James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165883
- eISBN:
- 9780199789672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165883.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes how computers came into three information technology industries: semiconductors, hard disk drives, and software, for doing the work of each. It describes applications, how work ...
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This chapter describes how computers came into three information technology industries: semiconductors, hard disk drives, and software, for doing the work of each. It describes applications, how work changed, and how products were developed, manufactured, and deployed. The extent of use of computers in these modern industries is also discussed.Less
This chapter describes how computers came into three information technology industries: semiconductors, hard disk drives, and software, for doing the work of each. It describes applications, how work changed, and how products were developed, manufactured, and deployed. The extent of use of computers in these modern industries is also discussed.
Richard Heeks
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241057
- eISBN:
- 9780191714290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241057.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
India was a Third World Information Technology colossus by the year 2000. In 1998/99, it exported an estimated US$2.2 billion-worth of software and produced more than 700,000 computers for the home ...
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India was a Third World Information Technology colossus by the year 2000. In 1998/99, it exported an estimated US$2.2 billion-worth of software and produced more than 700,000 computers for the home market, worth over US$1 billion. Such success has encouraged many other developing and transitional nations to see India as an IT model that must be understood and imitated. This chapter explores IT production policies in India and their impact from the 1960s to the 1990s, and draws some policy lessons from that understanding. It sets out an IT policy framework that will be used to analyse the Indian experiences.Less
India was a Third World Information Technology colossus by the year 2000. In 1998/99, it exported an estimated US$2.2 billion-worth of software and produced more than 700,000 computers for the home market, worth over US$1 billion. Such success has encouraged many other developing and transitional nations to see India as an IT model that must be understood and imitated. This chapter explores IT production policies in India and their impact from the 1960s to the 1990s, and draws some policy lessons from that understanding. It sets out an IT policy framework that will be used to analyse the Indian experiences.
V. N. Balasubramanyam and Ahalya Balasubramanyam
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250011
- eISBN:
- 9780191596216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250014.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The software cluster in Bangalore, South India, represents in a microcosm several of the developments associated with globalization identified in Ch. 1. It is a knowledge‐oriented or ...
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The software cluster in Bangalore, South India, represents in a microcosm several of the developments associated with globalization identified in Ch. 1. It is a knowledge‐oriented or human‐capital‐intensive industry that has attracted multinational firms to Bangalore, both as producers and consumers of software, turning the city into an international gateway for trained labour. The state has actively assisted the growth of the industry. This chapter addresses the reasons for the success of the software cluster. The main sections provide a brief description of the size and structure of the software cluster in Bangalore, discuss the Bangalore cluster in the light of received explanations of clusters from geographers and regional economists, and analyse the cluster in the context of the economics of agglomeration and developments associated with globalization.Less
The software cluster in Bangalore, South India, represents in a microcosm several of the developments associated with globalization identified in Ch. 1. It is a knowledge‐oriented or human‐capital‐intensive industry that has attracted multinational firms to Bangalore, both as producers and consumers of software, turning the city into an international gateway for trained labour. The state has actively assisted the growth of the industry. This chapter addresses the reasons for the success of the software cluster. The main sections provide a brief description of the size and structure of the software cluster in Bangalore, discuss the Bangalore cluster in the light of received explanations of clusters from geographers and regional economists, and analyse the cluster in the context of the economics of agglomeration and developments associated with globalization.
Ashish Arora and Surendrakumar Bagde
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073970
- eISBN:
- 9780199081615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073970.003.0018
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter explores the role of human capital in the regional location of the software industry, focusing on private investment in the software exports industry of India during 1990–2003. The data ...
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This chapter explores the role of human capital in the regional location of the software industry, focusing on private investment in the software exports industry of India during 1990–2003. The data support the significant effect of human capital on the growth of software exports even when other relevant factors are controlled. Pronounced differences in stocks of relevant human capital (that is, engineers) across Indian states have driven software exports from these states. The bulk of inter-state variations cannot be explained by the willingness of states to invest in engineering colleges. Instead, states which allowed private engineering colleges to enter early gained an early advantage that has persisted for almost fifteen years. In addition, the regional growth of the software exports industry is associated with the initial as well as current size of the electronics hardware industry.Less
This chapter explores the role of human capital in the regional location of the software industry, focusing on private investment in the software exports industry of India during 1990–2003. The data support the significant effect of human capital on the growth of software exports even when other relevant factors are controlled. Pronounced differences in stocks of relevant human capital (that is, engineers) across Indian states have driven software exports from these states. The bulk of inter-state variations cannot be explained by the willingness of states to invest in engineering colleges. Instead, states which allowed private engineering colleges to enter early gained an early advantage that has persisted for almost fifteen years. In addition, the regional growth of the software exports industry is associated with the initial as well as current size of the electronics hardware industry.
Andrea Biagiotti and Luigi Burroni
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199259403
- eISBN:
- 9780191603020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199259402.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter examines the Italian software industry, highlighting its unique features. It argues that high-tech activity tends to concentrate in certain locations due to the presence of specific ...
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This chapter examines the Italian software industry, highlighting its unique features. It argues that high-tech activity tends to concentrate in certain locations due to the presence of specific local external economies. It outlines the differences between local systems of software production and other local product systems.Less
This chapter examines the Italian software industry, highlighting its unique features. It argues that high-tech activity tends to concentrate in certain locations due to the presence of specific local external economies. It outlines the differences between local systems of software production and other local product systems.
AnnaLee Saxenian (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226454528
- eISBN:
- 9780226454542
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226454542.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter addresses the growth of the Indian software industry, and provides some contrasts between Bangalore—the center of software in India—and Silicon Valley. India's software industry has ...
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This chapter addresses the growth of the Indian software industry, and provides some contrasts between Bangalore—the center of software in India—and Silicon Valley. India's software industry has grown so rapidly that it evokes frequent comparisons between Bangalore and Silicon Valley. The policy reforms of the 1980s facilitated the emergence of an export-oriented software industry in India. The industry of Indian software as a whole remains significantly less productive than its global competitors. Information technology (IT) presents possible efficiencies in a wide range of private-sector activities, from distribution and marketing to banking to agriculture. The industry association, National Association of Software and Service Companies, has accelerated the policy reform process through its aggressive lobbying while helping to define a minimally interventionist model of industrial promotion. It is noted that Bangalore is not Silicon Valley, and IT is not going to solve all of India's problems.Less
This chapter addresses the growth of the Indian software industry, and provides some contrasts between Bangalore—the center of software in India—and Silicon Valley. India's software industry has grown so rapidly that it evokes frequent comparisons between Bangalore and Silicon Valley. The policy reforms of the 1980s facilitated the emergence of an export-oriented software industry in India. The industry of Indian software as a whole remains significantly less productive than its global competitors. Information technology (IT) presents possible efficiencies in a wide range of private-sector activities, from distribution and marketing to banking to agriculture. The industry association, National Association of Software and Service Companies, has accelerated the policy reform process through its aggressive lobbying while helping to define a minimally interventionist model of industrial promotion. It is noted that Bangalore is not Silicon Valley, and IT is not going to solve all of India's problems.
Krishnendu Ghosh Dastidar, Hiranya Mukhopadhyay, and Uday Bhanu Sinha (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073970
- eISBN:
- 9780199081615
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073970.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Anjan Mukherji, arguably one of India's most distinguished economists, is known for his research on the stability of the Walrasian tatonnement, its relation to the weak axiom of revealed preference, ...
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Anjan Mukherji, arguably one of India's most distinguished economists, is known for his research on the stability of the Walrasian tatonnement, its relation to the weak axiom of revealed preference, the effect of choice of the numeraire and its relation to the Edgeworth-Uzawa barter process. Two of his recent papers, ‘Global Stability Conditions on the Plane: A General Law of Demand’ (2007) and ‘The Stability of a Competitive Economy: A Reconsideration’ (2008), have yielded especially interesting results. This book explores various aspects of economic theory and quantitative techniques as well as their applications and relevance to policymaking. Chapters deal with a wide range of topics such as Markovian equilibria in a dynamic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous consumers, monotone Markov models, multiple equilibria in a dynamic two-country model, observability of chaotic economic dynamics in the Matsuyama model, a simple exposition of learning by doing in endogenous growth theory, economic growth and the quality of teachers in a public education system, wealth effects, investment-led growth cycles, distraction and incentives, liquidity preference and information, coordination in teams, decomposition of accident loss and efficiency of negligence rule, international cartels and spheres of influence, price competition in a mixed duopoly, recommended play versus costly punishments in a laboratory public goods game, and India's monetary policy accommodation during the global crisis. It also examines private investment in human capital and industrial development, focusing on the Indian software industry, and arranged marriage, co-residence and female schooling in India.Less
Anjan Mukherji, arguably one of India's most distinguished economists, is known for his research on the stability of the Walrasian tatonnement, its relation to the weak axiom of revealed preference, the effect of choice of the numeraire and its relation to the Edgeworth-Uzawa barter process. Two of his recent papers, ‘Global Stability Conditions on the Plane: A General Law of Demand’ (2007) and ‘The Stability of a Competitive Economy: A Reconsideration’ (2008), have yielded especially interesting results. This book explores various aspects of economic theory and quantitative techniques as well as their applications and relevance to policymaking. Chapters deal with a wide range of topics such as Markovian equilibria in a dynamic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous consumers, monotone Markov models, multiple equilibria in a dynamic two-country model, observability of chaotic economic dynamics in the Matsuyama model, a simple exposition of learning by doing in endogenous growth theory, economic growth and the quality of teachers in a public education system, wealth effects, investment-led growth cycles, distraction and incentives, liquidity preference and information, coordination in teams, decomposition of accident loss and efficiency of negligence rule, international cartels and spheres of influence, price competition in a mixed duopoly, recommended play versus costly punishments in a laboratory public goods game, and India's monetary policy accommodation during the global crisis. It also examines private investment in human capital and industrial development, focusing on the Indian software industry, and arranged marriage, co-residence and female schooling in India.
Josh Lerner and Mark Schankerman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014632
- eISBN:
- 9780262289573
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014632.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This chapter examines the importance of computer software, particularly open source software, in economic development. It analyzes how open source software fit into the framework of growth theory and ...
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This chapter examines the importance of computer software, particularly open source software, in economic development. It analyzes how open source software fit into the framework of growth theory and explains that software’s reach extends far beyond the software industry. It also mentions that much of the innovation in software sprang from firms in other industries that have embodied software into products and processes and discusses the potential of open source model of software development to solve the conundrum of the new growth theory as it applies to software.Less
This chapter examines the importance of computer software, particularly open source software, in economic development. It analyzes how open source software fit into the framework of growth theory and explains that software’s reach extends far beyond the software industry. It also mentions that much of the innovation in software sprang from firms in other industries that have embodied software into products and processes and discusses the potential of open source model of software development to solve the conundrum of the new growth theory as it applies to software.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226080611
- eISBN:
- 9780226080635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226080635.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter argues that the disagreements about how the patent system promotes innovation can be traced to the industry-specific character of the patent system. The prospect vision of patents maps ...
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This chapter argues that the disagreements about how the patent system promotes innovation can be traced to the industry-specific character of the patent system. The prospect vision of patents maps most closely onto invention in the pharmaceutical industry. Patents map well onto products in the pharmaceutical industry. Patents in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries were more likely to be licensed ex ante than patents in any other field. Competitive innovation theory fits business methods, arguably fits the Internet, and fit software. Cumulative innovation theory, which balances rights given to initial inventors with rights given to improvers, makes sense for the modern software industry. The structure of the biotechnology industry appears likely to run high anticommons risks. The semiconductor industry may be characterized by anticommons problems since integration of many different inputs is necessary to produce a commercial semiconductor product.Less
This chapter argues that the disagreements about how the patent system promotes innovation can be traced to the industry-specific character of the patent system. The prospect vision of patents maps most closely onto invention in the pharmaceutical industry. Patents map well onto products in the pharmaceutical industry. Patents in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries were more likely to be licensed ex ante than patents in any other field. Competitive innovation theory fits business methods, arguably fits the Internet, and fit software. Cumulative innovation theory, which balances rights given to initial inventors with rights given to improvers, makes sense for the modern software industry. The structure of the biotechnology industry appears likely to run high anticommons risks. The semiconductor industry may be characterized by anticommons problems since integration of many different inputs is necessary to produce a commercial semiconductor product.
Josh Lerner and Mark Schankerman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014632
- eISBN:
- 9780262289573
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014632.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about the potential impact of open source software on economic development. This volume examines whether certain types of ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about the potential impact of open source software on economic development. This volume examines whether certain types of computer software promote the growth of a software industry or the growth of a nation leads it turn to a given set of software. It also addresses several relevant questions. These include the differences between software and other technologies when it comes to promoting economic development, motivations for contributing to open source projects, management of the trade-offs between proprietary and open source projects and government policies required to ensure fair competition between proprietary and open source software.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about the potential impact of open source software on economic development. This volume examines whether certain types of computer software promote the growth of a software industry or the growth of a nation leads it turn to a given set of software. It also addresses several relevant questions. These include the differences between software and other technologies when it comes to promoting economic development, motivations for contributing to open source projects, management of the trade-offs between proprietary and open source projects and government policies required to ensure fair competition between proprietary and open source software.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226080611
- eISBN:
- 9780226080635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226080635.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter discusses how policy levers can and do apply in information technology (IT) industries. It concentrates on the software industry, though it also offers some more preliminary thoughts on ...
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This chapter discusses how policy levers can and do apply in information technology (IT) industries. It concentrates on the software industry, though it also offers some more preliminary thoughts on similar problems in the semiconductor industry. Implementing a rational software policy obviously requires some significant changes to existing case law. A number of policy levers might be brought to bear on this problem. Patents in the semiconductor industry ought to be narrow. Application of the eBay policy lever is likely to find more hardship and less need for an injunction in semiconductor cases than in any other industry. Optimal patent policy depends on assessments of industry characteristics that will always be preliminary and subject to revision. Only courts have the institutional competence and doctrinal flexibility to adapt to those revised assessments and apply them to the industries that drive innovation not just today but in the future.Less
This chapter discusses how policy levers can and do apply in information technology (IT) industries. It concentrates on the software industry, though it also offers some more preliminary thoughts on similar problems in the semiconductor industry. Implementing a rational software policy obviously requires some significant changes to existing case law. A number of policy levers might be brought to bear on this problem. Patents in the semiconductor industry ought to be narrow. Application of the eBay policy lever is likely to find more hardship and less need for an injunction in semiconductor cases than in any other industry. Optimal patent policy depends on assessments of industry characteristics that will always be preliminary and subject to revision. Only courts have the institutional competence and doctrinal flexibility to adapt to those revised assessments and apply them to the industries that drive innovation not just today but in the future.
Carol Upadhya
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199461486
- eISBN:
- 9780199087495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199461486.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
Chapter 6 focuses on the connections between IT and the middle class, exploring processes of class consolidation and reshuffling that have been set in motion by the advent of the software outsourcing ...
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Chapter 6 focuses on the connections between IT and the middle class, exploring processes of class consolidation and reshuffling that have been set in motion by the advent of the software outsourcing industry. Viewing ‘middle-classness’ as a meaningful social identity, it explores several dimensions of class restructuring in post-liberalization India, especially the reworking of the intersections between class, caste, gender, and work. The fracturing of the middle class has produced diverse dissonances and disjunctures, which frame the mobility strategies of actors and contestations over social value. After describing the social composition of the IT workforce, the chapter examines the strategies of class distinction deployed by IT professionals, who form a visible fraction of the ‘new middle class’. It also traces the diverse lives of ‘Indian culture’ and middle class identity as mobile IT professionals pursue their projects of self-development and social mobility in a transnational social field.Less
Chapter 6 focuses on the connections between IT and the middle class, exploring processes of class consolidation and reshuffling that have been set in motion by the advent of the software outsourcing industry. Viewing ‘middle-classness’ as a meaningful social identity, it explores several dimensions of class restructuring in post-liberalization India, especially the reworking of the intersections between class, caste, gender, and work. The fracturing of the middle class has produced diverse dissonances and disjunctures, which frame the mobility strategies of actors and contestations over social value. After describing the social composition of the IT workforce, the chapter examines the strategies of class distinction deployed by IT professionals, who form a visible fraction of the ‘new middle class’. It also traces the diverse lives of ‘Indian culture’ and middle class identity as mobile IT professionals pursue their projects of self-development and social mobility in a transnational social field.
Carol Upadhya
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199461486
- eISBN:
- 9780199087495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199461486.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
The Introduction outlines the main themes of the book within the context of larger social transformations in India after economic reforms. After a brief introduction to the city of Bangalore, the ...
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The Introduction outlines the main themes of the book within the context of larger social transformations in India after economic reforms. After a brief introduction to the city of Bangalore, the Indian software industry, the IT workforce, and the sociological literature on post-liberalization India, the chapter sketches the larger theoretical questions addressed in the book. Reviewing key debates on capitalism and the question of value, and drawing on anthropological literature on globalization, labour, and class, it outlines the conceptual approach employed to understand the intersections of work, culture, and subjectivity in IT workspaces. Finally, the chapter details the scope of the study, discusses the research methods employed, and provides an overview of the following chapters.Less
The Introduction outlines the main themes of the book within the context of larger social transformations in India after economic reforms. After a brief introduction to the city of Bangalore, the Indian software industry, the IT workforce, and the sociological literature on post-liberalization India, the chapter sketches the larger theoretical questions addressed in the book. Reviewing key debates on capitalism and the question of value, and drawing on anthropological literature on globalization, labour, and class, it outlines the conceptual approach employed to understand the intersections of work, culture, and subjectivity in IT workspaces. Finally, the chapter details the scope of the study, discusses the research methods employed, and provides an overview of the following chapters.
Clair Brown
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226076324
- eISBN:
- 9780226076348
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226076348.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter describes the effect of economic turbulence on the earnings distribution. Economic turbulence affects the quality and quantity of middle-income jobs. Jobs at the bottom end of the ...
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This chapter describes the effect of economic turbulence on the earnings distribution. Economic turbulence affects the quality and quantity of middle-income jobs. Jobs at the bottom end of the earnings distribution and in low-skilled industries are much less likely to be stable than jobs at the top end and in high-skilled industries. Software and semiconductor industries have the lowest retention rates for workers in the top income category. There is evidence which suggests that firms share their success with their workers; thus, the more productive entering firms share some of that higher productivity with their workers. The positive effects for high-income workers are outweighed by the negative effects for low-income workers. Worker entry and exit has had very little impact on changes in the earnings distributions. Firm entry and exit tended to reduce dramatically the percentage of low-income workers.Less
This chapter describes the effect of economic turbulence on the earnings distribution. Economic turbulence affects the quality and quantity of middle-income jobs. Jobs at the bottom end of the earnings distribution and in low-skilled industries are much less likely to be stable than jobs at the top end and in high-skilled industries. Software and semiconductor industries have the lowest retention rates for workers in the top income category. There is evidence which suggests that firms share their success with their workers; thus, the more productive entering firms share some of that higher productivity with their workers. The positive effects for high-income workers are outweighed by the negative effects for low-income workers. Worker entry and exit has had very little impact on changes in the earnings distributions. Firm entry and exit tended to reduce dramatically the percentage of low-income workers.
Clair Brown
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226076324
- eISBN:
- 9780226076348
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226076348.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter explores the link between worker turnover, workforce quality, and worker pay, as well as success as measured by firm performance. More productive firms pay above-average wages to their ...
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This chapter explores the link between worker turnover, workforce quality, and worker pay, as well as success as measured by firm performance. More productive firms pay above-average wages to their workers, have a higher-quality workforce and lower turnover, and have more skilled workers, although these relationships vary substantially across industries. Average productivity in the software industry rises substantially as low-productivity exiting firms are replaced by higher-productivity entering firms. Industry productivity dynamics are closely associated to firm entry and exit and restructuring. Establishments that exit are less productive and have higher turnover and lower workforce quality than firms that enter. Businesses with higher-quality workforces and lower churning are more likely survive. Firm performance is tightly linked with workforce quality and churning. Firm survival is a function of businesses with high productivity, low churning, and high human capital.Less
This chapter explores the link between worker turnover, workforce quality, and worker pay, as well as success as measured by firm performance. More productive firms pay above-average wages to their workers, have a higher-quality workforce and lower turnover, and have more skilled workers, although these relationships vary substantially across industries. Average productivity in the software industry rises substantially as low-productivity exiting firms are replaced by higher-productivity entering firms. Industry productivity dynamics are closely associated to firm entry and exit and restructuring. Establishments that exit are less productive and have higher turnover and lower workforce quality than firms that enter. Businesses with higher-quality workforces and lower churning are more likely survive. Firm performance is tightly linked with workforce quality and churning. Firm survival is a function of businesses with high productivity, low churning, and high human capital.
Darius Ornston
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450921
- eISBN:
- 9780801465963
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450921.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
At the close of the twentieth century, Denmark, Finland, and Ireland emerged as unlikely centers for high-tech competition. This book reveals how these historically low-tech countries managed to ...
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At the close of the twentieth century, Denmark, Finland, and Ireland emerged as unlikely centers for high-tech competition. This book reveals how these historically low-tech countries managed to assume leading positions in new industries such as biotechnology, software, and telecommunications equipment. In each case, countries used institutions that are commonly perceived to delay restructuring to accelerate the redistribution of resources to emerging enterprises and industries. The book identifies two different patterns of institutional innovation and economic restructuring. Irish policymakers worked with industry and labor representatives to contain costs and expand market competition. Denmark and Finland adopted a different strategy, converting an established tradition of private-public and industry-labor cooperation to invest in high-quality inputs such as human capital and research. Both strategies facilitated movement into new high-tech industries but with distinctive political and economic consequences. In explaining how previously slow-moving states entered dynamic new industries, the book identifies a broader range of strategies by which countries can respond to disruptive challenges such as economic internationalization, rapid technological innovation, and the shift to services.Less
At the close of the twentieth century, Denmark, Finland, and Ireland emerged as unlikely centers for high-tech competition. This book reveals how these historically low-tech countries managed to assume leading positions in new industries such as biotechnology, software, and telecommunications equipment. In each case, countries used institutions that are commonly perceived to delay restructuring to accelerate the redistribution of resources to emerging enterprises and industries. The book identifies two different patterns of institutional innovation and economic restructuring. Irish policymakers worked with industry and labor representatives to contain costs and expand market competition. Denmark and Finland adopted a different strategy, converting an established tradition of private-public and industry-labor cooperation to invest in high-quality inputs such as human capital and research. Both strategies facilitated movement into new high-tech industries but with distinctive political and economic consequences. In explaining how previously slow-moving states entered dynamic new industries, the book identifies a broader range of strategies by which countries can respond to disruptive challenges such as economic internationalization, rapid technological innovation, and the shift to services.
Carol Upadhya
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199461486
- eISBN:
- 9780199087495
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199461486.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
Reengineering India explores India’s post-liberalization transformation through the lens of the software industry. It is an anthropological study of work, capital, and class in the software industry, ...
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Reengineering India explores India’s post-liberalization transformation through the lens of the software industry. It is an anthropological study of work, capital, and class in the software industry, viewed as a key site where novel forms of work and worker-subjects, dispositions, and social identities are being fashioned, and new aspirations and social imaginaries are introduced, worked out, contested, and often transformed. It traces the multiple genealogies of software capital and its modes of value generation and explores the production, shaping, and circulation of Indian information technology (IT) labour. Drawing on ethnographic research in Bangalore’s software companies, the book examines the organizational practices of these companies to unravel the conjunctions of work, power, culture, and subjectivity in these global workspaces. It also maps the interconnections between IT labour and capital, social mobility, and the reconstitution of the middle class, and explores the diverse lives of ‘Indian culture’ and ‘middle class’ identity as mobile IT professionals pursue their projects of self-fashioning and social mobility within a transnational social field. Highlighting the agency of IT workers, organizations, and entrepreneurs in India’s post-liberalization reconfiguration, the author argues that the forms and modalities of capital, work, identity, sociality, and subjectivity that have been forged in IT workspaces are not just by-products of globalization, but have been deeply shaped by the social and historical conditions of their making. Although the software industry has been central to the fashioning of a ‘new India’, it remains deeply embedded in older structures of inequality and modes of accumulation.Less
Reengineering India explores India’s post-liberalization transformation through the lens of the software industry. It is an anthropological study of work, capital, and class in the software industry, viewed as a key site where novel forms of work and worker-subjects, dispositions, and social identities are being fashioned, and new aspirations and social imaginaries are introduced, worked out, contested, and often transformed. It traces the multiple genealogies of software capital and its modes of value generation and explores the production, shaping, and circulation of Indian information technology (IT) labour. Drawing on ethnographic research in Bangalore’s software companies, the book examines the organizational practices of these companies to unravel the conjunctions of work, power, culture, and subjectivity in these global workspaces. It also maps the interconnections between IT labour and capital, social mobility, and the reconstitution of the middle class, and explores the diverse lives of ‘Indian culture’ and ‘middle class’ identity as mobile IT professionals pursue their projects of self-fashioning and social mobility within a transnational social field. Highlighting the agency of IT workers, organizations, and entrepreneurs in India’s post-liberalization reconfiguration, the author argues that the forms and modalities of capital, work, identity, sociality, and subjectivity that have been forged in IT workspaces are not just by-products of globalization, but have been deeply shaped by the social and historical conditions of their making. Although the software industry has been central to the fashioning of a ‘new India’, it remains deeply embedded in older structures of inequality and modes of accumulation.
Noam Shemtov
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198716792
- eISBN:
- 9780191848377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198716792.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter examines the legal mechanisms for mitigating the effect of restrictive licensing provisions used by right holders to regulate the use of functional elements of software, focusing on both ...
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This chapter examines the legal mechanisms for mitigating the effect of restrictive licensing provisions used by right holders to regulate the use of functional elements of software, focusing on both negotiable and non-negotiable licences. In particular, it considers the extent to which existing judicial and statutory tools are effective in regulating restrictive licensing provisions in the software industry. The chapter first discusses contract law-based mechanisms, giving emphasis to the implications of whether a transaction is classified as a sale or a licence for the publishers’ ability to restrict third parties from reproducing or appropriating functional features in their software product. It then analyses pre-emption-based mechanisms, as well as competition law-based mechanisms, citing the EU competition law and the US antitrust law.Less
This chapter examines the legal mechanisms for mitigating the effect of restrictive licensing provisions used by right holders to regulate the use of functional elements of software, focusing on both negotiable and non-negotiable licences. In particular, it considers the extent to which existing judicial and statutory tools are effective in regulating restrictive licensing provisions in the software industry. The chapter first discusses contract law-based mechanisms, giving emphasis to the implications of whether a transaction is classified as a sale or a licence for the publishers’ ability to restrict third parties from reproducing or appropriating functional features in their software product. It then analyses pre-emption-based mechanisms, as well as competition law-based mechanisms, citing the EU competition law and the US antitrust law.
Noam Shemtov
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198716792
- eISBN:
- 9780191848377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198716792.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter examines the trade secrets regimes in the European Union and the United States, with particular emphasis on how they affect the software industry. Almost every intellectual property ...
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This chapter examines the trade secrets regimes in the European Union and the United States, with particular emphasis on how they affect the software industry. Almost every intellectual property right originates in a secret. For example, an inventor keeps his inventive concept secret until he files for a patent. The same may apply to a designer in relation to a new product design until a registered design application or a design patent application is filed. These early stages of conception often require protection against misappropriation. The chapter considers the legal basis for granting trade secrets protection and the relevant conditions for such protection. Next, it discusses the EU and the US legal frameworks governing the misappropriation of trade secrets in relation to software products, with particular emphasis on the treatment of reverse engineering under trade secrets law.Less
This chapter examines the trade secrets regimes in the European Union and the United States, with particular emphasis on how they affect the software industry. Almost every intellectual property right originates in a secret. For example, an inventor keeps his inventive concept secret until he files for a patent. The same may apply to a designer in relation to a new product design until a registered design application or a design patent application is filed. These early stages of conception often require protection against misappropriation. The chapter considers the legal basis for granting trade secrets protection and the relevant conditions for such protection. Next, it discusses the EU and the US legal frameworks governing the misappropriation of trade secrets in relation to software products, with particular emphasis on the treatment of reverse engineering under trade secrets law.
Carrie M. Lane
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449642
- eISBN:
- 9780801460791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449642.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter offers a brief history of networking, both the old-fashioned “talk to your friends and family” approach and the more complicated and extensive system of organized networking events in ...
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This chapter offers a brief history of networking, both the old-fashioned “talk to your friends and family” approach and the more complicated and extensive system of organized networking events in which job seekers are brought together to swap leads and job search strategies. It focuses on TechNet, a weekly meeting for job seekers in software-related industries. Like many events, TechNet offered job seekers advice, encouragement, and contacts; ultimately, though, TechNet served a far greater and more complicated role in job seekers' lives, bolstering their professional self-image while reinforcing specific ideas about the optimistic, individualistic shape that self-image should take.Less
This chapter offers a brief history of networking, both the old-fashioned “talk to your friends and family” approach and the more complicated and extensive system of organized networking events in which job seekers are brought together to swap leads and job search strategies. It focuses on TechNet, a weekly meeting for job seekers in software-related industries. Like many events, TechNet offered job seekers advice, encouragement, and contacts; ultimately, though, TechNet served a far greater and more complicated role in job seekers' lives, bolstering their professional self-image while reinforcing specific ideas about the optimistic, individualistic shape that self-image should take.
