Mark Tatham and Katherine Morton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199250677
- eISBN:
- 9780191719462
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250677.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
This book is about the nature of expression in speech. It is a comprehensive exploration of how such expression is produced and understood, and of how the emotional content of spoken words may be ...
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This book is about the nature of expression in speech. It is a comprehensive exploration of how such expression is produced and understood, and of how the emotional content of spoken words may be analysed, modelled, tested, and synthesized. Listeners can interpret tone-of-voice, assess emotional pitch, and effortlessly detect the finest modulations of speaker attitude; yet these processes present almost intractable difficulties to the researchers seeking to identify and understand them. In seeking to explain the production and perception of emotive content, the book reviews the potential of biological and cognitive models. It examines how the features that make up the speech production and perception systems have been studied by biologists, psychologists, and linguists, and assesses how far biological, behavioural, and linguistic models generate hypotheses that provide insights into the nature of expressive speech.Less
This book is about the nature of expression in speech. It is a comprehensive exploration of how such expression is produced and understood, and of how the emotional content of spoken words may be analysed, modelled, tested, and synthesized. Listeners can interpret tone-of-voice, assess emotional pitch, and effortlessly detect the finest modulations of speaker attitude; yet these processes present almost intractable difficulties to the researchers seeking to identify and understand them. In seeking to explain the production and perception of emotive content, the book reviews the potential of biological and cognitive models. It examines how the features that make up the speech production and perception systems have been studied by biologists, psychologists, and linguists, and assesses how far biological, behavioural, and linguistic models generate hypotheses that provide insights into the nature of expressive speech.
Brian Loar
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780199673353
- eISBN:
- 9780191758935
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199673353.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Originally, the Gricean project of intention-based semantics aimed at reductive explications of speaker-meaning and expression, but in this chapter Loar no longer holds out much hope for that. He ...
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Originally, the Gricean project of intention-based semantics aimed at reductive explications of speaker-meaning and expression, but in this chapter Loar no longer holds out much hope for that. He instead considers a more modest Gricean project, one according to which the meanings of expressions supervene in a priori knowable ways on speakers’ propositional attitudes. But Loar uses his distinction between social and psychological content to argue that even the more modest project’s prospects are poor if speakers’ propositional attitudes are individuated in a way that assigns them truth conditions, but that those prospects are better if propositional attitudes are “individuated in terms of internally constituted properties.” At the same time, Loar goes on to demonstrate that the better motivated project “is perhaps not terribly exciting.”Less
Originally, the Gricean project of intention-based semantics aimed at reductive explications of speaker-meaning and expression, but in this chapter Loar no longer holds out much hope for that. He instead considers a more modest Gricean project, one according to which the meanings of expressions supervene in a priori knowable ways on speakers’ propositional attitudes. But Loar uses his distinction between social and psychological content to argue that even the more modest project’s prospects are poor if speakers’ propositional attitudes are individuated in a way that assigns them truth conditions, but that those prospects are better if propositional attitudes are “individuated in terms of internally constituted properties.” At the same time, Loar goes on to demonstrate that the better motivated project “is perhaps not terribly exciting.”
Irma Taavitsainen
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198744573
- eISBN:
- 9780191805820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744573.003.0016
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Lexicography
This chapter investigates the metaphorical uses of address terms with a ‘bottom-up’ empirical study. Address terms encode sociolinguistic parameters such as social and professional rank, family ...
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This chapter investigates the metaphorical uses of address terms with a ‘bottom-up’ empirical study. Address terms encode sociolinguistic parameters such as social and professional rank, family relations, age, and marital status, but they also encode aspects of conduct such as politeness and speaker attitudes. Gender and family motivate metaphorical applications, while biological aspects are enhanced both in male (procreation with sire) and female terms (budding new life with mistress). The role of a protective parent is also highlighted (safety with father; dame transferred to animals). Pejorative uses are found both for men and women, and the category of ‘Licentiousness’ is prominent (squire, daddy; mistress, miss, madam). Case studies focus on lord, sir(e), mistress, and madam. The chapter concludes by outlining metaphorical uses of address terms across changing cultures in the history of English.Less
This chapter investigates the metaphorical uses of address terms with a ‘bottom-up’ empirical study. Address terms encode sociolinguistic parameters such as social and professional rank, family relations, age, and marital status, but they also encode aspects of conduct such as politeness and speaker attitudes. Gender and family motivate metaphorical applications, while biological aspects are enhanced both in male (procreation with sire) and female terms (budding new life with mistress). The role of a protective parent is also highlighted (safety with father; dame transferred to animals). Pejorative uses are found both for men and women, and the category of ‘Licentiousness’ is prominent (squire, daddy; mistress, miss, madam). Case studies focus on lord, sir(e), mistress, and madam. The chapter concludes by outlining metaphorical uses of address terms across changing cultures in the history of English.
Gerjan van Schaaik
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198851509
- eISBN:
- 9780191886102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0014
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Syntax and Morphology
A popular method of classifying adverbs is by looking at what they modify: adjective or verb. Another criterion is whether or not the adverbial expression reflects an attitude of the speaker towards ...
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A popular method of classifying adverbs is by looking at what they modify: adjective or verb. Another criterion is whether or not the adverbial expression reflects an attitude of the speaker towards the content of his utterance. Both groups, objective and subjective adverbs, contain large numbers of lexical adverbs, all highly conventionalized. Other groups sharing these properties are adverbs of place and indeterminate adverbials. Adverbial phrases can be formed in several ways: by using an adjective, by drawing from the lexical stock of ready-to-use adverbs, by various forms of suffixation, and by reduplication. Adverbials based on the notions ‘with’ and ‘without’ deserve special attention, particularly with respect to possessive expressions. The final section discusses constructions based on kinship terms which do not follow the canonical suffix ordering.Less
A popular method of classifying adverbs is by looking at what they modify: adjective or verb. Another criterion is whether or not the adverbial expression reflects an attitude of the speaker towards the content of his utterance. Both groups, objective and subjective adverbs, contain large numbers of lexical adverbs, all highly conventionalized. Other groups sharing these properties are adverbs of place and indeterminate adverbials. Adverbial phrases can be formed in several ways: by using an adjective, by drawing from the lexical stock of ready-to-use adverbs, by various forms of suffixation, and by reduplication. Adverbials based on the notions ‘with’ and ‘without’ deserve special attention, particularly with respect to possessive expressions. The final section discusses constructions based on kinship terms which do not follow the canonical suffix ordering.
