Cybelle Fox
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691152233
- eISBN:
- 9781400842582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691152233.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter describes in detail the three worlds, focusing on the factors—labor, race, and politics—that will best explain the differential incorporation of blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants ...
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This chapter describes in detail the three worlds, focusing on the factors—labor, race, and politics—that will best explain the differential incorporation of blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants into the American welfare state and the scope, form, and function of relief provision across regions. On the eve of the Great Depression, the vast majority of European immigrants lived in the Northeast and Midwest, Mexicans lived overwhelmingly in the Southwest, while most blacks still lived in the South. So different were their experiences with the racial, political, and labor market systems in these regions that these groups could be said to be living in separate worlds. Each of them suffered from significant discrimination at the hands of native-born whites in the early part of the twentieth century. European immigrants were largely included in the social welfare system, blacks were largely excluded, while Mexicans were often expelled from the nation simply for requesting assistance.Less
This chapter describes in detail the three worlds, focusing on the factors—labor, race, and politics—that will best explain the differential incorporation of blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants into the American welfare state and the scope, form, and function of relief provision across regions. On the eve of the Great Depression, the vast majority of European immigrants lived in the Northeast and Midwest, Mexicans lived overwhelmingly in the Southwest, while most blacks still lived in the South. So different were their experiences with the racial, political, and labor market systems in these regions that these groups could be said to be living in separate worlds. Each of them suffered from significant discrimination at the hands of native-born whites in the early part of the twentieth century. European immigrants were largely included in the social welfare system, blacks were largely excluded, while Mexicans were often expelled from the nation simply for requesting assistance.
Robyn Muncy
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691122731
- eISBN:
- 9781400852413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691122731.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1948 to 1956. Despite the contraction of her reforming efforts in the late 1940s, Roche had high hopes for her new work at the United Mine ...
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This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1948 to 1956. Despite the contraction of her reforming efforts in the late 1940s, Roche had high hopes for her new work at the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund. She proclaimed in fact that her goal as director of the fund was to “build new values, new realities” in America's coalfields. Remarkably, she did just that. Although initially under siege from many directions, Roche managed to build a private social welfare system that did for one group of workers what she had hoped the New Deal would do for all: guarantee world-class health care and a dignified retirement. This creative work in the private sector did not mean Roche had given up on public policy: she imagined her health program as a template for or component of a larger federal health care program that might develop somewhere down the road. But she also saw her work at the fund as a direct support to the labor movement, which she believed even more crucial now to the task of diminishing inequality.Less
This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1948 to 1956. Despite the contraction of her reforming efforts in the late 1940s, Roche had high hopes for her new work at the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund. She proclaimed in fact that her goal as director of the fund was to “build new values, new realities” in America's coalfields. Remarkably, she did just that. Although initially under siege from many directions, Roche managed to build a private social welfare system that did for one group of workers what she had hoped the New Deal would do for all: guarantee world-class health care and a dignified retirement. This creative work in the private sector did not mean Roche had given up on public policy: she imagined her health program as a template for or component of a larger federal health care program that might develop somewhere down the road. But she also saw her work at the fund as a direct support to the labor movement, which she believed even more crucial now to the task of diminishing inequality.
Cybelle Fox
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691152233
- eISBN:
- 9781400842582
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691152233.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This book examines the role of race and immigration in the development of the American social welfare system by comparing how blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants were treated by welfare ...
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This book examines the role of race and immigration in the development of the American social welfare system by comparing how blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants were treated by welfare policies during the Progressive Era and the New Deal. Taking readers from the turn of the twentieth century to the dark days of the Depression, the book finds that, despite rampant nativism, European immigrants received generous access to social welfare programs. The communities in which they lived invested heavily in relief. Social workers protected them from snooping immigration agents, and ensured that noncitizenship and illegal status did not prevent them from receiving the assistance they needed. But that same helping hand was not extended to Mexicans and blacks. The book reveals, for example, how blacks were relegated to racist and degrading public assistance programs, while Mexicans who asked for assistance were deported with the help of the very social workers they turned to for aid. Drawing on a wealth of archival evidence, the book paints a riveting portrait of how race, labor, and politics combined to create three starkly different worlds of relief. It debunks the myth that white America's immigrant ancestors pulled themselves up by their bootstraps, unlike immigrants and minorities today. The book challenges us to reconsider not only the historical record but also the implications of our past on contemporary debates about race, immigration, and the American welfare state.Less
This book examines the role of race and immigration in the development of the American social welfare system by comparing how blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants were treated by welfare policies during the Progressive Era and the New Deal. Taking readers from the turn of the twentieth century to the dark days of the Depression, the book finds that, despite rampant nativism, European immigrants received generous access to social welfare programs. The communities in which they lived invested heavily in relief. Social workers protected them from snooping immigration agents, and ensured that noncitizenship and illegal status did not prevent them from receiving the assistance they needed. But that same helping hand was not extended to Mexicans and blacks. The book reveals, for example, how blacks were relegated to racist and degrading public assistance programs, while Mexicans who asked for assistance were deported with the help of the very social workers they turned to for aid. Drawing on a wealth of archival evidence, the book paints a riveting portrait of how race, labor, and politics combined to create three starkly different worlds of relief. It debunks the myth that white America's immigrant ancestors pulled themselves up by their bootstraps, unlike immigrants and minorities today. The book challenges us to reconsider not only the historical record but also the implications of our past on contemporary debates about race, immigration, and the American welfare state.
Denis Bouget
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847424709
- eISBN:
- 9781447303428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847424709.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter reveals that the theoretical explanations of convergence are fragile, contradictory, or inadequate. It shows that they often disregard the contradictions in the trajectories and the ...
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This chapter reveals that the theoretical explanations of convergence are fragile, contradictory, or inadequate. It shows that they often disregard the contradictions in the trajectories and the power of certain divergent forces in the evolution of social welfare systems. This chapter concludes that there is a slight convergence of some socioeconomic indicators that are connected to the evolution of social welfare systems.Less
This chapter reveals that the theoretical explanations of convergence are fragile, contradictory, or inadequate. It shows that they often disregard the contradictions in the trajectories and the power of certain divergent forces in the evolution of social welfare systems. This chapter concludes that there is a slight convergence of some socioeconomic indicators that are connected to the evolution of social welfare systems.
Bouget Denis
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861342720
- eISBN:
- 9781447301660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861342720.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter focuses on the short period of social evolution in France; the protests of the unemployed between 1997 to 1998, the reaction of the French government which led to the distribution of one ...
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This chapter focuses on the short period of social evolution in France; the protests of the unemployed between 1997 to 1998, the reaction of the French government which led to the distribution of one million French franc to the claimants through the form of social relief called Fonds d'urgence sociale (FUS) and its consequences for the social welfare system. The first section of the chapter discusses reasons for the potential conflict between the French social welfare system and the unemployed. It places emphasis on the confused relationship between solidarity and citizenship. The second section discusses the history of the movements of the unemployed in France. It discusses their demonstrations, their association with other new social movements and the dissatisfaction that spurred their specific claims as a result of the Juppé plan and strikes in 1995. The third section analyses the social policy responses and the government decisions regarding the demonstrations of 1998. It specifically focuses on the creation and the management of the FUS, which affirms the shift towards a residualised model of citizenship. The chapter ends with a discussion of general lessons to be learnt on the long-term changes and the consequences of these protests.Less
This chapter focuses on the short period of social evolution in France; the protests of the unemployed between 1997 to 1998, the reaction of the French government which led to the distribution of one million French franc to the claimants through the form of social relief called Fonds d'urgence sociale (FUS) and its consequences for the social welfare system. The first section of the chapter discusses reasons for the potential conflict between the French social welfare system and the unemployed. It places emphasis on the confused relationship between solidarity and citizenship. The second section discusses the history of the movements of the unemployed in France. It discusses their demonstrations, their association with other new social movements and the dissatisfaction that spurred their specific claims as a result of the Juppé plan and strikes in 1995. The third section analyses the social policy responses and the government decisions regarding the demonstrations of 1998. It specifically focuses on the creation and the management of the FUS, which affirms the shift towards a residualised model of citizenship. The chapter ends with a discussion of general lessons to be learnt on the long-term changes and the consequences of these protests.
Jeffrey D. Sachs
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015318
- eISBN:
- 9780262295413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015318.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter examines the economic and political performance of three groups of high-income countries—Nordic, European continental, and English-speaking countries—with vastly different systems of ...
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This chapter examines the economic and political performance of three groups of high-income countries—Nordic, European continental, and English-speaking countries—with vastly different systems of social protection. It shows that highly ideological claims made against the social welfare states of Scandinavia are simply off the mark. The “euro-pessimism” in many parts of continental Europe, and the claim that Anglo-Saxon liberalization is crucial to economic well-being, is belied by the persistent high performance of the Nordic economies.Less
This chapter examines the economic and political performance of three groups of high-income countries—Nordic, European continental, and English-speaking countries—with vastly different systems of social protection. It shows that highly ideological claims made against the social welfare states of Scandinavia are simply off the mark. The “euro-pessimism” in many parts of continental Europe, and the claim that Anglo-Saxon liberalization is crucial to economic well-being, is belied by the persistent high performance of the Nordic economies.
Gerald Horne
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824835026
- eISBN:
- 9780824870294
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824835026.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Pacific Studies
Powerful labor movements played a critical role in shaping modern Hawaii, beginning in the 1930s, when International Longshore and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU) representatives were dispatched to the ...
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Powerful labor movements played a critical role in shaping modern Hawaii, beginning in the 1930s, when International Longshore and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU) representatives were dispatched to the islands to organize plantation and dock laborers. They were stunned by the feudal conditions they found in Hawaii, where the majority of workers—Hawaiian, Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino in origin—were routinely subjected to repression and racism at the hands of white bosses. The wartime civil liberties crackdown brought union organizing to a halt; but as the war wound down, Hawaii workers' frustrations boiled over, leading to an explosive success in the forming of unions. During the 1950s, just as the ILWU began a series of successful strikes and organizing drives, the union came under McCarthyite attacks and persecution. In the midst of these allegations, Hawaii's bid for statehood was being challenged by powerful voices in Washington who claimed that admitting Hawaii to the union would be tantamount to giving the Kremlin two votes in the U.S. Senate, while Jim Crow advocates worried that Hawaii's representatives would be enthusiastic supporters of pro-civil rights legislation. Hawaii's extensive social welfare system and the continuing power of unions to shape the state politically are a direct result of those troubled times. This book details for the first time how radicalism and racism helped shape Hawaii in the twentieth century.Less
Powerful labor movements played a critical role in shaping modern Hawaii, beginning in the 1930s, when International Longshore and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU) representatives were dispatched to the islands to organize plantation and dock laborers. They were stunned by the feudal conditions they found in Hawaii, where the majority of workers—Hawaiian, Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino in origin—were routinely subjected to repression and racism at the hands of white bosses. The wartime civil liberties crackdown brought union organizing to a halt; but as the war wound down, Hawaii workers' frustrations boiled over, leading to an explosive success in the forming of unions. During the 1950s, just as the ILWU began a series of successful strikes and organizing drives, the union came under McCarthyite attacks and persecution. In the midst of these allegations, Hawaii's bid for statehood was being challenged by powerful voices in Washington who claimed that admitting Hawaii to the union would be tantamount to giving the Kremlin two votes in the U.S. Senate, while Jim Crow advocates worried that Hawaii's representatives would be enthusiastic supporters of pro-civil rights legislation. Hawaii's extensive social welfare system and the continuing power of unions to shape the state politically are a direct result of those troubled times. This book details for the first time how radicalism and racism helped shape Hawaii in the twentieth century.