Pierre-Yves Oudeyer
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199289158
- eISBN:
- 9780191711091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289158.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter shows that the artificial system constructed in this study demonstrates how speech codes, sharing important properties with those of humans, could be created in a population of agents in ...
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This chapter shows that the artificial system constructed in this study demonstrates how speech codes, sharing important properties with those of humans, could be created in a population of agents in which the codes and their properties had not been pre-programmed. It also proves that in the artificial system, speech is self-organized. It demonstrates that this artificial system can possibly explain the origin of each component independently of any linguistic communicative function. It discusses that the premises of the artificial system shown in this study are obviously speculative and are also plausible. The chapter concludes by explaining that the construction of the system filled out the existing functionalist theories and also, opened up new spaces for research and thinking by outlining an exaptationist theory.Less
This chapter shows that the artificial system constructed in this study demonstrates how speech codes, sharing important properties with those of humans, could be created in a population of agents in which the codes and their properties had not been pre-programmed. It also proves that in the artificial system, speech is self-organized. It demonstrates that this artificial system can possibly explain the origin of each component independently of any linguistic communicative function. It discusses that the premises of the artificial system shown in this study are obviously speculative and are also plausible. The chapter concludes by explaining that the construction of the system filled out the existing functionalist theories and also, opened up new spaces for research and thinking by outlining an exaptationist theory.
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226305530
- eISBN:
- 9780226305134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226305134.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter tests the critics' hypothesis for the rise of college hate speech codes, concluding that speech policies were largely an instrumental creation of top-level college administrators and not ...
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This chapter tests the critics' hypothesis for the rise of college hate speech codes, concluding that speech policies were largely an instrumental creation of top-level college administrators and not the result of legal or political mobilization as advanced by others. The chapter is empirically based, relying on both quantitative and qualitative research at one hundred colleges and universities. Of particular interest is the comparison between hate speech codes and their intellectual cousin, sexual harassment law and its hostile work environment (HWE) test. Where HWE was advanced directly and deliberately in the courts, hate speech codes arose circuitously as defensive measures.Less
This chapter tests the critics' hypothesis for the rise of college hate speech codes, concluding that speech policies were largely an instrumental creation of top-level college administrators and not the result of legal or political mobilization as advanced by others. The chapter is empirically based, relying on both quantitative and qualitative research at one hundred colleges and universities. Of particular interest is the comparison between hate speech codes and their intellectual cousin, sexual harassment law and its hostile work environment (HWE) test. Where HWE was advanced directly and deliberately in the courts, hate speech codes arose circuitously as defensive measures.
Pierre-Yves Oudeyer
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199289158
- eISBN:
- 9780191711091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289158.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter begins by discussing the parts and functions of the human instrument of speech — the vocal tract. It talks about how the auditory system perceives sounds. It then discusses articulatory ...
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This chapter begins by discussing the parts and functions of the human instrument of speech — the vocal tract. It talks about how the auditory system perceives sounds. It then discusses articulatory phonology and the organization of the speech code. The chapter introduces the way the speech code works, specifies the issues regarding its origins, and its diversity in human languages.Less
This chapter begins by discussing the parts and functions of the human instrument of speech — the vocal tract. It talks about how the auditory system perceives sounds. It then discusses articulatory phonology and the organization of the speech code. The chapter introduces the way the speech code works, specifies the issues regarding its origins, and its diversity in human languages.
Jon B. Gould
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226305530
- eISBN:
- 9780226305134
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226305134.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Opponents of speech codes often argue that liberal academics use the codes to advance an agenda of political correctness. But this book, based on an enormous amount of empirical evidence, reveals ...
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Opponents of speech codes often argue that liberal academics use the codes to advance an agenda of political correctness. But this book, based on an enormous amount of empirical evidence, reveals that the real reasons for their growth are to be found in the pragmatic, almost utilitarian, considerations of college administrators. Instituting hate speech policy was often a symbolic response taken by university leaders to reassure campus constituencies of their commitment against intolerance. In an academic version of “keeping up with the Joneses,” some schools created hate speech codes to remain within what they saw as the mainstream of higher education. Only a relatively small number of colleges crafted codes out of deep commitment to their merits. Although college speech codes have been overturned by the courts, this book argues that their rise has still had a profound influence on curtailing speech in other institutions such as the media and has also shaped mass opinion and common understandings of constitutional norms. Ultimately, the book contends, this kind of informal law can have just as much power as the Constitution.Less
Opponents of speech codes often argue that liberal academics use the codes to advance an agenda of political correctness. But this book, based on an enormous amount of empirical evidence, reveals that the real reasons for their growth are to be found in the pragmatic, almost utilitarian, considerations of college administrators. Instituting hate speech policy was often a symbolic response taken by university leaders to reassure campus constituencies of their commitment against intolerance. In an academic version of “keeping up with the Joneses,” some schools created hate speech codes to remain within what they saw as the mainstream of higher education. Only a relatively small number of colleges crafted codes out of deep commitment to their merits. Although college speech codes have been overturned by the courts, this book argues that their rise has still had a profound influence on curtailing speech in other institutions such as the media and has also shaped mass opinion and common understandings of constitutional norms. Ultimately, the book contends, this kind of informal law can have just as much power as the Constitution.
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226305530
- eISBN:
- 9780226305134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226305134.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter evaluates the formal legal rules that faced colleges with speech codes, describing how the courts have dealt with hate speech regulation and contrasting these rulings with those of ...
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This chapter evaluates the formal legal rules that faced colleges with speech codes, describing how the courts have dealt with hate speech regulation and contrasting these rulings with those of sexual harassment law. It acknowledges that there were sound bases for the courts to have treated individual cases differently. Where hostile work environment (HWE) has had strong advocates, hate speech codes have had but tepid supporters and a powerful opposition. The two doctrines are framed differently, one as sexist action the other as thought control. Ultimately, the chapter rejects the notion that sexual harassment law is easily distinguished from hate speech codes or that the courts have done an adequate job of explaining their divergent decisions.Less
This chapter evaluates the formal legal rules that faced colleges with speech codes, describing how the courts have dealt with hate speech regulation and contrasting these rulings with those of sexual harassment law. It acknowledges that there were sound bases for the courts to have treated individual cases differently. Where hostile work environment (HWE) has had strong advocates, hate speech codes have had but tepid supporters and a powerful opposition. The two doctrines are framed differently, one as sexist action the other as thought control. Ultimately, the chapter rejects the notion that sexual harassment law is easily distinguished from hate speech codes or that the courts have done an adequate job of explaining their divergent decisions.
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226305530
- eISBN:
- 9780226305134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226305134.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter reexamines the prevalence of college speech codes in light of the courts' holdings. It finds colleges not only declined to follow the courts' decisions, but they also adopted new and ...
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This chapter reexamines the prevalence of college speech codes in light of the courts' holdings. It finds colleges not only declined to follow the courts' decisions, but they also adopted new and more extensive speech policies in the face of contrary precedent. This paradox—between court decisions and public behavior—illustrates the power of extra-judicial legal meaning-making, for the resistance of college administrators served to redefine the meaning of the underlying constitutional norm.Less
This chapter reexamines the prevalence of college speech codes in light of the courts' holdings. It finds colleges not only declined to follow the courts' decisions, but they also adopted new and more extensive speech policies in the face of contrary precedent. This paradox—between court decisions and public behavior—illustrates the power of extra-judicial legal meaning-making, for the resistance of college administrators served to redefine the meaning of the underlying constitutional norm.
Pierre-Yves Oudeyer
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199289158
- eISBN:
- 9780191711091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289158.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter formally describes the first version of the artificial system, and shows its dynamics, which involves the formation of a discrete speech code shared by a population of agents who ...
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This chapter formally describes the first version of the artificial system, and shows its dynamics, which involves the formation of a discrete speech code shared by a population of agents who initially only pronounce unstructured and holistic vocalizations, and do not follow any rules of coordinated interaction. In particular, it discusses the role that morphological constraints on the vocal and perceptual apparatus may or may not play in the formation of speech codes.Less
This chapter formally describes the first version of the artificial system, and shows its dynamics, which involves the formation of a discrete speech code shared by a population of agents who initially only pronounce unstructured and holistic vocalizations, and do not follow any rules of coordinated interaction. In particular, it discusses the role that morphological constraints on the vocal and perceptual apparatus may or may not play in the formation of speech codes.
Gianfranco Poggi
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263020
- eISBN:
- 9780191734199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263020.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
Tom Burns had possessed extraordinary professional gifts as an observer and analyst of social life ‘on the ground’. He preferred practising sociology rather than debating its nature or justifying its ...
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Tom Burns had possessed extraordinary professional gifts as an observer and analyst of social life ‘on the ground’. He preferred practising sociology rather than debating its nature or justifying its existence. One might say that, throughout his career, he preferred being a practitioner of sociology to being an apologist for it. Tom's overall intellectual stance expressed a deep commitment to the moral values and the political priorities associated with the British labour tradition. He always wrote to a high literary standard, which reflected on the one hand his thorough familiarity with British and European literature, and on the other his keen sense for the social and moral significance of the way people express themselves verbally in ‘real life’. His accounts of organisational life devote a great deal of attention to local speech codes — the expressive and ritual aspects of the way in which people address each other in a variety of contexts.Less
Tom Burns had possessed extraordinary professional gifts as an observer and analyst of social life ‘on the ground’. He preferred practising sociology rather than debating its nature or justifying its existence. One might say that, throughout his career, he preferred being a practitioner of sociology to being an apologist for it. Tom's overall intellectual stance expressed a deep commitment to the moral values and the political priorities associated with the British labour tradition. He always wrote to a high literary standard, which reflected on the one hand his thorough familiarity with British and European literature, and on the other his keen sense for the social and moral significance of the way people express themselves verbally in ‘real life’. His accounts of organisational life devote a great deal of attention to local speech codes — the expressive and ritual aspects of the way in which people address each other in a variety of contexts.
Akeel Bilgrami and Jonathan Cole (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231168809
- eISBN:
- 9780231538794
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231168809.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This book discusses the conceptual issues surrounding the idea of freedom of inquiry and scrutinizes a variety of obstacles to such inquiry encountered in personal and professional experiences. This ...
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This book discusses the conceptual issues surrounding the idea of freedom of inquiry and scrutinizes a variety of obstacles to such inquiry encountered in personal and professional experiences. This discussion of threats to freedom traverses a wide disciplinary and institutional, political and economic range covering specific restrictions linked to speech codes, the interests of donors, institutional review board licensing, political pressure groups, and government policy, as well as phenomena of high generality, such as intellectual orthodoxy, in which coercion is barely visible and often self-imposed. No freedom can be taken for granted, even in the most well-functioning of formal democracies. Exposing the tendencies that undermine freedom of inquiry and their hidden sources and widespread implications is in itself an exercise in and for democracy.Less
This book discusses the conceptual issues surrounding the idea of freedom of inquiry and scrutinizes a variety of obstacles to such inquiry encountered in personal and professional experiences. This discussion of threats to freedom traverses a wide disciplinary and institutional, political and economic range covering specific restrictions linked to speech codes, the interests of donors, institutional review board licensing, political pressure groups, and government policy, as well as phenomena of high generality, such as intellectual orthodoxy, in which coercion is barely visible and often self-imposed. No freedom can be taken for granted, even in the most well-functioning of formal democracies. Exposing the tendencies that undermine freedom of inquiry and their hidden sources and widespread implications is in itself an exercise in and for democracy.
Jeremy Fantl
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- June 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198807957
- eISBN:
- 9780191845741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198807957.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Political Philosophy
This chapter argues that it is often impermissible to invite problematic speakers to campus. Opponents of campus speech codes often argue that it is important to invite problematic speakers in order ...
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This chapter argues that it is often impermissible to invite problematic speakers to campus. Opponents of campus speech codes often argue that it is important to invite problematic speakers in order to teach students resilience. On the contrary, I argue, if you know that their past or future behavior is both wrong and reflects accurately on their current attitudes or dispositions, it is impermissible to invite them. To do so can require you to stand in solidarity with the problematic speaker and thereby stand against—to betray—those who have been or will be victimized by their speech or behavior. Inviting a speaker to campus comes with obligations to the speaker—obligations of politeness and respect. Because it is impermissible to satisfy those obligations to certain kinds of problematic speakers, it is impermissible to invite them in the first place.Less
This chapter argues that it is often impermissible to invite problematic speakers to campus. Opponents of campus speech codes often argue that it is important to invite problematic speakers in order to teach students resilience. On the contrary, I argue, if you know that their past or future behavior is both wrong and reflects accurately on their current attitudes or dispositions, it is impermissible to invite them. To do so can require you to stand in solidarity with the problematic speaker and thereby stand against—to betray—those who have been or will be victimized by their speech or behavior. Inviting a speaker to campus comes with obligations to the speaker—obligations of politeness and respect. Because it is impermissible to satisfy those obligations to certain kinds of problematic speakers, it is impermissible to invite them in the first place.
Stanley Fish
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195369021
- eISBN:
- 9780197563243
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195369021.003.0009
- Subject:
- Education, Higher and Further Education
Of course, there’s no shortage of people who will step in to do your job if you default on it. The corporate world looks to the university for its workforce. Parents want the university to pick up ...
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Of course, there’s no shortage of people who will step in to do your job if you default on it. The corporate world looks to the university for its workforce. Parents want the university to pick up the baton they may have dropped. Students demand that the university support the political cause of the moment. Conservatives believe that the university should refurbish and preserve the traditions of the past. Liberals and progressives would like to see those same traditions dismantled and replaced by what they take to be better ones. Alumni wonder why the athletics teams aren’t winning more. Politicians and trustees wonder why the professors aren’t teaching more. Whether it is state legislators who want a say in hiring and course content, or donors who want to tell colleges how to spend the funds they provide, or parents who are disturbed when Dick and Jane bring home books about cross-dressing and gender change, or corporations that want new departments opened and others closed, or activist faculty who urge the administration to declare a position on the war in Iraq, there is no end of interests intent on deflecting the university from its search for truth and setting it on another path. Each of these lobbies has its point, but it is not the university’s point, which is, as I have said over and over again, to produce and disseminate (through teaching and publication) academic knowledge and to train those who will take up that task in the future. But can the university defend the autonomy it claims (or should claim) from public pressures? Is that claim even coherent? Mark Taylor would say no. In a key sentence in the final chapter of his book The Moment of Complexity (2001), Taylor declares that “the university is not autonomous but is a thoroughly parasitic institution, which continually depends on the generosity of the host so many academics claim to reject.” He continues: “The critical activities of the humanities, arts, and sciences are only possible if they are supported by the very economic interests their criticism so often calls into question.”
Less
Of course, there’s no shortage of people who will step in to do your job if you default on it. The corporate world looks to the university for its workforce. Parents want the university to pick up the baton they may have dropped. Students demand that the university support the political cause of the moment. Conservatives believe that the university should refurbish and preserve the traditions of the past. Liberals and progressives would like to see those same traditions dismantled and replaced by what they take to be better ones. Alumni wonder why the athletics teams aren’t winning more. Politicians and trustees wonder why the professors aren’t teaching more. Whether it is state legislators who want a say in hiring and course content, or donors who want to tell colleges how to spend the funds they provide, or parents who are disturbed when Dick and Jane bring home books about cross-dressing and gender change, or corporations that want new departments opened and others closed, or activist faculty who urge the administration to declare a position on the war in Iraq, there is no end of interests intent on deflecting the university from its search for truth and setting it on another path. Each of these lobbies has its point, but it is not the university’s point, which is, as I have said over and over again, to produce and disseminate (through teaching and publication) academic knowledge and to train those who will take up that task in the future. But can the university defend the autonomy it claims (or should claim) from public pressures? Is that claim even coherent? Mark Taylor would say no. In a key sentence in the final chapter of his book The Moment of Complexity (2001), Taylor declares that “the university is not autonomous but is a thoroughly parasitic institution, which continually depends on the generosity of the host so many academics claim to reject.” He continues: “The critical activities of the humanities, arts, and sciences are only possible if they are supported by the very economic interests their criticism so often calls into question.”