients.
Gerta Vrbová, Urszula Sławin´ska, and Henryk Majczyn´ski
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199746507
- eISBN:
- 9780199918768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746507.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter presents animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) and discusses how an understanding of the mechanisms responsible for producing the locomotor pattern, rhythmic limb movements ...
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This chapter presents animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) and discusses how an understanding of the mechanisms responsible for producing the locomotor pattern, rhythmic limb movements associated with locomotion, is useful for the development of interventions to repair the damaged spinal cord. It reviews the work performed in cat and rat models of SCI describing the contributions of supraspinal, spinal, and peripheral neural circuitry to the generation of spinal motor output, organized to perform functional standing and stepping movements. The review includes models of complete transaction, selective focal lesions, and generalized diffuse injury, and covers the effects of a wide array of ablative and pharmacological manipulations. Finally, the chapter considers what is known about the different neurotransmitter systems at work in the spinal neural circuitry and how they are impacted by SCI.Less
This chapter presents animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) and discusses how an understanding of the mechanisms responsible for producing the locomotor pattern, rhythmic limb movements associated with locomotion, is useful for the development of interventions to repair the damaged spinal cord. It reviews the work performed in cat and rat models of SCI describing the contributions of supraspinal, spinal, and peripheral neural circuitry to the generation of spinal motor output, organized to perform functional standing and stepping movements. The review includes models of complete transaction, selective focal lesions, and generalized diffuse injury, and covers the effects of a wide array of ablative and pharmacological manipulations. Finally, the chapter considers what is known about the different neurotransmitter systems at work in the spinal neural circuitry and how they are impacted by SCI.
Karen Minassian, Ursula Hofstoetter, and Frank Rattay
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199746507
- eISBN:
- 9780199918768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746507.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Disorders of the Nervous System
A method for transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation that can be used for noninvasive investigations of lumbar neural circuits' function in human subjects was recently developed. The same technique ...
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A method for transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation that can be used for noninvasive investigations of lumbar neural circuits' function in human subjects was recently developed. The same technique can be applied as a neuroaugmentative method for the control of spinal spasticity and the enhancement of the neural control of locomotion after spinal cord injury. This chapter describes this novel method for the stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord in humans. By elaborating the underlying biophysical principles, it identifies sensory fibers within the posterior roots as the directly stimulated neural structures. The electrophysiology of muscle responses to the electrical stimuli, referred to as “posterior root-muscle reflexes”, is addressed, and their similarity to the soleus Hoffmann reflex is discussed. The potential of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation to modulate the central state of excitability of lumbar cord circuits, when the stimulation mode is changed from the application of single pulses to trains of stimuli, is illustrated on the basis of two cases.Less
A method for transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation that can be used for noninvasive investigations of lumbar neural circuits' function in human subjects was recently developed. The same technique can be applied as a neuroaugmentative method for the control of spinal spasticity and the enhancement of the neural control of locomotion after spinal cord injury. This chapter describes this novel method for the stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord in humans. By elaborating the underlying biophysical principles, it identifies sensory fibers within the posterior roots as the directly stimulated neural structures. The electrophysiology of muscle responses to the electrical stimuli, referred to as “posterior root-muscle reflexes”, is addressed, and their similarity to the soleus Hoffmann reflex is discussed. The potential of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation to modulate the central state of excitability of lumbar cord circuits, when the stimulation mode is changed from the application of single pulses to trains of stimuli, is illustrated on the basis of two cases.
MILAN R. DIMITRIJEVIC
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195082937
- eISBN:
- 9780199865802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195082937.003.0034
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter begins by describing the features of segmental reflex activities in patients with chronic and clinically complete spinal cord injury. It then presents evidence that some of those ...
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This chapter begins by describing the features of segmental reflex activities in patients with chronic and clinically complete spinal cord injury. It then presents evidence that some of those features result from residual descending brain influence. Evidence is offered that such residual central nervous system (CNS) axons can mediate volitionally induced generalized and localized facilitation and suppression of motor units in clinically paralyzed muscles. Finally, the chapter discusses clinical and neurophysiological observations about the late recovery of CNS axonal function.Less
This chapter begins by describing the features of segmental reflex activities in patients with chronic and clinically complete spinal cord injury. It then presents evidence that some of those features result from residual descending brain influence. Evidence is offered that such residual central nervous system (CNS) axons can mediate volitionally induced generalized and localized facilitation and suppression of motor units in clinically paralyzed muscles. Finally, the chapter discusses clinical and neurophysiological observations about the late recovery of CNS axonal function.
Brian J. Cummings, Mitra J. Hooshmand, Desirée L. Salazar, and Aileen J. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195369007
- eISBN:
- 9780199865253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369007.003.0015
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating and devastating condition that affects approximately 11,000 new people in the United States each year. Understanding of the pathophysiology and potential ...
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Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating and devastating condition that affects approximately 11,000 new people in the United States each year. Understanding of the pathophysiology and potential points of therapeutic intervention for human SCI has been shaped strongly by the results of studies performed in laboratory animals. This chapter discusses multiple targets for therapeutic interventions focusing on cell transplantation approaches, discusses the application of multiple cells types in SCI models, and considers how cell-intrinsic properties as well as exogenous factors in the host microenvironment may influence the ability of various cell populations to survive, differentiate, and promote locomotor recovery following SCI. Studies conducted on transplanting human central nervous system-derived neural stem cells (HuCNS-SCs) at selected time points along the acute to chronic continuum are described, demonstrating that, depending on timing, HuCNS-SCs have the ability to promote locomotor recovery and that the microenvironment influences cell fate.Less
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating and devastating condition that affects approximately 11,000 new people in the United States each year. Understanding of the pathophysiology and potential points of therapeutic intervention for human SCI has been shaped strongly by the results of studies performed in laboratory animals. This chapter discusses multiple targets for therapeutic interventions focusing on cell transplantation approaches, discusses the application of multiple cells types in SCI models, and considers how cell-intrinsic properties as well as exogenous factors in the host microenvironment may influence the ability of various cell populations to survive, differentiate, and promote locomotor recovery following SCI. Studies conducted on transplanting human central nervous system-derived neural stem cells (HuCNS-SCs) at selected time points along the acute to chronic continuum are described, demonstrating that, depending on timing, HuCNS-SCs have the ability to promote locomotor recovery and that the microenvironment influences cell fate.
Vedran Deletis, Francesco Sala, and Paolo Costa
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199746507
- eISBN:
- 9780199918768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746507.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter describes methods used for the intraoperative neurophysiological assessment of spinal cord function, including the epidural, scalp, and electromyographic recording methods, to evaluate ...
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This chapter describes methods used for the intraoperative neurophysiological assessment of spinal cord function, including the epidural, scalp, and electromyographic recording methods, to evaluate ascending and descending long-tract conduction. It reviews the neurophysiological, killed-end potential that indicates the site of traumatic injury and markers that have been established as indicators of transient and permanent surgically induced loss of function.Less
This chapter describes methods used for the intraoperative neurophysiological assessment of spinal cord function, including the epidural, scalp, and electromyographic recording methods, to evaluate ascending and descending long-tract conduction. It reviews the neurophysiological, killed-end potential that indicates the site of traumatic injury and markers that have been established as indicators of transient and permanent surgically induced loss of function.
Wise Young
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192617873
- eISBN:
- 9780191724312
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192617873.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Clinical and laboratory approaches to spinal cord injury maintain the traditional pessimism first expressed in the Edwin Smith Papyrus, which regarded the possibility of recovery from spinal cord ...
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Clinical and laboratory approaches to spinal cord injury maintain the traditional pessimism first expressed in the Edwin Smith Papyrus, which regarded the possibility of recovery from spinal cord injury as being so remote that it recommended letting spinal-injured warriors die. For example, most clinical categorizations of spinal injury segregate patients into two distinct groups: ‘complete’ and ‘incomplete’. The former are assumed not to recover. Medical care focuses on preservation and protection of peripheral organs, while surgical procedures continue to be oriented towards the stabilization of spinal fractures and the prevention of further spinal cord injury. Rehabilitative care of the spinal-injured emphasizes making the best use of residual function.Less
Clinical and laboratory approaches to spinal cord injury maintain the traditional pessimism first expressed in the Edwin Smith Papyrus, which regarded the possibility of recovery from spinal cord injury as being so remote that it recommended letting spinal-injured warriors die. For example, most clinical categorizations of spinal injury segregate patients into two distinct groups: ‘complete’ and ‘incomplete’. The former are assumed not to recover. Medical care focuses on preservation and protection of peripheral organs, while surgical procedures continue to be oriented towards the stabilization of spinal fractures and the prevention of further spinal cord injury. Rehabilitative care of the spinal-injured emphasizes making the best use of residual function.
A. D. (Bud) Craig
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156767
- eISBN:
- 9781400852727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156767.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Neurobiology
This chapter describes the functional and anatomical characteristics of interoceptive processing at the levels of the primary sensory fiber and the spinal cord. The association of the spinothalamic ...
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This chapter describes the functional and anatomical characteristics of interoceptive processing at the levels of the primary sensory fiber and the spinal cord. The association of the spinothalamic pathway with pain and temperature had already been described in textbooks for years. The clinical evidence indicated that a knife cut that severed the spinal cord on one side produced a loss of pain and temperature sensations only on the opposite (contralateral) side of the body, as tested with pinprick and a cold brass rod, combined with the loss of discriminative touch sensation and skeletal motor function on the same (ipsilateral) side as the injury to the spinal cord. The anatomical basis for this dissociated pattern of sensory loss is the distinctness of the two ascending somatosensory pathways to the brain-discriminative touch sensation in the uncrossed (ipsilateral) dorsal column pathway, and pain and temperature sensations in the crossed (contralateral) spinothalamic pathway.Less
This chapter describes the functional and anatomical characteristics of interoceptive processing at the levels of the primary sensory fiber and the spinal cord. The association of the spinothalamic pathway with pain and temperature had already been described in textbooks for years. The clinical evidence indicated that a knife cut that severed the spinal cord on one side produced a loss of pain and temperature sensations only on the opposite (contralateral) side of the body, as tested with pinprick and a cold brass rod, combined with the loss of discriminative touch sensation and skeletal motor function on the same (ipsilateral) side as the injury to the spinal cord. The anatomical basis for this dissociated pattern of sensory loss is the distinctness of the two ascending somatosensory pathways to the brain-discriminative touch sensation in the uncrossed (ipsilateral) dorsal column pathway, and pain and temperature sensations in the crossed (contralateral) spinothalamic pathway.
William C. de Groat
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195306637
- eISBN:
- 9780199894130
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306637.003.0019
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
Storage and elimination of urine is dependent upon the coordinated activity of two functional units in the lower urinary tract: (1) the urinary bladder and (2) the urethra. These structures are in ...
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Storage and elimination of urine is dependent upon the coordinated activity of two functional units in the lower urinary tract: (1) the urinary bladder and (2) the urethra. These structures are in turn controlled by three sets of peripheral nerves and complex neural circuitry in the brain and spinal cord. Micturition is an unusual visceral function because it is controlled by involuntary (reflex) mechanisms in neonates but is regulated voluntarily in adults. This distinguishes micturition from most other visceral functions, which are under involuntary control. This chapter discusses the organization of the neural pathways involved in reflex and voluntary control of micturition, including the anatomy, electrophysiology and pharmacology of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission. Pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the development of lower urinary tract dysfunction in neurological diseases or after neural injury are also discussed.Less
Storage and elimination of urine is dependent upon the coordinated activity of two functional units in the lower urinary tract: (1) the urinary bladder and (2) the urethra. These structures are in turn controlled by three sets of peripheral nerves and complex neural circuitry in the brain and spinal cord. Micturition is an unusual visceral function because it is controlled by involuntary (reflex) mechanisms in neonates but is regulated voluntarily in adults. This distinguishes micturition from most other visceral functions, which are under involuntary control. This chapter discusses the organization of the neural pathways involved in reflex and voluntary control of micturition, including the anatomy, electrophysiology and pharmacology of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission. Pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the development of lower urinary tract dysfunction in neurological diseases or after neural injury are also discussed.
Keith Tansey, Meta M Dimitrijevic, Winfried Mayr, Manfred Bijak, and Milan R Dimitrijevic
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199746507
- eISBN:
- 9780199918768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746507.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses how established procedures using physiotherapy, neuromuscular and peripheral nerve stimulation, and spinal cord stimulation can be used as restorative procedures. It describes ...
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This chapter discusses how established procedures using physiotherapy, neuromuscular and peripheral nerve stimulation, and spinal cord stimulation can be used as restorative procedures. It describes how the same restorative neurological procedures can be used to assess motor control. It also presents the intrathecal application of Baclofen and intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin (Botox) as examples of interventions that do not take advantage of residual motor control but rather suppress it. Briefly, it describes how clinical restorative neurological treatment can best be practiced in medical centers where multidiscipline programs exist.Less
This chapter discusses how established procedures using physiotherapy, neuromuscular and peripheral nerve stimulation, and spinal cord stimulation can be used as restorative procedures. It describes how the same restorative neurological procedures can be used to assess motor control. It also presents the intrathecal application of Baclofen and intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin (Botox) as examples of interventions that do not take advantage of residual motor control but rather suppress it. Briefly, it describes how clinical restorative neurological treatment can best be practiced in medical centers where multidiscipline programs exist.
Gordon M. Shepherd
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391503
- eISBN:
- 9780199863464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391503.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience
In the 1950s, the microelectrode opened the door not only to understanding the properties of the individual nerve cell, but also to how they are connected; how they “talk” to each other. Two ...
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In the 1950s, the microelectrode opened the door not only to understanding the properties of the individual nerve cell, but also to how they are connected; how they “talk” to each other. Two philosophies emerged. One was to aim at working out connections in order to build up the circuits responsible for the responses of the cells. The other approach was to record and characterize the responses of the cells to physiological stimuli, to show what the brain does, and to leave to future work identifying the circuits involved. Both philosophies arose in the 1950s and produced dramatic results that shaped all subsequent studies of the physiology of the central nervous system. This chapter considers the spinal cord, retina, and invertebrate systems.Less
In the 1950s, the microelectrode opened the door not only to understanding the properties of the individual nerve cell, but also to how they are connected; how they “talk” to each other. Two philosophies emerged. One was to aim at working out connections in order to build up the circuits responsible for the responses of the cells. The other approach was to record and characterize the responses of the cells to physiological stimuli, to show what the brain does, and to leave to future work identifying the circuits involved. Both philosophies arose in the 1950s and produced dramatic results that shaped all subsequent studies of the physiology of the central nervous system. This chapter considers the spinal cord, retina, and invertebrate systems.
Thomas M. Jessell and Andrew Lumsden
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195111668
- eISBN:
- 9780199865833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111668.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
Recent studies of the molecular mechanisms that control the identity and pattern of neural cell types generated in vertebrate embryos have focused on three main issues: (i) defining the source and ...
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Recent studies of the molecular mechanisms that control the identity and pattern of neural cell types generated in vertebrate embryos have focused on three main issues: (i) defining the source and identity of signals controlling the fate of nearby cells; (ii) defining cell-intrinsic factors that commit neural cells to specific fates; and (iii) determining how intrinsic regulatory proteins direct the expression of the sensory machinery required in and on the growth cone for recognition of local guidance cues. This chapter focuses on the patterning mechanisms implicated in the generation of distinct cell types at caudal levels of the neural tubes that give rise to the segmentally organized structure of the spinal cord and hind brain.Less
Recent studies of the molecular mechanisms that control the identity and pattern of neural cell types generated in vertebrate embryos have focused on three main issues: (i) defining the source and identity of signals controlling the fate of nearby cells; (ii) defining cell-intrinsic factors that commit neural cells to specific fates; and (iii) determining how intrinsic regulatory proteins direct the expression of the sensory machinery required in and on the growth cone for recognition of local guidance cues. This chapter focuses on the patterning mechanisms implicated in the generation of distinct cell types at caudal levels of the neural tubes that give rise to the segmentally organized structure of the spinal cord and hind brain.
L. S. Illis (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192617873
- eISBN:
- 9780191724312
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192617873.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This is the second in a series of books dealing with the enormous clinical problem of spinal-cord dysfunction. Volume I discussed assessment; this book focuses on intervention. There are three main ...
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This is the second in a series of books dealing with the enormous clinical problem of spinal-cord dysfunction. Volume I discussed assessment; this book focuses on intervention. There are three main approaches to the restoration of function after damage to the spinal cord: the prevention of secondary pathological events; the identification of impaired or absent functions in nerve cells and processes that survive the initial insult; and restoration of severed neuronal connections. This book addresses the first two of these approaches. It contains a discussion of the arguments about early decompression of the spinal cord following injury, therapy of acute spinal injury, and the effects of early treatment and local cooling on spinal-cord blood flow. The management of specific problems associated with spinal-cord dysfunction is addressed; these problems include cardiovascular abnormalities due to autonomic dysfunction, bladder control, pain, and sexual function. Current procedures of rehabilitation (particularly the management of chronic problems and the treatment of complications) are summarized, and ideas on motor control and learning are discussed.Less
This is the second in a series of books dealing with the enormous clinical problem of spinal-cord dysfunction. Volume I discussed assessment; this book focuses on intervention. There are three main approaches to the restoration of function after damage to the spinal cord: the prevention of secondary pathological events; the identification of impaired or absent functions in nerve cells and processes that survive the initial insult; and restoration of severed neuronal connections. This book addresses the first two of these approaches. It contains a discussion of the arguments about early decompression of the spinal cord following injury, therapy of acute spinal injury, and the effects of early treatment and local cooling on spinal-cord blood flow. The management of specific problems associated with spinal-cord dysfunction is addressed; these problems include cardiovascular abnormalities due to autonomic dysfunction, bladder control, pain, and sexual function. Current procedures of rehabilitation (particularly the management of chronic problems and the treatment of complications) are summarized, and ideas on motor control and learning are discussed.
Milan R. Dimitrijevic, Byron A. Kakulas, W. Barry McKay, and Gerta Vrbova (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199746507
- eISBN:
- 9780199918768
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746507.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Disorders of the Nervous System
Following injury or disease, neural circuitry can be altered to varying degrees leading to highly individualized characteristics that may or may not resemble original function. In addition, lost or ...
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Following injury or disease, neural circuitry can be altered to varying degrees leading to highly individualized characteristics that may or may not resemble original function. In addition, lost or partially damaged circuits and the effects of biological recovery processes coupled with learned compensatory strategies create a new neuroanatomy with capabilities that are often not functional or may interfere with daily life. To date, the majority of approaches used to treat neurological dysfunction have focused on the replacement of lost or damaged function, usually through the suppression of surviving neural activity and the application of mechanical assistive devices. This book offers a different and novel approach. Focusing on the spinal cord and its role in motor control, it details the clinical and neurophysiological assessment process and methods developed throughout the past half century by basic and clinical scientists. Then, through the use of specialized clinical and neurophysiological testing methods, conduction and processing performed within the surviving neural circuitry is examined and characterized in detail. Based on the results of such assessment, treatment strategies, also described in this book, are applied to augment, rather than replace, the performance of surviving neural circuitry and improve the functional capacity of people who have experienced injury to their spinal cords.Less
Following injury or disease, neural circuitry can be altered to varying degrees leading to highly individualized characteristics that may or may not resemble original function. In addition, lost or partially damaged circuits and the effects of biological recovery processes coupled with learned compensatory strategies create a new neuroanatomy with capabilities that are often not functional or may interfere with daily life. To date, the majority of approaches used to treat neurological dysfunction have focused on the replacement of lost or damaged function, usually through the suppression of surviving neural activity and the application of mechanical assistive devices. This book offers a different and novel approach. Focusing on the spinal cord and its role in motor control, it details the clinical and neurophysiological assessment process and methods developed throughout the past half century by basic and clinical scientists. Then, through the use of specialized clinical and neurophysiological testing methods, conduction and processing performed within the surviving neural circuitry is examined and characterized in detail. Based on the results of such assessment, treatment strategies, also described in this book, are applied to augment, rather than replace, the performance of surviving neural circuitry and improve the functional capacity of people who have experienced injury to their spinal cords.
Ida J. Llewellyn-Smith
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195306637
- eISBN:
- 9780199894130
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306637.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the lateral horn of the spinal cord are the source of sympathetic outflow to the periphery and the final site for integration of information that arises from ...
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Sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the lateral horn of the spinal cord are the source of sympathetic outflow to the periphery and the final site for integration of information that arises from central sympathetic premotor neurons. This chapter summarizes knowledge about sympathetic preganglionic neurons that has accumulated over the past twenty years. The first part of the chapter deals with the sympathetic preganglionic neurons themselves, describing their locations, morphologies, neurochemical phenotypes and electrophysiological properties. The second part of the chapter covers the neuronal circuitry that influences the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurons, including the origin and neurotransmitter content of the synaptic inputs that these neurons receive. The chapter also highlights some of the questions that require answers in order to achieve a better understanding of how this important group of neurons contributes to the control of autonomic function.Less
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the lateral horn of the spinal cord are the source of sympathetic outflow to the periphery and the final site for integration of information that arises from central sympathetic premotor neurons. This chapter summarizes knowledge about sympathetic preganglionic neurons that has accumulated over the past twenty years. The first part of the chapter deals with the sympathetic preganglionic neurons themselves, describing their locations, morphologies, neurochemical phenotypes and electrophysiological properties. The second part of the chapter covers the neuronal circuitry that influences the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurons, including the origin and neurotransmitter content of the synaptic inputs that these neurons receive. The chapter also highlights some of the questions that require answers in order to achieve a better understanding of how this important group of neurons contributes to the control of autonomic function.
Mark L. Latash
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195333169
- eISBN:
- 9780199864195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333169.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Techniques
The seventh part of this book deals with possible neurophysiological mechanisms involved in motor synergies. It starts with a discussion of the structure-function controversy in neurophysiology. ...
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The seventh part of this book deals with possible neurophysiological mechanisms involved in motor synergies. It starts with a discussion of the structure-function controversy in neurophysiology. Then, it presents reviews of the literature on the role in synergy formation of different structures within the central nervous system such as the spinal cord, the cerebellum, the basal ganglia, and the cortex of the large hemispheres. The review covers animal studies, studies of patients with different neurological disorders, and studies of healthy persons. Studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation are reviewed with respect to the equilibrium-point hypothesis of movement control. Relations between neuronal population vectors and performance variables are discussed. There is one more Digression in this part addressing the issue of localization of functions within brain structures.Less
The seventh part of this book deals with possible neurophysiological mechanisms involved in motor synergies. It starts with a discussion of the structure-function controversy in neurophysiology. Then, it presents reviews of the literature on the role in synergy formation of different structures within the central nervous system such as the spinal cord, the cerebellum, the basal ganglia, and the cortex of the large hemispheres. The review covers animal studies, studies of patients with different neurological disorders, and studies of healthy persons. Studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation are reviewed with respect to the equilibrium-point hypothesis of movement control. Relations between neuronal population vectors and performance variables are discussed. There is one more Digression in this part addressing the issue of localization of functions within brain structures.
Lorene M. Nelson, Caroline M. Tanner, Stephen K. Van Den Eeden, and Valerie M. McGuire
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195133790
- eISBN:
- 9780199863730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133790.003.10
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Up to 50% of all trauma deaths in the United States involve significant injury to the brain or spinal cord. This chapter highlights the public health significance of traumatic brain and spinal cord ...
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Up to 50% of all trauma deaths in the United States involve significant injury to the brain or spinal cord. This chapter highlights the public health significance of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury and examines methodological issues in studies of the epidemiology of these injuries. It addresses methodological challenges in epidemiologic and clinical studies of brain and spinal cord injury, including difficulties in case ascertainment, differing approaches to brain injury classification, and measurement issues in brain injury severity and outcome scales. The chapter summarizes scientific literature addressing demographic and lifestyle risk factors for brain injury including age, sex, and alcohol consumption. External causes of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury are also discussed, including transportation-related injuries and increasingly recognized sports-related brain injuries.Less
Up to 50% of all trauma deaths in the United States involve significant injury to the brain or spinal cord. This chapter highlights the public health significance of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury and examines methodological issues in studies of the epidemiology of these injuries. It addresses methodological challenges in epidemiologic and clinical studies of brain and spinal cord injury, including difficulties in case ascertainment, differing approaches to brain injury classification, and measurement issues in brain injury severity and outcome scales. The chapter summarizes scientific literature addressing demographic and lifestyle risk factors for brain injury including age, sex, and alcohol consumption. External causes of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury are also discussed, including transportation-related injuries and increasingly recognized sports-related brain injuries.
Min Zhuo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195326697
- eISBN:
- 9780199864874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326697.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
Understanding the neurobiology of sensory synapses in the central nervous system provides us with basic knowledge of physiological and pathological pain, and has the potential to reveal possible drug ...
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Understanding the neurobiology of sensory synapses in the central nervous system provides us with basic knowledge of physiological and pathological pain, and has the potential to reveal possible drug targets for treating chronic pain. Pain-related synapses are found not only in the spinal cord dorsal horn, but also in many cortical areas. More importantly, recent evidence suggests that injury causing chronic pain also triggers long-term plastic changes in sensory synapses, including those in the spinal dorsal horn and frontal cortex. Changes in synaptic plasticity are not just limited in excitatory glutamatergic synapses but are also found in inhibitory synapses. This chapter reviews recent progress in these areas, in particular, integrative physiological investigations of chronic pain. Pain can be divided into two groups: physiological pain and pathological pain. This chapter also discusses peripheral nerves and dorsal root ganglion cells, plastic molecular targets for chronic pain, long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex, synaptic transmission at the spinal cord dorsal horn, and the role of cortical regions in pain perception.Less
Understanding the neurobiology of sensory synapses in the central nervous system provides us with basic knowledge of physiological and pathological pain, and has the potential to reveal possible drug targets for treating chronic pain. Pain-related synapses are found not only in the spinal cord dorsal horn, but also in many cortical areas. More importantly, recent evidence suggests that injury causing chronic pain also triggers long-term plastic changes in sensory synapses, including those in the spinal dorsal horn and frontal cortex. Changes in synaptic plasticity are not just limited in excitatory glutamatergic synapses but are also found in inhibitory synapses. This chapter reviews recent progress in these areas, in particular, integrative physiological investigations of chronic pain. Pain can be divided into two groups: physiological pain and pathological pain. This chapter also discusses peripheral nerves and dorsal root ganglion cells, plastic molecular targets for chronic pain, long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex, synaptic transmission at the spinal cord dorsal horn, and the role of cortical regions in pain perception.
Milan R Dimitrijevic, Byron A Kakulas, W. Barry McKay, and Gerta Vrbová
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199746507
- eISBN:
- 9780199918768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746507.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter evaluates the significance of considering residual neural function at the subclinical level in clinical practice to enhance the control of movement after spinal cord injury. Existing ...
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This chapter evaluates the significance of considering residual neural function at the subclinical level in clinical practice to enhance the control of movement after spinal cord injury. Existing methods that reveal residual motor control along with knowledge of motor control generated by healthy, non-injured individuals and the changes that occur with spinal cord injury, described in this book, allow us not only to use this information to refine the diagnosis, but also to guide the restoration of movement in injured individuals. This, together with advances in the availability of sophisticated electronic devices, will make us able to affect externally the excitability of structures within the central nervous system, including those in the spinal cord, thus opening new avenues for reestablishing function.Less
This chapter evaluates the significance of considering residual neural function at the subclinical level in clinical practice to enhance the control of movement after spinal cord injury. Existing methods that reveal residual motor control along with knowledge of motor control generated by healthy, non-injured individuals and the changes that occur with spinal cord injury, described in this book, allow us not only to use this information to refine the diagnosis, but also to guide the restoration of movement in injured individuals. This, together with advances in the availability of sophisticated electronic devices, will make us able to affect externally the excitability of structures within the central nervous system, including those in the spinal cord, thus opening new avenues for reestablishing function.
