Nikolas Rose and Joelle M. Abi-Rached
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149608
- eISBN:
- 9781400846337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149608.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter explores the neurobiological self. It argues that the emerging neuroscientific understandings of selfhood are unlikely to efface modern human beings' understanding of themselves as ...
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This chapter explores the neurobiological self. It argues that the emerging neuroscientific understandings of selfhood are unlikely to efface modern human beings' understanding of themselves as persons equipped with a deep interior world of mental states that have a causal relation to their action. Rather, they are likely to add a neurobiological dimension to human beings' self-understanding and their practices of self-management. In this sense, the “somatic individuality” which was once the province of the psy- sciences, is spreading to the neuro- sciences. Yet psy is not being displaced by neuro: neurobiological conceptions of the self are being construed alongside psychological ones.Less
This chapter explores the neurobiological self. It argues that the emerging neuroscientific understandings of selfhood are unlikely to efface modern human beings' understanding of themselves as persons equipped with a deep interior world of mental states that have a causal relation to their action. Rather, they are likely to add a neurobiological dimension to human beings' self-understanding and their practices of self-management. In this sense, the “somatic individuality” which was once the province of the psy- sciences, is spreading to the neuro- sciences. Yet psy is not being displaced by neuro: neurobiological conceptions of the self are being construed alongside psychological ones.
John C. Avise
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195369670
- eISBN:
- 9780199871063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369670.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Although clonality is often discussed in reference to whole organisms, the phenomenon also applies to (and is underlain by) genetic processes operating within each individual. All forms of clonal ...
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Although clonality is often discussed in reference to whole organisms, the phenomenon also applies to (and is underlain by) genetic processes operating within each individual. All forms of clonal reproduction begin with the faithful replication of genetic material. This chapter discusses the clonal propagation of nucleic acids (via DNA replication) and of entire nuclear genomes and chromosome sets (via mitosis) in populations of somatic cells. It also describes how mitochondrial genomes, as well as particular kinds of sex chromosomes, provide special examples of genetic systems that abstain from recombination. The net result of such micro-asexual processes is a multicellular individual, which can thus be viewed as a tightly knit colony of clonemate cells.Less
Although clonality is often discussed in reference to whole organisms, the phenomenon also applies to (and is underlain by) genetic processes operating within each individual. All forms of clonal reproduction begin with the faithful replication of genetic material. This chapter discusses the clonal propagation of nucleic acids (via DNA replication) and of entire nuclear genomes and chromosome sets (via mitosis) in populations of somatic cells. It also describes how mitochondrial genomes, as well as particular kinds of sex chromosomes, provide special examples of genetic systems that abstain from recombination. The net result of such micro-asexual processes is a multicellular individual, which can thus be viewed as a tightly knit colony of clonemate cells.
David S. Holmes
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198521945
- eISBN:
- 9780191688478
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521945.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter presents a review of research on somatic arousal reduction during meditation. Here the chapter takes a look at the evidence and comes to conclusions which ...
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This chapter presents a review of research on somatic arousal reduction during meditation. Here the chapter takes a look at the evidence and comes to conclusions which will no doubt further fuel the flames of controversy. The analysis of the evidence leads to the conclusion that the claims made for meditation have far exceeded the evidence to date. This review focuses not just on arousal reduction during meditation, but also on the claimed stress-inhibiting function of meditation practice. This chapter offers rejoinders to the critics of an 1984 review and offers further challenges.Less
This chapter presents a review of research on somatic arousal reduction during meditation. Here the chapter takes a look at the evidence and comes to conclusions which will no doubt further fuel the flames of controversy. The analysis of the evidence leads to the conclusion that the claims made for meditation have far exceeded the evidence to date. This review focuses not just on arousal reduction during meditation, but also on the claimed stress-inhibiting function of meditation practice. This chapter offers rejoinders to the critics of an 1984 review and offers further challenges.
Doreen Kimura
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195054927
- eISBN:
- 9780199872268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195054927.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
The lateralization of function in the brain is neither unique to humans nor specifically tied to the presence of complex language or other “higher level” functions. In fact, asymmetry is a feature of ...
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The lateralization of function in the brain is neither unique to humans nor specifically tied to the presence of complex language or other “higher level” functions. In fact, asymmetry is a feature of many biological systems, and is most marked in birds. This chapter argues that neural lateralization may be secondary to other, possibly gonadal, asymmetries. The latter may also relate to possible sex differences in somatic and brain asymmetry. Neural asymmetry in birds, asymmetry in nonhuman mammals, the natural of human brain asymmetry, mechanisms of brain asymmetry, and somatic asymmetry in humans, are discussed.Less
The lateralization of function in the brain is neither unique to humans nor specifically tied to the presence of complex language or other “higher level” functions. In fact, asymmetry is a feature of many biological systems, and is most marked in birds. This chapter argues that neural lateralization may be secondary to other, possibly gonadal, asymmetries. The latter may also relate to possible sex differences in somatic and brain asymmetry. Neural asymmetry in birds, asymmetry in nonhuman mammals, the natural of human brain asymmetry, mechanisms of brain asymmetry, and somatic asymmetry in humans, are discussed.
Don M. Tucker
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195316988
- eISBN:
- 9780199786848
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195316988.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Once both the exquisite connectional architecture representing memory and the dynamic neurophysiological process that brings it to life are understood, we can begin to appreciate memory's ...
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Once both the exquisite connectional architecture representing memory and the dynamic neurophysiological process that brings it to life are understood, we can begin to appreciate memory's motivational control. We can then consider the possible ways in which the more complex properties of the mind could come from these principles of embodied cybernetics. This chapter takes a theoretical approach to three fundamental issues. First, it studies the physiological engines of memory consolidation, which are the neural mechanisms that weave the tapestry of meaning across the corticolimbic architecture. Second, it considers the psychological context of the consolidation process, which is where experience is embedded in a lifelong matrix of interpersonal relations. Third, it considers a novel theory of how the visceral and somatic structures could yield the abstract patterns of the mind.Less
Once both the exquisite connectional architecture representing memory and the dynamic neurophysiological process that brings it to life are understood, we can begin to appreciate memory's motivational control. We can then consider the possible ways in which the more complex properties of the mind could come from these principles of embodied cybernetics. This chapter takes a theoretical approach to three fundamental issues. First, it studies the physiological engines of memory consolidation, which are the neural mechanisms that weave the tapestry of meaning across the corticolimbic architecture. Second, it considers the psychological context of the consolidation process, which is where experience is embedded in a lifelong matrix of interpersonal relations. Third, it considers a novel theory of how the visceral and somatic structures could yield the abstract patterns of the mind.
Adil E. Shamoo and David B. Resnik
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368246
- eISBN:
- 9780199867615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368246.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This chapter provides an overview of ethical, social, and policy issues related to research on human genetics and embryonic stem cells. It covers such topics as genetic engineering of animals and ...
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This chapter provides an overview of ethical, social, and policy issues related to research on human genetics and embryonic stem cells. It covers such topics as genetic engineering of animals and plants; genetic testing, privacy, and discrimination; storage of genetic samples, returning research results to subjects; family genetic testing; somatic gene therapy; germ line manipulation; intellectual property concerns; embryonic stem cell research; and cloning.Less
This chapter provides an overview of ethical, social, and policy issues related to research on human genetics and embryonic stem cells. It covers such topics as genetic engineering of animals and plants; genetic testing, privacy, and discrimination; storage of genetic samples, returning research results to subjects; family genetic testing; somatic gene therapy; germ line manipulation; intellectual property concerns; embryonic stem cell research; and cloning.
Christopher A. Buneo, Gregory Apker, and Ying Shi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews neural correlates of cue integration in two distinct neural systems (one perceptual, the other sensorimotor), both in nonhuman primates. The first involves structures involved ...
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This chapter reviews neural correlates of cue integration in two distinct neural systems (one perceptual, the other sensorimotor), both in nonhuman primates. The first involves structures involved with the integration of somatic and visual cues during visually guided reaching. As with most behavioral neurophysiology, these studies focus on analyses of spiking activity (i.e., the mean firing rate of extracellular action potentials). However, it has become increasingly clear that analyses of other “nonspiking” signals such as local field potentials (LFPs) can provide important additional insights into the neural mechanisms of perceptual and motor processes, including cue integration. Thus, the chapter also reviews recent work conducted in a system where LFP modulations have been observed during integration, that is, the audiovisual perceptual system. It discusses the combined analysis of spikes and LFPs as a potentially fruitful avenue for investigations into the neural correlates of cue integration.Less
This chapter reviews neural correlates of cue integration in two distinct neural systems (one perceptual, the other sensorimotor), both in nonhuman primates. The first involves structures involved with the integration of somatic and visual cues during visually guided reaching. As with most behavioral neurophysiology, these studies focus on analyses of spiking activity (i.e., the mean firing rate of extracellular action potentials). However, it has become increasingly clear that analyses of other “nonspiking” signals such as local field potentials (LFPs) can provide important additional insights into the neural mechanisms of perceptual and motor processes, including cue integration. Thus, the chapter also reviews recent work conducted in a system where LFP modulations have been observed during integration, that is, the audiovisual perceptual system. It discusses the combined analysis of spikes and LFPs as a potentially fruitful avenue for investigations into the neural correlates of cue integration.
Nasir Naqvi, Daniel Tranel, and Antoine Bechara
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565741
- eISBN:
- 9780191723971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter reviews the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) in autonomic functions and decision-making, with an emphasis on data from humans with VMPFC lesions. The somatic marker ...
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This chapter reviews the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) in autonomic functions and decision-making, with an emphasis on data from humans with VMPFC lesions. The somatic marker hypothesis proposes that the sensory mapping of visceral responses is important for the execution of highly complex, goal-oriented behavior. In this view, visceral responses function to ‘mark’ potential choices as being advantageous or disadvantageous. The VMPFC is well connected with visceral processing areas, and possesses both viscerosensory input and visceromotor output. The development of the Iowa Gambling Task as an index of decision making is described. Patients with VMPFC lesions show deficits in both visceromotor functions and decision-making on the Iowa Gambling Task, consistent with the somatic marker hypothesis.Less
This chapter reviews the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) in autonomic functions and decision-making, with an emphasis on data from humans with VMPFC lesions. The somatic marker hypothesis proposes that the sensory mapping of visceral responses is important for the execution of highly complex, goal-oriented behavior. In this view, visceral responses function to ‘mark’ potential choices as being advantageous or disadvantageous. The VMPFC is well connected with visceral processing areas, and possesses both viscerosensory input and visceromotor output. The development of the Iowa Gambling Task as an index of decision making is described. Patients with VMPFC lesions show deficits in both visceromotor functions and decision-making on the Iowa Gambling Task, consistent with the somatic marker hypothesis.
Edmund T. Rolls
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198570035
- eISBN:
- 9780191693793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570035.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter provides a definition of emotion as states elicited by rewards and punishers, that is, by instrumental reinforcers. A theory of emotion is put forward which includes categories of ...
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This chapter provides a definition of emotion as states elicited by rewards and punishers, that is, by instrumental reinforcers. A theory of emotion is put forward which includes categories of emotion, complex emotions, and cognitive factors. Other theories of emotion are described: James-Lange, somatic marker hypothesis, Appraisal theory (Frijda, Scherer), and Dimensional theory (Ekman).Less
This chapter provides a definition of emotion as states elicited by rewards and punishers, that is, by instrumental reinforcers. A theory of emotion is put forward which includes categories of emotion, complex emotions, and cognitive factors. Other theories of emotion are described: James-Lange, somatic marker hypothesis, Appraisal theory (Frijda, Scherer), and Dimensional theory (Ekman).
Ivan Soltesz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177015
- eISBN:
- 9780199864713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177015.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Techniques
This chapter shows that somatic mutations in the brain may be more frequent than previously believed, and they may result in substantial alterations in synaptic functions involved in learning and ...
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This chapter shows that somatic mutations in the brain may be more frequent than previously believed, and they may result in substantial alterations in synaptic functions involved in learning and memory (i.e., they may have behaviorally significant effects even at the whole organism level). Alterations in the expression levels of genes in cortical tissues that are expressed in interneurons and at GABAergic synapses indicate that these complex processes may contribute to age-dependent changes in cell-to-cell variance within interneuronal populations.Less
This chapter shows that somatic mutations in the brain may be more frequent than previously believed, and they may result in substantial alterations in synaptic functions involved in learning and memory (i.e., they may have behaviorally significant effects even at the whole organism level). Alterations in the expression levels of genes in cortical tissues that are expressed in interneurons and at GABAergic synapses indicate that these complex processes may contribute to age-dependent changes in cell-to-cell variance within interneuronal populations.
Daniel Tranel
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195134971
- eISBN:
- 9780199864157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0022
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter discusses the role of the orbital prefrontal cortex in behavior, with emphasis on the involvement of the ventromedial prefrontal (VMPF) lobe in emotions and decision making. It focuses ...
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This chapter discusses the role of the orbital prefrontal cortex in behavior, with emphasis on the involvement of the ventromedial prefrontal (VMPF) lobe in emotions and decision making. It focuses on three aspects: (1) the development and application of a laboratory task to measure decision making and related emotional influences; (2) the development of a set of rating scales aimed at characterizing the personality attributes of patients with acquired VMPF dysfunction and decision-making impairments; and (3) studies conducted in patients who have sustained damage to VMPF cortices very early in life, and who manifested lifelong social conduct and decision-making deficits. The main features of the somatic marker framework are summarized.Less
This chapter discusses the role of the orbital prefrontal cortex in behavior, with emphasis on the involvement of the ventromedial prefrontal (VMPF) lobe in emotions and decision making. It focuses on three aspects: (1) the development and application of a laboratory task to measure decision making and related emotional influences; (2) the development of a set of rating scales aimed at characterizing the personality attributes of patients with acquired VMPF dysfunction and decision-making impairments; and (3) studies conducted in patients who have sustained damage to VMPF cortices very early in life, and who manifested lifelong social conduct and decision-making deficits. The main features of the somatic marker framework are summarized.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226282077
- eISBN:
- 9780226282060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226282060.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
In the Middle Ages, Kabbalah perforce retained a strong connection to Neo-Aristotelean or Neo-Platonic philosophy and indeed was in many ways inseparable from these discourses. It is problematic to ...
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In the Middle Ages, Kabbalah perforce retained a strong connection to Neo-Aristotelean or Neo-Platonic philosophy and indeed was in many ways inseparable from these discourses. It is problematic to view modern Kabbalah in a proximist manner as an elaboration of medieval Jewish mysticism. The evidence for the persistence of intense and somatic experiences of somatic transformation was drawn from a broad array of texts. While the underscoring of the shamanic elements in Jewish mystical culture certainly brings the study of modern Kabbalah closer to the general scholastic enterprise of religious studies, it should not be seen as a move that removes the body of texts studied here from its anchoring in the broader Jewish tradition. In future works, the exhibition of the continued relevance of the revitalizing forces of Jewish modernity to the broader question of the meaning of traditional Jewish practice in modern global culture is aimed at.Less
In the Middle Ages, Kabbalah perforce retained a strong connection to Neo-Aristotelean or Neo-Platonic philosophy and indeed was in many ways inseparable from these discourses. It is problematic to view modern Kabbalah in a proximist manner as an elaboration of medieval Jewish mysticism. The evidence for the persistence of intense and somatic experiences of somatic transformation was drawn from a broad array of texts. While the underscoring of the shamanic elements in Jewish mystical culture certainly brings the study of modern Kabbalah closer to the general scholastic enterprise of religious studies, it should not be seen as a move that removes the body of texts studied here from its anchoring in the broader Jewish tradition. In future works, the exhibition of the continued relevance of the revitalizing forces of Jewish modernity to the broader question of the meaning of traditional Jewish practice in modern global culture is aimed at.
Adam Watt
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199566174
- eISBN:
- 9780191721519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566174.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature, European Literature
This chapter proposes that when dealing with the errors, slips, and misprisions in reading that we so often encounter in A la recherche, rather than talking of ‘misreading’, we might more fruitfully ...
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This chapter proposes that when dealing with the errors, slips, and misprisions in reading that we so often encounter in A la recherche, rather than talking of ‘misreading’, we might more fruitfully think of ‘le délire de la lecture’. Close readings of a number of passages (among them the primary focus is on Albertine disparue) highlight how frequently Proust depicts reading—our only means of interpreting his novel—as unreliable, riven with errors, and influenced by desire, anticipation, or preconception. The fragility of traditional distinctions between the intellectual and the empirical, between the real and the imaginary, are highlighted, and the sensory, somatic effects of reading are considered in detail; the textures of Proust's prose are shown repeatedly to offer its readers the very stimuli it seeks to describe.Less
This chapter proposes that when dealing with the errors, slips, and misprisions in reading that we so often encounter in A la recherche, rather than talking of ‘misreading’, we might more fruitfully think of ‘le délire de la lecture’. Close readings of a number of passages (among them the primary focus is on Albertine disparue) highlight how frequently Proust depicts reading—our only means of interpreting his novel—as unreliable, riven with errors, and influenced by desire, anticipation, or preconception. The fragility of traditional distinctions between the intellectual and the empirical, between the real and the imaginary, are highlighted, and the sensory, somatic effects of reading are considered in detail; the textures of Proust's prose are shown repeatedly to offer its readers the very stimuli it seeks to describe.
Jorge N. Ferrer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199751198
- eISBN:
- 9780199918782
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751198.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter describes a critical-participatory pedagogy used in a doctoral seminar on the comparative study of mysticism taught at the California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco. The ...
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This chapter describes a critical-participatory pedagogy used in a doctoral seminar on the comparative study of mysticism taught at the California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco. The pedagogical strategy consists of an in-depth exploration of the field of comparative mysticism in the context of a participatory inquiry paradigm. Participatory pedagogies seek to incorporate as many human faculties as appropriate. To this end, in addition to the intellectual discussion of the main interpretive models and major horizons of the field of comparative mysticism, the seminar draws on the following pedagogical strategies: (1) guided visualization and contemplative inquiry; (2) ritual and somatic grounding; (3) mandala drawing; (4) dialogical inquiry as spiritual practice; (5) meditative reading of lectio divina; and (6) role play and multidimensional presentations.Less
This chapter describes a critical-participatory pedagogy used in a doctoral seminar on the comparative study of mysticism taught at the California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco. The pedagogical strategy consists of an in-depth exploration of the field of comparative mysticism in the context of a participatory inquiry paradigm. Participatory pedagogies seek to incorporate as many human faculties as appropriate. To this end, in addition to the intellectual discussion of the main interpretive models and major horizons of the field of comparative mysticism, the seminar draws on the following pedagogical strategies: (1) guided visualization and contemplative inquiry; (2) ritual and somatic grounding; (3) mandala drawing; (4) dialogical inquiry as spiritual practice; (5) meditative reading of lectio divina; and (6) role play and multidimensional presentations.
Marjorie Garson
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122234
- eISBN:
- 9780191671371
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122234.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This book offers a reading of seven novels made by Hardy as fables regarding the constitution and the dissolution of the self through illustrating how integrity and both bodily and psychic wholeness ...
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This book offers a reading of seven novels made by Hardy as fables regarding the constitution and the dissolution of the self through illustrating how integrity and both bodily and psychic wholeness inform and disfigure fictional material. The study begins with the bodies of actual human characters as well as figurative language that leads to how bodies may be represented through the earth, the sky, the town, the house, the college, and other such elements. Hardy's writing is found to demonstrate fear of corporeal dissolution or anxiety about bodily integrity referred to as ‘somatic anxiety’. In Hardy's novels, nature manifests itself as a fragmented human body. It is important to note that there are other methods for illustrating these matters as these can also be reflected also by other ‘humanoid’ figures. These are moreover portrayed through the plot and through characterization.Less
This book offers a reading of seven novels made by Hardy as fables regarding the constitution and the dissolution of the self through illustrating how integrity and both bodily and psychic wholeness inform and disfigure fictional material. The study begins with the bodies of actual human characters as well as figurative language that leads to how bodies may be represented through the earth, the sky, the town, the house, the college, and other such elements. Hardy's writing is found to demonstrate fear of corporeal dissolution or anxiety about bodily integrity referred to as ‘somatic anxiety’. In Hardy's novels, nature manifests itself as a fragmented human body. It is important to note that there are other methods for illustrating these matters as these can also be reflected also by other ‘humanoid’ figures. These are moreover portrayed through the plot and through characterization.
Jennifer M.A. Laird and Hans-Georg Schaible
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198515616
- eISBN:
- 9780191723650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515616.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Disease processes in the deep tissue such as the viscera, muscle, and joint are the most common cause of clinically relevant pain. Pain is also the major, or in some cases, the only sensation that ...
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Disease processes in the deep tissue such as the viscera, muscle, and joint are the most common cause of clinically relevant pain. Pain is also the major, or in some cases, the only sensation that originates from deep tissues. In contrast, the skin gives rise to a wide range of sensations that include touch, tickle, itch, warmth, coolness, and complex sensations like wetness or stickiness. Cutaneous pain serves primarily as a warning of external threats and is much more rarely a clinical concern, although lesions, burns, and some skin diseases produce pain. This chapter outlines the basic principles of nociception in the viscera, muscle, and joint, with a particular emphasis on the similarities and differences in the neurobiology of pain from deep structures compared to pain from the skin.Less
Disease processes in the deep tissue such as the viscera, muscle, and joint are the most common cause of clinically relevant pain. Pain is also the major, or in some cases, the only sensation that originates from deep tissues. In contrast, the skin gives rise to a wide range of sensations that include touch, tickle, itch, warmth, coolness, and complex sensations like wetness or stickiness. Cutaneous pain serves primarily as a warning of external threats and is much more rarely a clinical concern, although lesions, burns, and some skin diseases produce pain. This chapter outlines the basic principles of nociception in the viscera, muscle, and joint, with a particular emphasis on the similarities and differences in the neurobiology of pain from deep structures compared to pain from the skin.
Renée C. Fox and Judith P. Swazey
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195365559
- eISBN:
- 9780199851881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365559.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
The birth of Dolly, a lamb born at the Roslin Institute in Scotland, created a wave of talk and commentaries from experts in the fields of ethics, religion, law, and medicine in 1997. Dolly was the ...
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The birth of Dolly, a lamb born at the Roslin Institute in Scotland, created a wave of talk and commentaries from experts in the fields of ethics, religion, law, and medicine in 1997. Dolly was the first mammal successfully born as a result of cloning, using the technique somatic cell nuclear transfer. This chapter presents an in-depth look into the events prior to and the aftermath of the birth of Dolly, including how news on such “new biology” was related to the public.Less
The birth of Dolly, a lamb born at the Roslin Institute in Scotland, created a wave of talk and commentaries from experts in the fields of ethics, religion, law, and medicine in 1997. Dolly was the first mammal successfully born as a result of cloning, using the technique somatic cell nuclear transfer. This chapter presents an in-depth look into the events prior to and the aftermath of the birth of Dolly, including how news on such “new biology” was related to the public.
Jan Vijg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198569237
- eISBN:
- 9780191728242
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569237.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Aging has long since been ascribed to the gradual accumulation of DNA mutations in the genome of somatic cells. However, it is only recently that the necessary sophisticated technology has been ...
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Aging has long since been ascribed to the gradual accumulation of DNA mutations in the genome of somatic cells. However, it is only recently that the necessary sophisticated technology has been developed to begin testing this theory and its consequences. This book critically reviews the concept of genomic instability as a possible universal cause of aging in the context of a new, holistic understanding of genome functioning in complex organisms resulting from recent advances in functional genomics and systems biology. It provides a synthesis of current research, as well as a look ahead to the design of strategies to retard or reverse the deleterious effects of aging. This is particularly important in a time when we are urgently trying to unravel the genetic component of aging-related diseases. Moreover, there is a growing public recognition of the imperative of understanding more about the underlying biology of aging, driven by continuing demographic change.Less
Aging has long since been ascribed to the gradual accumulation of DNA mutations in the genome of somatic cells. However, it is only recently that the necessary sophisticated technology has been developed to begin testing this theory and its consequences. This book critically reviews the concept of genomic instability as a possible universal cause of aging in the context of a new, holistic understanding of genome functioning in complex organisms resulting from recent advances in functional genomics and systems biology. It provides a synthesis of current research, as well as a look ahead to the design of strategies to retard or reverse the deleterious effects of aging. This is particularly important in a time when we are urgently trying to unravel the genetic component of aging-related diseases. Moreover, there is a growing public recognition of the imperative of understanding more about the underlying biology of aging, driven by continuing demographic change.
Janet Oppenheim
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195057812
- eISBN:
- 9780199854394
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195057812.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The experience of nervous breakdown achieved a significance in Victorian culture that went far beyond the substantial interest bestowed by the medical profession on so perplexing and elusive an ...
More
The experience of nervous breakdown achieved a significance in Victorian culture that went far beyond the substantial interest bestowed by the medical profession on so perplexing and elusive an illness. Nervous breakdown, a popular name for incapacitating depression, is not a specific disease that can be traced to a single cause. It is an abstract concept, encompassing many symptoms that vary from one patient to another, with invariably devastating effect. The characteristic sense of overwhelming hopelessness, emptiness, impotence, and uselessness, the incapacity to focus attention or reach decisions, the obsessive thoughts and fears, the diminished self-esteem, the extreme lethargy, and the inability to take interest or pleasure in any aspect of life make existence scarcely tolerable. This book attempts to ascertain what nervous breakdown meant to the Victorians, both to patients who experienced the baffling disorder and to medical practitioners who tried to treat it.Less
The experience of nervous breakdown achieved a significance in Victorian culture that went far beyond the substantial interest bestowed by the medical profession on so perplexing and elusive an illness. Nervous breakdown, a popular name for incapacitating depression, is not a specific disease that can be traced to a single cause. It is an abstract concept, encompassing many symptoms that vary from one patient to another, with invariably devastating effect. The characteristic sense of overwhelming hopelessness, emptiness, impotence, and uselessness, the incapacity to focus attention or reach decisions, the obsessive thoughts and fears, the diminished self-esteem, the extreme lethargy, and the inability to take interest or pleasure in any aspect of life make existence scarcely tolerable. This book attempts to ascertain what nervous breakdown meant to the Victorians, both to patients who experienced the baffling disorder and to medical practitioners who tried to treat it.
Janet Oppenheim
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195057812
- eISBN:
- 9780199854394
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195057812.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
When alienists and nerve specialists set themselves to cure patients incapacitated by nervous breakdown, the treatments they designed reflected their awareness that mind and body needed to be healed ...
More
When alienists and nerve specialists set themselves to cure patients incapacitated by nervous breakdown, the treatments they designed reflected their awareness that mind and body needed to be healed together. Although there is no single prescription for the care of shattered nerves, virtually all of the therapeutic methods employed during the Victorian and Edwardian decades sought to address both somatic and psychological distress, restoring the depleted supplies of nerve force that precipitated the collapse and calming whatever form of mental strain that had exacerbated it. Throughout Victoria's reign, most medical men relied on drugs during some stage of a nervous patient's treatment. However, Victorian and Edwardian doctors had no idea why some forms of therapy worked well on some depressed patients and had no effect, or a highly detrimental one, on others.Less
When alienists and nerve specialists set themselves to cure patients incapacitated by nervous breakdown, the treatments they designed reflected their awareness that mind and body needed to be healed together. Although there is no single prescription for the care of shattered nerves, virtually all of the therapeutic methods employed during the Victorian and Edwardian decades sought to address both somatic and psychological distress, restoring the depleted supplies of nerve force that precipitated the collapse and calming whatever form of mental strain that had exacerbated it. Throughout Victoria's reign, most medical men relied on drugs during some stage of a nervous patient's treatment. However, Victorian and Edwardian doctors had no idea why some forms of therapy worked well on some depressed patients and had no effect, or a highly detrimental one, on others.
