Ryan E. O’Dell and Nishanta Rajakaruna
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520268357
- eISBN:
- 9780520948457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520268357.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter focuses on how distinct soil types have resulted in ecotypic differentiation and adaptation. It begins with evidence for ecotypic differentiation in chemically stressful edaphic ...
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This chapter focuses on how distinct soil types have resulted in ecotypic differentiation and adaptation. It begins with evidence for ecotypic differentiation in chemically stressful edaphic environments, including saline soils and metalliferous mine tailings. The chapter then proceeds to highlight ecotypic differentiation in response to serpentine soils. The discussion includes a summary of the adverse physical and chemical characteristics of serpentine soils, key plant morphological and physiological mechanisms involved in serpentine soil tolerance, how ecotypic differentiation leads to the origin of new species, and an extensive review of plant intraspecific variation found within serpentine ecosystems worldwide. The chapter concludes by summarizing major trends in plant adaptation to serpentine soils as demonstrated by examples of intraspecific variation.Less
This chapter focuses on how distinct soil types have resulted in ecotypic differentiation and adaptation. It begins with evidence for ecotypic differentiation in chemically stressful edaphic environments, including saline soils and metalliferous mine tailings. The chapter then proceeds to highlight ecotypic differentiation in response to serpentine soils. The discussion includes a summary of the adverse physical and chemical characteristics of serpentine soils, key plant morphological and physiological mechanisms involved in serpentine soil tolerance, how ecotypic differentiation leads to the origin of new species, and an extensive review of plant intraspecific variation found within serpentine ecosystems worldwide. The chapter concludes by summarizing major trends in plant adaptation to serpentine soils as demonstrated by examples of intraspecific variation.
Keith Wrightson and David Lavine
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203216
- eISBN:
- 9780191675799
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203216.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This chapter discusses the economy of the village of Terling in Essex. In the course of the later 16th and 17th centuries, the development of the village economy, like that of the county of Essex ...
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This chapter discusses the economy of the village of Terling in Essex. In the course of the later 16th and 17th centuries, the development of the village economy, like that of the county of Essex generally, was shaped by four basic factors. First there were the simple facts of topography and soil type; second, the agricultural technology available to the villagers and the practice of husbandry associated with it; third, the system of landholding inherited from the medieval past; and, finally, the influence of market opportunities.Less
This chapter discusses the economy of the village of Terling in Essex. In the course of the later 16th and 17th centuries, the development of the village economy, like that of the county of Essex generally, was shaped by four basic factors. First there were the simple facts of topography and soil type; second, the agricultural technology available to the villagers and the practice of husbandry associated with it; third, the system of landholding inherited from the medieval past; and, finally, the influence of market opportunities.
Zeynep K. Hansen, Gary D. Libecap, and Scott E. Lowe
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226479880
- eISBN:
- 9780226479903
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226479903.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses how a major policy initiative, massive investment in dams and related canals, largely for irrigation and flood control in the twentieth century, affected crop yields and mixes ...
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This chapter discusses how a major policy initiative, massive investment in dams and related canals, largely for irrigation and flood control in the twentieth century, affected crop yields and mixes during times of extreme drought and wetness. The chapter assembles a county-level data set of 3,620 observations for five western states, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming using census data for the twentieth century. These states have similar temperature and precipitation patterns, crops, and soil types, but the availability of irrigation varies widely. The crop data are for hay, wheat, barley, corn, and potatoes. The data set includes total planted acreage, total failed acreage, total fallow or idle acreage, and total harvested acreage by crop, along with information on topography, soil quality, water storage and distribution, temperature, and precipitation. There was variation in agricultural production and crop mix before and after the water infrastructure was installed, and across counties with and without such infrastructure during times of excessive drought and precipitation. The results underscore how important the water infrastructure has been for long-term adaptation strategies to respond to highly variable climatic conditions.Less
This chapter discusses how a major policy initiative, massive investment in dams and related canals, largely for irrigation and flood control in the twentieth century, affected crop yields and mixes during times of extreme drought and wetness. The chapter assembles a county-level data set of 3,620 observations for five western states, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming using census data for the twentieth century. These states have similar temperature and precipitation patterns, crops, and soil types, but the availability of irrigation varies widely. The crop data are for hay, wheat, barley, corn, and potatoes. The data set includes total planted acreage, total failed acreage, total fallow or idle acreage, and total harvested acreage by crop, along with information on topography, soil quality, water storage and distribution, temperature, and precipitation. There was variation in agricultural production and crop mix before and after the water infrastructure was installed, and across counties with and without such infrastructure during times of excessive drought and precipitation. The results underscore how important the water infrastructure has been for long-term adaptation strategies to respond to highly variable climatic conditions.
