Con Coroneos
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198187363
- eISBN:
- 9780191674716
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187363.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism, European Literature
Recent literary and cultural criticism has taken a spatial turn. This book locates this development within the opposition between a space of things and a space of words, tracing various aspects of ...
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Recent literary and cultural criticism has taken a spatial turn. This book locates this development within the opposition between a space of things and a space of words, tracing various aspects of its emergence from the geopolitical idea of ‘closed space’ which developed in the early 20th century to the influence of Saussurean linguistics in contemporary criticism and theory. The focus of the study is the work of Joseph Conrad, in whom the opposition between a space of words and a space of things is strikingly figured. Part I deals with several versions of closed space to raise questions about the relations between geography, language, and interpretation. Part II deals with the agitation around finitude and the limit, and the desperate attempt to discover in the resources of language a means of liberation. Through these ideas the book explores some of the more disreputable, marginal, or unglimpsed elements in modernism — including the rise of spy fiction, anarchist geography, the spiritualist movement, the invention of artificial languages, the history of laughter, and solar energy. Among the figures drawn into dialogue with Conrad are John Buchan, Woolf, Joyce, Peter Kropotkin, René de Saussure (brother of the famous Ferdinand), Henri Bergson, the filmmakers George Méliès and Carol Reed and, in particular, Michel Foucault — this ‘nouvelle cartographe’ as Gilles Deleuze described him — whose anxious negotiation with spatial ideas touches the book's deepest understanding.Less
Recent literary and cultural criticism has taken a spatial turn. This book locates this development within the opposition between a space of things and a space of words, tracing various aspects of its emergence from the geopolitical idea of ‘closed space’ which developed in the early 20th century to the influence of Saussurean linguistics in contemporary criticism and theory. The focus of the study is the work of Joseph Conrad, in whom the opposition between a space of words and a space of things is strikingly figured. Part I deals with several versions of closed space to raise questions about the relations between geography, language, and interpretation. Part II deals with the agitation around finitude and the limit, and the desperate attempt to discover in the resources of language a means of liberation. Through these ideas the book explores some of the more disreputable, marginal, or unglimpsed elements in modernism — including the rise of spy fiction, anarchist geography, the spiritualist movement, the invention of artificial languages, the history of laughter, and solar energy. Among the figures drawn into dialogue with Conrad are John Buchan, Woolf, Joyce, Peter Kropotkin, René de Saussure (brother of the famous Ferdinand), Henri Bergson, the filmmakers George Méliès and Carol Reed and, in particular, Michel Foucault — this ‘nouvelle cartographe’ as Gilles Deleuze described him — whose anxious negotiation with spatial ideas touches the book's deepest understanding.
Giancarlo Casale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377828
- eISBN:
- 9780199775699
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
In 1517, the Ottoman Sultan Selim nullthe Grimnull conquered Egypt and brought his empire for the first time in history into direct contact with the trading world of the Indian Ocean. During the ...
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In 1517, the Ottoman Sultan Selim nullthe Grimnull conquered Egypt and brought his empire for the first time in history into direct contact with the trading world of the Indian Ocean. During the decades that followed, the Ottomans became progressively more engaged in the affairs of this vast and previously unfamiliar region, eventually to the point of launching a systematic ideological, military, and commercial challenge to the Portuguese Empire, their main rival for control of the lucrative trade routes of maritime Asia. This study is the first comprehensive historical account of this century-long struggle for global dominance, a struggle that raged from the shores of the Mediterranean to the Straits of Malacca, and from the interior of Africa to the steppes of Central Asia. Based on extensive research in the archives of Turkey and Portugal, as well as materials written on three continents and in half a dozen languages, it presents an unprecedented picture of the global reach of the Ottoman state during the 16th century. It does so through a dramatic recounting of the lives of sultans and viziers, spies, corsairs, soldiers-of-fortune, and women from the imperial harem. Challenging traditional narratives of Western dominance, it argues that the Ottomans were not only active participants in the Age of Exploration, but ultimately bested the Portuguese in the game of global politics by using sea power, dynastic prestige, and commercial savoir faire to create their own imperial dominion throughout the Indian Ocean.Less
In 1517, the Ottoman Sultan Selim nullthe Grimnull conquered Egypt and brought his empire for the first time in history into direct contact with the trading world of the Indian Ocean. During the decades that followed, the Ottomans became progressively more engaged in the affairs of this vast and previously unfamiliar region, eventually to the point of launching a systematic ideological, military, and commercial challenge to the Portuguese Empire, their main rival for control of the lucrative trade routes of maritime Asia. This study is the first comprehensive historical account of this century-long struggle for global dominance, a struggle that raged from the shores of the Mediterranean to the Straits of Malacca, and from the interior of Africa to the steppes of Central Asia. Based on extensive research in the archives of Turkey and Portugal, as well as materials written on three continents and in half a dozen languages, it presents an unprecedented picture of the global reach of the Ottoman state during the 16th century. It does so through a dramatic recounting of the lives of sultans and viziers, spies, corsairs, soldiers-of-fortune, and women from the imperial harem. Challenging traditional narratives of Western dominance, it argues that the Ottomans were not only active participants in the Age of Exploration, but ultimately bested the Portuguese in the game of global politics by using sea power, dynastic prestige, and commercial savoir faire to create their own imperial dominion throughout the Indian Ocean.
Peter Brooks
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151588
- eISBN:
- 9781400839698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151588.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter examines the case of an impostor. Within the general plot of disguise and misprision there may be a special place for the impostor, the willful trickster who would have others believe he ...
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This chapter examines the case of an impostor. Within the general plot of disguise and misprision there may be a special place for the impostor, the willful trickster who would have others believe he or she is another. The version of the impostor most familiar in the popular imagination may be the spy, especially the double agent. The spy offers a version of one's worst fears about the instability of one's self, one's proteanism as a certain hollowness. Meanwhile, psychoanalyst Helene Deutsch became interested in what she called “as-if” personalities who only tentatively inhabit one identity. Ultimately, imposture allows one to live out a life according to one's fantasies without attributing this life to one's self, since one knows one's “true” identity is not up to the fantasy.Less
This chapter examines the case of an impostor. Within the general plot of disguise and misprision there may be a special place for the impostor, the willful trickster who would have others believe he or she is another. The version of the impostor most familiar in the popular imagination may be the spy, especially the double agent. The spy offers a version of one's worst fears about the instability of one's self, one's proteanism as a certain hollowness. Meanwhile, psychoanalyst Helene Deutsch became interested in what she called “as-if” personalities who only tentatively inhabit one identity. Ultimately, imposture allows one to live out a life according to one's fantasies without attributing this life to one's self, since one knows one's “true” identity is not up to the fantasy.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This book focuses on answering a misleadingly simple question: in terms of ordinary lives what kind of a war was the English civil war? Eschewing descriptions of specific battles or analyses of ...
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This book focuses on answering a misleadingly simple question: in terms of ordinary lives what kind of a war was the English civil war? Eschewing descriptions of specific battles or analyses of political and religious developments, the book examines the ‘texture’ of war, addressing questions such as what did Englishmen and women believe about war and know about its practice before 1642? What were the conditions in which a soldier fought — for example, how efficient was his musket (not very), and how did he know where he was going (much depended on the reliability of scouts and spies)? What were the rules that were supposed to govern conduct in war, and how were they enforced (by a combination of professional peer pressure and severe but discretionary army discipline and courts martial)? What were the officers and men of the armies like, and how well did they fight? The book deals even-handedly with royalists and parliamentarians, examining how much they had in common, as well as discussing the points on which they differed. It looks at the intimacy of this often uncivil war, in which enemies fought at close quarters, spoke the same language, and had often been acquainted before the war began, just as they had often known the civilians who suffered their presence. A final section on two sieges illustrates these themes in practice over extended periods, and also demonstrates the integration of military and civilian experience in a civil war.Less
This book focuses on answering a misleadingly simple question: in terms of ordinary lives what kind of a war was the English civil war? Eschewing descriptions of specific battles or analyses of political and religious developments, the book examines the ‘texture’ of war, addressing questions such as what did Englishmen and women believe about war and know about its practice before 1642? What were the conditions in which a soldier fought — for example, how efficient was his musket (not very), and how did he know where he was going (much depended on the reliability of scouts and spies)? What were the rules that were supposed to govern conduct in war, and how were they enforced (by a combination of professional peer pressure and severe but discretionary army discipline and courts martial)? What were the officers and men of the armies like, and how well did they fight? The book deals even-handedly with royalists and parliamentarians, examining how much they had in common, as well as discussing the points on which they differed. It looks at the intimacy of this often uncivil war, in which enemies fought at close quarters, spoke the same language, and had often been acquainted before the war began, just as they had often known the civilians who suffered their presence. A final section on two sieges illustrates these themes in practice over extended periods, and also demonstrates the integration of military and civilian experience in a civil war.
Priya Satia
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331417
- eISBN:
- 9780199868070
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331417.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This book offers a cultural history of British intelligence–gathering in the Middle East in the era of World War One and its consequences in British literary and political culture and military and ...
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This book offers a cultural history of British intelligence–gathering in the Middle East in the era of World War One and its consequences in British literary and political culture and military and state practice. Culture mattered especially in this intelligence endeavor because of British agents' orientalist preconceptions of “Arabia” as an inscrutable, romantic space offering adventure and spiritualism. They developed an intelligence epistemology grounded in intuition, elevating as “experts” those claiming an innate “genius” for understanding the region, regardless of empirical knowledge. This intelligence culture assured the agents an unusual influence in the running of the Great War campaigns and postwar mandatory administrations in the region, notably in the British state's conspiracy fears and consequent design of a brutal air control regime for Iraq. The book argues that violence and culture were more closely allied in imperial rule than has been recognized, ironically, especially at a moment of popular anti–imperialism and increasing mass democracy. As the British public demanded control over foreign policy in the Middle East, the imperial state developed new means of keeping its affairs secret, developing a style of colonial rule that Priya Satia calls “covert empire,” in which airpower, intelligence agents, and propaganda were critical. As democratic oversight vanished, colonial violence reached a new pitch, with lasting consequences in the Middle East, British attitudes towards the state, and, and military tactics. The book offers a new understanding of the legacies of the Great War and of the British empire in the 20th century.Less
This book offers a cultural history of British intelligence–gathering in the Middle East in the era of World War One and its consequences in British literary and political culture and military and state practice. Culture mattered especially in this intelligence endeavor because of British agents' orientalist preconceptions of “Arabia” as an inscrutable, romantic space offering adventure and spiritualism. They developed an intelligence epistemology grounded in intuition, elevating as “experts” those claiming an innate “genius” for understanding the region, regardless of empirical knowledge. This intelligence culture assured the agents an unusual influence in the running of the Great War campaigns and postwar mandatory administrations in the region, notably in the British state's conspiracy fears and consequent design of a brutal air control regime for Iraq. The book argues that violence and culture were more closely allied in imperial rule than has been recognized, ironically, especially at a moment of popular anti–imperialism and increasing mass democracy. As the British public demanded control over foreign policy in the Middle East, the imperial state developed new means of keeping its affairs secret, developing a style of colonial rule that Priya Satia calls “covert empire,” in which airpower, intelligence agents, and propaganda were critical. As democratic oversight vanished, colonial violence reached a new pitch, with lasting consequences in the Middle East, British attitudes towards the state, and, and military tactics. The book offers a new understanding of the legacies of the Great War and of the British empire in the 20th century.
Lez Cooke
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719067020
- eISBN:
- 9781781702055
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719067020.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Television
This book provides a full-length study of the screenwriter Troy Kennedy Martin, whose work for film and television includes Z Cars, The Italian Job, Kelly's Heroes, The Sweeney, Reilly—Ace of Spies ...
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This book provides a full-length study of the screenwriter Troy Kennedy Martin, whose work for film and television includes Z Cars, The Italian Job, Kelly's Heroes, The Sweeney, Reilly—Ace of Spies and Edge of Darkness. With a career spanning six decades, Kennedy Martin has seen the rise and fall of the television dramatist, making his debut in the era of studio-based television drama in the late 1950s. This was prior to the transition to filmed drama (for which he argued in a famous manifesto), as the television play was gradually replaced by popular series and serials, for which Kennedy Martin, of course, created some of his best work.Less
This book provides a full-length study of the screenwriter Troy Kennedy Martin, whose work for film and television includes Z Cars, The Italian Job, Kelly's Heroes, The Sweeney, Reilly—Ace of Spies and Edge of Darkness. With a career spanning six decades, Kennedy Martin has seen the rise and fall of the television dramatist, making his debut in the era of studio-based television drama in the late 1950s. This was prior to the transition to filmed drama (for which he argued in a famous manifesto), as the television play was gradually replaced by popular series and serials, for which Kennedy Martin, of course, created some of his best work.
Priya Satia
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331417
- eISBN:
- 9780199868070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331417.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter explains why Britons were particularly drawn to the Ottoman Empire in this period and how intelligence agents' particular cultural motivations disposed them to epistemological ...
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This chapter explains why Britons were particularly drawn to the Ottoman Empire in this period and how intelligence agents' particular cultural motivations disposed them to epistemological experimentation. It describes the agents' central role in cultural production about the region, as famous explorers and authors intimate with Edwardian literary society, with whom they fashioned a new literary cult of the desert, in which the spy novel figured centrally. Many of them had gone to the Middle East looking for literary inspiration, a modernist aesthetic, romantic adventure, and spiritual fulfillment in a time in which social change and modern science had made many Britons anxious about their place in society and the universe. The agents saw their work in the Middle East, particularly during the war, as an opportunity to shape their own lives and Middle Eastern reality in the image of fiction.Less
This chapter explains why Britons were particularly drawn to the Ottoman Empire in this period and how intelligence agents' particular cultural motivations disposed them to epistemological experimentation. It describes the agents' central role in cultural production about the region, as famous explorers and authors intimate with Edwardian literary society, with whom they fashioned a new literary cult of the desert, in which the spy novel figured centrally. Many of them had gone to the Middle East looking for literary inspiration, a modernist aesthetic, romantic adventure, and spiritual fulfillment in a time in which social change and modern science had made many Britons anxious about their place in society and the universe. The agents saw their work in the Middle East, particularly during the war, as an opportunity to shape their own lives and Middle Eastern reality in the image of fiction.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter discusses army intelligence during the English civil war. The war both facilitated and complicated intelligence gathering and analysis — a process that revealed again the distinctive ...
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This chapter discusses army intelligence during the English civil war. The war both facilitated and complicated intelligence gathering and analysis — a process that revealed again the distinctive intimacy of this war in which language formed no barrier, troops were volatile, prisoners were regularly exchanged, and clothing was a shaky guide to affiliation, and in which civil society, with its poor transients, messengers, and travelling civilians coexisted alongside armies, as did family links and friendship between enemies. The blurred boundaries between civil and military society aided information gathering, while the technological limits of communications and the confusions of war reinforced the need for it. Intelligence, once obtained, had to be translated into purposive military action. Generals and their councils of war made the best plans they could on the basis of information received, and as needs changed they dispatched aides de camp with revised orders.Less
This chapter discusses army intelligence during the English civil war. The war both facilitated and complicated intelligence gathering and analysis — a process that revealed again the distinctive intimacy of this war in which language formed no barrier, troops were volatile, prisoners were regularly exchanged, and clothing was a shaky guide to affiliation, and in which civil society, with its poor transients, messengers, and travelling civilians coexisted alongside armies, as did family links and friendship between enemies. The blurred boundaries between civil and military society aided information gathering, while the technological limits of communications and the confusions of war reinforced the need for it. Intelligence, once obtained, had to be translated into purposive military action. Generals and their councils of war made the best plans they could on the basis of information received, and as needs changed they dispatched aides de camp with revised orders.
Joseph Oldham
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781784994150
- eISBN:
- 9781526128379
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784994150.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Television
Paranoid Visions provides an extensive historical account of the spy and conspiracy genres in British television drama, tracing a lineage from 1960s Cold War series, through 1980s paranoid conspiracy ...
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Paranoid Visions provides an extensive historical account of the spy and conspiracy genres in British television drama, tracing a lineage from 1960s Cold War series, through 1980s paranoid conspiracy dramas, to contemporary ‘war on terror’ thrillers. It argues that the on-screen depictions of intelligence services can interpreted as metaphors for the production cultures that created the programmes, meditating on the roles and responsibilities of public institutions whose trade is information and ideas. It incorporates close analyses of classic series including Callan, The Sandbaggers, Edge of Darkness, A Very British Coup, Spooks and the BBC adaptation of John Le Carré’s Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, supported by new archival research. The account is positioned against aesthetic, institutional and technological shifts in British television drama as it transitioned from its traditional public service principles to the more commercial priorities of the multi-channel era, in particular examining the growth of long-form serial narratives in ‘quality’ television. It is also mapped closely to the real history of British intelligence through consideration of how such programmes responded to key scandals and exposés and counterblast campaigns of transparency and openness. Finally, it also situates these dramas against key issues in the history of British culture and national identity, including discourses of class politics, Cold War culture, the heritage industry, terrorism past and present, the decline of the social-democratic consensus, the growth of personal computing and the ascendance of the free market economy.Less
Paranoid Visions provides an extensive historical account of the spy and conspiracy genres in British television drama, tracing a lineage from 1960s Cold War series, through 1980s paranoid conspiracy dramas, to contemporary ‘war on terror’ thrillers. It argues that the on-screen depictions of intelligence services can interpreted as metaphors for the production cultures that created the programmes, meditating on the roles and responsibilities of public institutions whose trade is information and ideas. It incorporates close analyses of classic series including Callan, The Sandbaggers, Edge of Darkness, A Very British Coup, Spooks and the BBC adaptation of John Le Carré’s Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, supported by new archival research. The account is positioned against aesthetic, institutional and technological shifts in British television drama as it transitioned from its traditional public service principles to the more commercial priorities of the multi-channel era, in particular examining the growth of long-form serial narratives in ‘quality’ television. It is also mapped closely to the real history of British intelligence through consideration of how such programmes responded to key scandals and exposés and counterblast campaigns of transparency and openness. Finally, it also situates these dramas against key issues in the history of British culture and national identity, including discourses of class politics, Cold War culture, the heritage industry, terrorism past and present, the decline of the social-democratic consensus, the growth of personal computing and the ascendance of the free market economy.
Paul Maddrell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199267507
- eISBN:
- 9780191708404
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267507.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The years 1945-61 saw the greatest transformation in weaponry that has ever taken place, as atomic and thermonuclear bombs, intercontinental ballistic missiles and chemical and biological weapons ...
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The years 1945-61 saw the greatest transformation in weaponry that has ever taken place, as atomic and thermonuclear bombs, intercontinental ballistic missiles and chemical and biological weapons were developed by the superpowers. It was also a distinct era in Western intelligence collection. These were the years of the Germans. Mass interrogation in West Germany and spying in East Germany represented the most important source of intelligence on Soviet war-related science, weapons development and military capability until 1956 and a key one until 1961. This intelligence fuelled the arms race and influenced Western scientific research, weapons development, and intelligence collection. Using intelligence and policy documents held in British and US archives and records of the Ministry of State Security (MfS) of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR), this book studies the scientific intelligence-gathering and subversive operations of the British, US, and West German intelligence services in the period to date. East Germany's scientific potential was contained by inducing leading scientists and engineers to defect to the West, and the book shows that the US government's policy of ‘containment’ was more aggressive than has hitherto been accepted. It also demonstrates that the Western secret services' espionage in the GDR was very successful, even though the MfS and KGB achieved triumphs against them. George Blake twice did appalling damage to MI6's spy networks. The book reveals the identity of the most distinguished scientist to spy for the CIA as yet uncovered.Less
The years 1945-61 saw the greatest transformation in weaponry that has ever taken place, as atomic and thermonuclear bombs, intercontinental ballistic missiles and chemical and biological weapons were developed by the superpowers. It was also a distinct era in Western intelligence collection. These were the years of the Germans. Mass interrogation in West Germany and spying in East Germany represented the most important source of intelligence on Soviet war-related science, weapons development and military capability until 1956 and a key one until 1961. This intelligence fuelled the arms race and influenced Western scientific research, weapons development, and intelligence collection. Using intelligence and policy documents held in British and US archives and records of the Ministry of State Security (MfS) of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR), this book studies the scientific intelligence-gathering and subversive operations of the British, US, and West German intelligence services in the period to date. East Germany's scientific potential was contained by inducing leading scientists and engineers to defect to the West, and the book shows that the US government's policy of ‘containment’ was more aggressive than has hitherto been accepted. It also demonstrates that the Western secret services' espionage in the GDR was very successful, even though the MfS and KGB achieved triumphs against them. George Blake twice did appalling damage to MI6's spy networks. The book reveals the identity of the most distinguished scientist to spy for the CIA as yet uncovered.
Paul Maddrell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199267507
- eISBN:
- 9780191708404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267507.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter begins by discussing the breakup of Germany into several parts, the expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe, and the establishment of Communist systems, resulting in a huge mass ...
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This chapter begins by discussing the breakup of Germany into several parts, the expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe, and the establishment of Communist systems, resulting in a huge mass flight. It explains the importance of Berlin as the escape hatch from Stalin's empire. It narrates the refugees' experiences during their migration, particularly the full interrogation in order to identify a valuable source to provide economic and political intelligence or a security suspect. It discusses that these interrogations served the West's two main policies designed to weaken the East German economy: embargo and induced defection. It defines defection as a product of the Soviet system itself, which is a natural consequence of disaffection with Communist totalitarianism and the wretchedness of life in Stalin's USSR. It also explains the reason behind the adoption of the policy of induced defection by the American and British intelligence services.Less
This chapter begins by discussing the breakup of Germany into several parts, the expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe, and the establishment of Communist systems, resulting in a huge mass flight. It explains the importance of Berlin as the escape hatch from Stalin's empire. It narrates the refugees' experiences during their migration, particularly the full interrogation in order to identify a valuable source to provide economic and political intelligence or a security suspect. It discusses that these interrogations served the West's two main policies designed to weaken the East German economy: embargo and induced defection. It defines defection as a product of the Soviet system itself, which is a natural consequence of disaffection with Communist totalitarianism and the wretchedness of life in Stalin's USSR. It also explains the reason behind the adoption of the policy of induced defection by the American and British intelligence services.
Paul Maddrell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199267507
- eISBN:
- 9780191708404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267507.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses that traditional espionage using human spies peaked in Germany in the years 1945-1961. It explains two goals in conducting espionage in East Germany: to provide warning of any ...
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This chapter discusses that traditional espionage using human spies peaked in Germany in the years 1945-1961. It explains two goals in conducting espionage in East Germany: to provide warning of any attack on Western Europe by the Soviet army, and to use the DDR's (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) connections with the Soviet Union to penetrate the latter. It also discusses the large programmes of arrests carried out by the Stasi of large numbers of Western spies and anti-Communist resistance fighters. It explains that despite losing many of its sources, the CIA claims that it achieved great success in Germany that resulted from the number of their spies and the depth of their penetration of East Germany's ministries, factories, political parties, armed forces, and Western services. It adds that the open border in Berlin allowed the Western secret services to fully exploit flight from the SED regime and resistance to it.Less
This chapter discusses that traditional espionage using human spies peaked in Germany in the years 1945-1961. It explains two goals in conducting espionage in East Germany: to provide warning of any attack on Western Europe by the Soviet army, and to use the DDR's (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) connections with the Soviet Union to penetrate the latter. It also discusses the large programmes of arrests carried out by the Stasi of large numbers of Western spies and anti-Communist resistance fighters. It explains that despite losing many of its sources, the CIA claims that it achieved great success in Germany that resulted from the number of their spies and the depth of their penetration of East Germany's ministries, factories, political parties, armed forces, and Western services. It adds that the open border in Berlin allowed the Western secret services to fully exploit flight from the SED regime and resistance to it.
Paul Maddrell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199267507
- eISBN:
- 9780191708404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267507.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter begins by discussing the targets and methods in the field of scientific espionage. It explains that a key factor of containment was having enough military force to deter Soviet ...
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This chapter begins by discussing the targets and methods in the field of scientific espionage. It explains that a key factor of containment was having enough military force to deter Soviet aggression. It adds that spying on Soviet and satellite weaponry and war-related scientific research served the policies of containment and deterrence. It also investigates the intelligence on soviet scientific research and development. It explains that in order to exploit connections with the USSR, a standard method was to encourage suitably qualified spies to apply for jobs in targeted ministries, the East German army, or the SED. It discusses that spying on war-related research and development overlapped with broader industrial spying, for much science and technology with civilian applications was also relevant to war. It then explains that the West gained deep penetration of DDR's factories and research and development institutions active across the whole field of advanced technology.Less
This chapter begins by discussing the targets and methods in the field of scientific espionage. It explains that a key factor of containment was having enough military force to deter Soviet aggression. It adds that spying on Soviet and satellite weaponry and war-related scientific research served the policies of containment and deterrence. It also investigates the intelligence on soviet scientific research and development. It explains that in order to exploit connections with the USSR, a standard method was to encourage suitably qualified spies to apply for jobs in targeted ministries, the East German army, or the SED. It discusses that spying on war-related research and development overlapped with broader industrial spying, for much science and technology with civilian applications was also relevant to war. It then explains that the West gained deep penetration of DDR's factories and research and development institutions active across the whole field of advanced technology.
Malcolm Schofield
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233076
- eISBN:
- 9780191716416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233076.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
This chapter focuses on Epictetus' presentation of Diogenes the Cynic, whom he regards both as a divine messenger and as a scout sent by God to spy on men. The two functions complement each other: as ...
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This chapter focuses on Epictetus' presentation of Diogenes the Cynic, whom he regards both as a divine messenger and as a scout sent by God to spy on men. The two functions complement each other: as a scout the philosopher discovers whether life poses any danger to mankind; as a messenger he reveals to others the result of this enquiry, that there is no real danger, as good and evil are always within our power. It is by his way of life, not by formal teaching, that the Cynic achieves this mission. The Cynic's special task, described as ‘kingship and castigation’, is that of protreptic, which may be seen as the first stage in philosophy, preceding examination and formal teaching; it identifies errors in our ordinary way of thinking and points the way towards the truth. In this way, Diogenes can be recognized as a philosopher despite having no formal philosophical doctrine, since protreptic can be seen as a distinctive form of philosophy.Less
This chapter focuses on Epictetus' presentation of Diogenes the Cynic, whom he regards both as a divine messenger and as a scout sent by God to spy on men. The two functions complement each other: as a scout the philosopher discovers whether life poses any danger to mankind; as a messenger he reveals to others the result of this enquiry, that there is no real danger, as good and evil are always within our power. It is by his way of life, not by formal teaching, that the Cynic achieves this mission. The Cynic's special task, described as ‘kingship and castigation’, is that of protreptic, which may be seen as the first stage in philosophy, preceding examination and formal teaching; it identifies errors in our ordinary way of thinking and points the way towards the truth. In this way, Diogenes can be recognized as a philosopher despite having no formal philosophical doctrine, since protreptic can be seen as a distinctive form of philosophy.
Catriona Pennell
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199590582
- eISBN:
- 9780191738777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590582.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
When societies go to war, their world‐view quickly becomes polarized into ‘us’ versus ‘them’. The positive collective self—the nation and its allies—is directly juxtaposed with the enemy. At the ...
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When societies go to war, their world‐view quickly becomes polarized into ‘us’ versus ‘them’. The positive collective self—the nation and its allies—is directly juxtaposed with the enemy. At the outbreak of war, the majority of British people believed that Germany was their enemy and this feeling, in turn, compounded a sense of righteousness about Britain and its cause. This chapter explores how the perception of Germany as the enemy was constructed. It also examines the relationship between the actions of the external enemy—Germany and its enemy allies—and the internal enemy—enemy aliens and spies, illustrating the depth of anxiety felt in Britain at the outbreak of war.Less
When societies go to war, their world‐view quickly becomes polarized into ‘us’ versus ‘them’. The positive collective self—the nation and its allies—is directly juxtaposed with the enemy. At the outbreak of war, the majority of British people believed that Germany was their enemy and this feeling, in turn, compounded a sense of righteousness about Britain and its cause. This chapter explores how the perception of Germany as the enemy was constructed. It also examines the relationship between the actions of the external enemy—Germany and its enemy allies—and the internal enemy—enemy aliens and spies, illustrating the depth of anxiety felt in Britain at the outbreak of war.
Filippo De Vivo
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199227068
- eISBN:
- 9780191711114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227068.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter moves from government to the political arena around it. In the broglio's canvassing and squabbles, written and oral information were tools of political activity. The focus here is on ...
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This chapter moves from government to the political arena around it. In the broglio's canvassing and squabbles, written and oral information were tools of political activity. The focus here is on elites, defined not so much by census or birth as by proximity to governmental business: patricians, but also secretaries, foreign ambassadors, spies, and writers of avvisi. The chapter starts in the archive — a treasure less secure than many thought — and discusses the private appropriation of public documents by individuals such as Marin Sanudo, Giovan Vincenzo Pinelli, and Claudio Cornelio Frangipane. Leaking documents such as Venice's famous ambassadorial reports (relazioni) was itself an instrument of both power squabbles and commercial transactions, as illustrated by the case study of ambassador Ottaviano Bon's 1619 report disclosure. The chapter also offers a novel understanding of diplomacy and spying as information activities, and it discusses the mechanisms and reach of Venice's thriving manuscript newswriting.Less
This chapter moves from government to the political arena around it. In the broglio's canvassing and squabbles, written and oral information were tools of political activity. The focus here is on elites, defined not so much by census or birth as by proximity to governmental business: patricians, but also secretaries, foreign ambassadors, spies, and writers of avvisi. The chapter starts in the archive — a treasure less secure than many thought — and discusses the private appropriation of public documents by individuals such as Marin Sanudo, Giovan Vincenzo Pinelli, and Claudio Cornelio Frangipane. Leaking documents such as Venice's famous ambassadorial reports (relazioni) was itself an instrument of both power squabbles and commercial transactions, as illustrated by the case study of ambassador Ottaviano Bon's 1619 report disclosure. The chapter also offers a novel understanding of diplomacy and spying as information activities, and it discusses the mechanisms and reach of Venice's thriving manuscript newswriting.
Paul Corner
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198730699
- eISBN:
- 9780191741753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198730699.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
After a brief survey of the sources available for the assessment of popular opinion under the regime, the chapter examines the growing divide which developed during the 1930s between the regime and a ...
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After a brief survey of the sources available for the assessment of popular opinion under the regime, the chapter examines the growing divide which developed during the 1930s between the regime and a large part of the population. This is related in the text to the image of the PNF at local level and to the arrogant and corrupt behaviour of many of the local fascist leaders. The chapter looks at the responses of the population to the invasion and conquest of Ethiopia in 1935-6 and concludes that, contrary to general opinion, the acquisition of Empire did not substantially repair the growing disaffection with the regime or heal the rift between the fascist party and the people.Less
After a brief survey of the sources available for the assessment of popular opinion under the regime, the chapter examines the growing divide which developed during the 1930s between the regime and a large part of the population. This is related in the text to the image of the PNF at local level and to the arrogant and corrupt behaviour of many of the local fascist leaders. The chapter looks at the responses of the population to the invasion and conquest of Ethiopia in 1935-6 and concludes that, contrary to general opinion, the acquisition of Empire did not substantially repair the growing disaffection with the regime or heal the rift between the fascist party and the people.
R. W. Maslen
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198119913
- eISBN:
- 9780191671241
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198119913.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
This book argues that English writers of prose fiction from the 1550s to the 1570s produced some of the most daringly innovative publications of the sixteenth century. Through close examination of a ...
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This book argues that English writers of prose fiction from the 1550s to the 1570s produced some of the most daringly innovative publications of the sixteenth century. Through close examination of a number of key texts, from William Baldwin's satirical fable Beware the Cat, to George Gascoigne's mock-romance The Adventures of Master F.J. and John Lyly's immensely popular Euphues books, he sets out to demonstrate the courage as well as the considerable skills which these undervalued authors brought to their work. They wrote at a time when the Elizabethan censorship system was growing increasingly rigorous in response to the perceived threat of infiltration from Catholic Europe, yet they chose to write books of a kind that was specifically associated with Catholic Italy and France. Their topics were the secrets, lies, and acts of petty treason which vitiated the private lives of the contemporary ruling classes, and their vigorous experiments with style and form marked out prose fiction for years to come as shifty and perilous literary territory. These writers presented themselves as masters of the arts of duplicity, talents which made them eminently suitable for employment as informers or spies, whether for the government or for its most deadly ideological opponents. Their sophisticated narratives of sexual intrigue had a profound effect on the development of the complex poetry and drama that sprung up towards the end of the century, as well as on the modern novel.Less
This book argues that English writers of prose fiction from the 1550s to the 1570s produced some of the most daringly innovative publications of the sixteenth century. Through close examination of a number of key texts, from William Baldwin's satirical fable Beware the Cat, to George Gascoigne's mock-romance The Adventures of Master F.J. and John Lyly's immensely popular Euphues books, he sets out to demonstrate the courage as well as the considerable skills which these undervalued authors brought to their work. They wrote at a time when the Elizabethan censorship system was growing increasingly rigorous in response to the perceived threat of infiltration from Catholic Europe, yet they chose to write books of a kind that was specifically associated with Catholic Italy and France. Their topics were the secrets, lies, and acts of petty treason which vitiated the private lives of the contemporary ruling classes, and their vigorous experiments with style and form marked out prose fiction for years to come as shifty and perilous literary territory. These writers presented themselves as masters of the arts of duplicity, talents which made them eminently suitable for employment as informers or spies, whether for the government or for its most deadly ideological opponents. Their sophisticated narratives of sexual intrigue had a profound effect on the development of the complex poetry and drama that sprung up towards the end of the century, as well as on the modern novel.
David Worrall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199276752
- eISBN:
- 9780191707643
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199276752.003.0011
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama
This chapter examines the veteran radical pressman Richard Carlile’s retro-conversion in 1830 of The Rotunda, Blackfriars Road, into a theatrical space for acting. Belatedly, Carlile had realized the ...
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This chapter examines the veteran radical pressman Richard Carlile’s retro-conversion in 1830 of The Rotunda, Blackfriars Road, into a theatrical space for acting. Belatedly, Carlile had realized the potential of drama for reaching the plebeian audiences he sought. With his atheistical and republican programme of lectures failing, he turned to his more colourful associate, Robert Taylor (known as ‘Robert the Devil’), a faux clergyman turned atheistical demagogue. His spoken drama, Swing; or, Who are the Incendiarists?, not only flouted the patentees, but coincided with the ‘Captain Swing’ riots and agricultural disturbances. A Home Office spy filed a report for every performance of Swing (save for the first night) and his testimony in the National Archives, together with a close analysis of the drama, provides a unique insight into how politics and drama had become inextricably linked.Less
This chapter examines the veteran radical pressman Richard Carlile’s retro-conversion in 1830 of The Rotunda, Blackfriars Road, into a theatrical space for acting. Belatedly, Carlile had realized the potential of drama for reaching the plebeian audiences he sought. With his atheistical and republican programme of lectures failing, he turned to his more colourful associate, Robert Taylor (known as ‘Robert the Devil’), a faux clergyman turned atheistical demagogue. His spoken drama, Swing; or, Who are the Incendiarists?, not only flouted the patentees, but coincided with the ‘Captain Swing’ riots and agricultural disturbances. A Home Office spy filed a report for every performance of Swing (save for the first night) and his testimony in the National Archives, together with a close analysis of the drama, provides a unique insight into how politics and drama had become inextricably linked.
Nicholas Roe
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198119692
- eISBN:
- 9780191671197
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198119692.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This chapter uses the Spy Nozy incident to establish the political status of the poets' residence at Nether Stowey and Alfoxden in 1797–1798. Their experience of defeat is presented alongside that of ...
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This chapter uses the Spy Nozy incident to establish the political status of the poets' residence at Nether Stowey and Alfoxden in 1797–1798. Their experience of defeat is presented alongside that of other contemporaries who figure throughout the book, by way of complicating the reductive paradigm in which radical commitment is succeeded by ‘withdrawal’ or ‘apostasy’. The dinner at Alfoxden, when John Thelwall's audience had dwindled to thirteen friends plus the perennial informer Thomas Jones, was a feast of defiance and a wake for their own ‘revolutionary youth’. The moment provides a context for their removal to Germany in 1798, which effectively concludes the radical years, and it finds a memorial in two poems written shortly before their departure: ‘Fears in Solitude’ and ‘Tintern Abbey’. Each poem recapitulates Samuel Taylor Coleridge's and William Wordsworth's respective experiences in the period covered by this study, and suggests the contrasting implications of political failure for their subsequent careers.Less
This chapter uses the Spy Nozy incident to establish the political status of the poets' residence at Nether Stowey and Alfoxden in 1797–1798. Their experience of defeat is presented alongside that of other contemporaries who figure throughout the book, by way of complicating the reductive paradigm in which radical commitment is succeeded by ‘withdrawal’ or ‘apostasy’. The dinner at Alfoxden, when John Thelwall's audience had dwindled to thirteen friends plus the perennial informer Thomas Jones, was a feast of defiance and a wake for their own ‘revolutionary youth’. The moment provides a context for their removal to Germany in 1798, which effectively concludes the radical years, and it finds a memorial in two poems written shortly before their departure: ‘Fears in Solitude’ and ‘Tintern Abbey’. Each poem recapitulates Samuel Taylor Coleridge's and William Wordsworth's respective experiences in the period covered by this study, and suggests the contrasting implications of political failure for their subsequent careers.
