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This chapter examines social interactions in human capital spillovers by focusing on spatial patterns in productivity, wages, and incomes, with particular emphasis on whether spatial concentration causes higher productivity. It begins with a discussion of aggregative spatial measures, such as economic activity at the level of states, regions, and counties in comparison with the smaller scale of cities and their neighborhoods. It then considers the interdependence between spatial interactions and spatial economic activity, the implications of spatial equilibrium for the urban wage premium, and human capital spillovers in microneighborhoods and in synthetic neighborhoods. It also shows how differences in patterns of productivity across locations and at different scales of spatial aggregation may be rationalized in terms of simple models of social interactions.

This chapter provides a fine-grained analysis of the interactions involving shifts in the motion verbs come and go in a map task. It finds that verb shifting was aligned to shifts in spatial perspective and to the speaker's stance to the co-participant with respect to information owned and shared.

A recent focus in the academic literature on segregation indices is on the development of spatial measures, which make use of information on the relative spatial locations of zones; such measures overcome the spatial location independence of traditional indices, often expressed as the ‘checkerboard problem’. Most spatial measures are based on contiguity weighting - immediate neighbours of a given zone are included in calculations - or distance-decay functions. This chapter considers the restrictions of such approaches and discusses some ways in which distance decay weighting schemes can be adapted to better reflect interactions between people in different areas. The use of data on internal migration as a proxy for the daily interactions between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland is considered, and is shown to depict limited interactions between those on opposite sides of so-called ‘interface areas’. Comparison of results using geographically weighted distance-decay schemes suggests that simple distance-based approaches may, in some cases, have limited practical utility if the derived measures are to be used as a guide to the degree of mixing between members of different population groups.

This chapter discusses the close connection between numbers and space. First, it demonstrates the automaticity of numerical-spatial interactions via the spatial numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect. It then reviews recent behavioral, patient, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies that suggest that numerical manipulations are dependent upon intact spatial representations. Studies that support the role of the parietal cortex in number processing are also examined.

Invasive alien species cause impacts partly through the changes they impose on biotic interactions which lead to altered ecosystem processes in recipient systems. This chapter reviews the types of direct and mediated (indirect) biotic interactions established by alien species. It also discusses possible ways of quantifying the strength and identifying the drivers of interactions. We present models and approaches that allow us to investigate the effects of biotic interactions on the spatial distribution and dynamics of species. Interaction fidelity and promiscuity are explored, as are the concepts of interaction switching and rewiring which are often experienced by species in their novel environments. The chapter ends with an outline of the potential eco-evolutionary forces experienced by interacting native and alien species, and a discussion of how such novel biological contexts could shape both current and future biotic interactions.

This chapter discusses the number of collective and individual creativities that arise in the practice of DJing. It takes a look at some very successful and creative DJs who are able to create ‘buzz’, ‘atmosphere’, ‘mood’, and ‘vibe’ in the spatial interaction between them and the crowd. The chapter also shows how musical creativity is not based on any rarefied or fixed object, attribute, quality, or process. Some examples of DJing practices that include various creativities and an overview of each DJ's personage and practice are included.

This chapter advances a systematic approach for the analysis of the governance of space. It introduces central concepts for the study of spatial interactions, and draws on recent innovations in social geography, political theory, and philosophy in order to flesh out this systematic approach. The control of the flow of bodies and the incapacitation of movement are revealed as the central objectives of the governance of space. Various tools are available for the spatial control of dissent: the selection of the location and the remapping of the spatial surrounding, tools for dividing space, tools for controlling movement, and tools for separating protesters from one another. The chapter highlights the preemptive character of control which deflects, redirects, and interrupts assembly and the transnationalization of tools for governing space.

Transport Geography in general has a rich tradition of theoretical and empirical research. But as the literature suggests, it has rather been a neglected field in India. There is noticeable lack of interest of institutions in the study (as a full- fledged course) and research in this branch of geography, which is evident from dearth of robust data and reading materials. Broadly, some neglected areas of research may be identified. To mention a few, structure of rural transportation, transport requirement and problems of various hierarchies of towns, revitalization of inland navigation at different levels, the role of modern air transport as an inter-regional force of economic development etc. The future studies may be directed towards (a) analysis of structure of transportation networks through appropriate graph–theoretic measures,(b) critical examination of the composition as well as magnitude of the flow and(c) their mutual relationship with the economy. Serious work on trade and marketing, which seem to have disappeared from the research radar of geography need to be restored and revitalized on modern lines.