B. S. Rosner and J. B. Pickering
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521389
- eISBN:
- 9780191706622
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521389.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Speaking rate, stress, and style might affect vowel categorization. Rate does so through a rate contrast principle. Duration seems to carry the main effects of stress and style. The three variables ...
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Speaking rate, stress, and style might affect vowel categorization. Rate does so through a rate contrast principle. Duration seems to carry the main effects of stress and style. The three variables have little effect on vowel spectra.Less
Speaking rate, stress, and style might affect vowel categorization. Rate does so through a rate contrast principle. Duration seems to carry the main effects of stress and style. The three variables have little effect on vowel spectra.
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199593569
- eISBN:
- 9780191739385
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593569.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families
Languages of the Amazon basin are among the most fascinating in the world. This is where one finds unusual sounds, unexpected ways of classifying nouns, elaborate positional verbs, to name just a few ...
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Languages of the Amazon basin are among the most fascinating in the world. This is where one finds unusual sounds, unexpected ways of classifying nouns, elaborate positional verbs, to name just a few features. Most Amazonian languages have been in contact with each other for many generations. Many people are multilingual, and the unusual patterns of multilingualism have given rise to intriguing patterns of language contact, extensive linguistic areas, and numerous features shared due to contact between people There are over 300 languages grouped into over fifteen language families, plus a fair number of isolates. The six major linguistic families of the Amazon basin are Arawak, Tupí, Carib, Panoan, Tucanoan and Macro‐Jê; smaller families include Makú, Guahibo, Yanomami, Witotoan, Zaparoan, Tacana, Harakmbet, Arawá and Chapacuran. Discussion in the book also includes, albeit in more cursory fashion, language families spoken in the areas adjacent to Lowland Amazonia: Chibchan, Barbacoan, Choco, and Guaicuruan. The book starts with a potted history of Amazonian peoples and their languages, and the disastrous effects of the European invasion. After a brief discussion of cultural aspects and people's lifestyle, the profile of each major and minor family are outlined. There is then discussion of the unusual patterns of language contact and multilingual interaction. Further chapters discuss the sounds of Amazonian languages; the ways in which they express possession, gender, and time and tense. In many Amazonian languages one needs to always state how one knows things, known as the category of ‘evidentiality’. Amazonian languages are relatively poor in number words, but rich in elaborate speech styles and means of expression. The book offers extensive examples, many from author's own fieldwork in Amazonia.Less
Languages of the Amazon basin are among the most fascinating in the world. This is where one finds unusual sounds, unexpected ways of classifying nouns, elaborate positional verbs, to name just a few features. Most Amazonian languages have been in contact with each other for many generations. Many people are multilingual, and the unusual patterns of multilingualism have given rise to intriguing patterns of language contact, extensive linguistic areas, and numerous features shared due to contact between people There are over 300 languages grouped into over fifteen language families, plus a fair number of isolates. The six major linguistic families of the Amazon basin are Arawak, Tupí, Carib, Panoan, Tucanoan and Macro‐Jê; smaller families include Makú, Guahibo, Yanomami, Witotoan, Zaparoan, Tacana, Harakmbet, Arawá and Chapacuran. Discussion in the book also includes, albeit in more cursory fashion, language families spoken in the areas adjacent to Lowland Amazonia: Chibchan, Barbacoan, Choco, and Guaicuruan. The book starts with a potted history of Amazonian peoples and their languages, and the disastrous effects of the European invasion. After a brief discussion of cultural aspects and people's lifestyle, the profile of each major and minor family are outlined. There is then discussion of the unusual patterns of language contact and multilingual interaction. Further chapters discuss the sounds of Amazonian languages; the ways in which they express possession, gender, and time and tense. In many Amazonian languages one needs to always state how one knows things, known as the category of ‘evidentiality’. Amazonian languages are relatively poor in number words, but rich in elaborate speech styles and means of expression. The book offers extensive examples, many from author's own fieldwork in Amazonia.
R. M. W. Dixon
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- December 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780192845924
- eISBN:
- 9780191938283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780192845924.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Alongside the everyday speech style, Dyirbal had an avoidance style called Jalnguy, which had to be used in the presence of relatives with whom direct contact should be avoided. The two styles had ...
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Alongside the everyday speech style, Dyirbal had an avoidance style called Jalnguy, which had to be used in the presence of relatives with whom direct contact should be avoided. The two styles had identical grammar, phonology, and phonetics, but every lexeme was different. Jalnguy was pitched at a more general level so that, in many cases, several lexemes in the everyday style would be grouped under one term in Jalnguy. For example, six varieties of oak tree would each have its own name in the everyday style, but fell together under one Jalnguy term.Examination of the Jalnguy correspondences given for adjectives shows that the Jalnguy lexicon is less rich and less well-developed when dealing with adjectives than with verbs and nouns. There are, of course, Jalnguy correspondents Ev adjectives expressing the most common qualities, found across languages world-wide. There are a number of many-to-one everyday-to-Jalnguy correspondences, which can be semantically revealing. Speakers provided sentential definitions for some adjectives (in terms of verbs), often quite ingenious. But for many everyday style adjectives referring to rather recondite qualities, my consultants could offer no appropriate Jalnguy term. What they did instead was provide an evaluative judgment, most often 'not good', sometimes 'good' (or occasionally a dimensional description, 'big' or 'little'). The principle of not using any everyday style words in Jalnguy discourse was thus maintained by commenting on the worth of a quality, rather that specifying what the quality is.Less
Alongside the everyday speech style, Dyirbal had an avoidance style called Jalnguy, which had to be used in the presence of relatives with whom direct contact should be avoided. The two styles had identical grammar, phonology, and phonetics, but every lexeme was different. Jalnguy was pitched at a more general level so that, in many cases, several lexemes in the everyday style would be grouped under one term in Jalnguy. For example, six varieties of oak tree would each have its own name in the everyday style, but fell together under one Jalnguy term.Examination of the Jalnguy correspondences given for adjectives shows that the Jalnguy lexicon is less rich and less well-developed when dealing with adjectives than with verbs and nouns. There are, of course, Jalnguy correspondents Ev adjectives expressing the most common qualities, found across languages world-wide. There are a number of many-to-one everyday-to-Jalnguy correspondences, which can be semantically revealing. Speakers provided sentential definitions for some adjectives (in terms of verbs), often quite ingenious. But for many everyday style adjectives referring to rather recondite qualities, my consultants could offer no appropriate Jalnguy term. What they did instead was provide an evaluative judgment, most often 'not good', sometimes 'good' (or occasionally a dimensional description, 'big' or 'little'). The principle of not using any everyday style words in Jalnguy discourse was thus maintained by commenting on the worth of a quality, rather that specifying what the quality is.
Michael S. Gorham
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801452628
- eISBN:
- 9780801470578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801452628.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This chapter turns to the ascendancy of “freedom of speech” as a dominant language ideology in post-Soviet language culture, largely a result of loosening state control of the leading technologies of ...
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This chapter turns to the ascendancy of “freedom of speech” as a dominant language ideology in post-Soviet language culture, largely a result of loosening state control of the leading technologies of communication. While the lifting of censorship and control over media led to new, more democratic styles of speaking and writing, it also undercut the cultural authority traditionally enjoyed by the Academy, the schools, and other institutions of speech culture and proper usage. Indeed, in the new market-driven media climate, the literary language ceded cultural capital to speech styles laden with slang, vulgarity, and loanwords. As the political and economic climate grew more troubled over the course of the 1990s, so too did the perception that “freedom of speech” amounted at best to little more than a license to swear in public and, at worst, a crisis state of “linguistic lawlessness.”Less
This chapter turns to the ascendancy of “freedom of speech” as a dominant language ideology in post-Soviet language culture, largely a result of loosening state control of the leading technologies of communication. While the lifting of censorship and control over media led to new, more democratic styles of speaking and writing, it also undercut the cultural authority traditionally enjoyed by the Academy, the schools, and other institutions of speech culture and proper usage. Indeed, in the new market-driven media climate, the literary language ceded cultural capital to speech styles laden with slang, vulgarity, and loanwords. As the political and economic climate grew more troubled over the course of the 1990s, so too did the perception that “freedom of speech” amounted at best to little more than a license to swear in public and, at worst, a crisis state of “linguistic lawlessness.”
Sandra Madureira
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198739401
- eISBN:
- 9780191802423
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198739401.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Language Families
Rhotics are diverse in nature and conditioning factors. In this work the use of Brazilian Portuguese rhotic varieties in the context of recitation of a poem by a professional actor is analyzed and ...
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Rhotics are diverse in nature and conditioning factors. In this work the use of Brazilian Portuguese rhotic varieties in the context of recitation of a poem by a professional actor is analyzed and articulatory and acoustic descriptions of the Brazilian Portuguese rhotic varieties are provided. The choice of varieties in the analyzed speech data is interpreted as deriving from the shaping of acoustic characteristics so as to produce impressive meaningful effects. These effects are achieved through the symbolic use of sound, and the fact that sounds are sense-impressive and meaning-expressive is taken to be the foundation of speech expressivity.Less
Rhotics are diverse in nature and conditioning factors. In this work the use of Brazilian Portuguese rhotic varieties in the context of recitation of a poem by a professional actor is analyzed and articulatory and acoustic descriptions of the Brazilian Portuguese rhotic varieties are provided. The choice of varieties in the analyzed speech data is interpreted as deriving from the shaping of acoustic characteristics so as to produce impressive meaningful effects. These effects are achieved through the symbolic use of sound, and the fact that sounds are sense-impressive and meaning-expressive is taken to be the foundation of speech expressivity.
