M.N. Srinivas
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077459
- eISBN:
- 9780199081165
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077459.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This book is about Rampura, a multi-caste village in princely Mysore (now part of Karnataka) as it was in 1948, the year when M. N. Srinivas did fieldwork there. As so often in human affairs, and in ...
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This book is about Rampura, a multi-caste village in princely Mysore (now part of Karnataka) as it was in 1948, the year when M. N. Srinivas did fieldwork there. As so often in human affairs, and in scholarly and scientific history, an accident opens the path to a solution; in this case, a fire that destroyed the author's notes led him to write this book. Professor Srinivas's monograph, based on the human mind's extraordinary capacity to bring forth significant details of the past, is a major ethnographic portrait woven from a sea of original data and purposeful seeking after a description of a village in its own terms. The book’s success suggests people should not let accidents and failures destroy one's art. The importance of the its study could not be overstated as caste represented a unique form of social stratification, and millions of human beings had ordered their lives according to it for over two millennia. The book describes Rampura's village life, agriculture, the sexes, relation between castes, classes and factions, and the quality of social relations.Less
This book is about Rampura, a multi-caste village in princely Mysore (now part of Karnataka) as it was in 1948, the year when M. N. Srinivas did fieldwork there. As so often in human affairs, and in scholarly and scientific history, an accident opens the path to a solution; in this case, a fire that destroyed the author's notes led him to write this book. Professor Srinivas's monograph, based on the human mind's extraordinary capacity to bring forth significant details of the past, is a major ethnographic portrait woven from a sea of original data and purposeful seeking after a description of a village in its own terms. The book’s success suggests people should not let accidents and failures destroy one's art. The importance of the its study could not be overstated as caste represented a unique form of social stratification, and millions of human beings had ordered their lives according to it for over two millennia. The book describes Rampura's village life, agriculture, the sexes, relation between castes, classes and factions, and the quality of social relations.
David Levine and Keith Wrightson
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198200666
- eISBN:
- 9780191674761
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198200666.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This is the first intensive study of an industrial community in early modern England. Whickham, a village built on an underground mountain of coal in north-east England, was arguably Britain's first ...
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This is the first intensive study of an industrial community in early modern England. Whickham, a village built on an underground mountain of coal in north-east England, was arguably Britain's first modern industrial society. The authors of this book employ the latest techniques of socio-historical research and make full use of a wide variety of contemporary sources to explore many aspects of life in Whickham between 1560 and 1765. They bring together vital strands – including industrial development, agrarian change, social stratification, demography, religion, work, leisure, living standards, kinship, and the family – to produce a rounded and vivid picture, which throws into relief the achievements, benefits, and costs of the complex process of industrialization. The development of Whickham is set in the larger context of socio-economic change during this period.Less
This is the first intensive study of an industrial community in early modern England. Whickham, a village built on an underground mountain of coal in north-east England, was arguably Britain's first modern industrial society. The authors of this book employ the latest techniques of socio-historical research and make full use of a wide variety of contemporary sources to explore many aspects of life in Whickham between 1560 and 1765. They bring together vital strands – including industrial development, agrarian change, social stratification, demography, religion, work, leisure, living standards, kinship, and the family – to produce a rounded and vivid picture, which throws into relief the achievements, benefits, and costs of the complex process of industrialization. The development of Whickham is set in the larger context of socio-economic change during this period.
Bogdan W. Mach
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Detailed 1972–1988–1994 comparisons of intergenerational mobility in Poland reveal significant gender differences. Instances of upward movement increase over time among women, but remain stable among ...
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Detailed 1972–1988–1994 comparisons of intergenerational mobility in Poland reveal significant gender differences. Instances of upward movement increase over time among women, but remain stable among men. No temporal change is the general trend in male relative mobility, while a clear tendency towards increasing fluidity characterizes its female patterns. Although in terms of the core model of Erikson and Goldthorpe, Polish mobility patterns move closer and closer to the West European ‘core’ for men as well as for women, gender differences exist in the specific effects included in the model: a strengthening of hierarchy effects is more characteristic of men, whereas a decline in inheritance effects is more characteristic of women. This consistent pattern of gender differences is difficult to interpret systematically in the context of macro-structural developments taking place in Poland in the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s, and invites further research on the detailed effects of educational differentials.Less
Detailed 1972–1988–1994 comparisons of intergenerational mobility in Poland reveal significant gender differences. Instances of upward movement increase over time among women, but remain stable among men. No temporal change is the general trend in male relative mobility, while a clear tendency towards increasing fluidity characterizes its female patterns. Although in terms of the core model of Erikson and Goldthorpe, Polish mobility patterns move closer and closer to the West European ‘core’ for men as well as for women, gender differences exist in the specific effects included in the model: a strengthening of hierarchy effects is more characteristic of men, whereas a decline in inheritance effects is more characteristic of women. This consistent pattern of gender differences is difficult to interpret systematically in the context of macro-structural developments taking place in Poland in the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s, and invites further research on the detailed effects of educational differentials.
Joshua A. Berman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374704
- eISBN:
- 9780199871438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374704.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism, Biblical Studies
The Introduction explores the social and economic structures of ancient Near Eastern societies identifying a divide between the dominant tribute imposing class and the dominated tribute bearing ...
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The Introduction explores the social and economic structures of ancient Near Eastern societies identifying a divide between the dominant tribute imposing class and the dominated tribute bearing class. Building upon the work of Norman Gottwald, the Introduction stakes the claim the Pentateuch represents a blueprint for an egalitarian order. Terms such as “egalitarian” and “social stratification” are defined. The Introduction explains that the current study is one of “biblical religion” as opposed to “Israelite religion” and examines the difference between them. The Introduction clarifies why this study engages the final, received form of the Pentateuch, rather than analyzing it within the classical source‐criticism. At the same time, it is argued that we may locate the final form of the text against our broad knowledge and understanding of the world of the ancient Near East. The Introduction concludes by briefly sketching the contents of each of the chapters, and indicating where the new contributions to scholarship in each.Less
The Introduction explores the social and economic structures of ancient Near Eastern societies identifying a divide between the dominant tribute imposing class and the dominated tribute bearing class. Building upon the work of Norman Gottwald, the Introduction stakes the claim the Pentateuch represents a blueprint for an egalitarian order. Terms such as “egalitarian” and “social stratification” are defined. The Introduction explains that the current study is one of “biblical religion” as opposed to “Israelite religion” and examines the difference between them. The Introduction clarifies why this study engages the final, received form of the Pentateuch, rather than analyzing it within the classical source‐criticism. At the same time, it is argued that we may locate the final form of the text against our broad knowledge and understanding of the world of the ancient Near East. The Introduction concludes by briefly sketching the contents of each of the chapters, and indicating where the new contributions to scholarship in each.
S. E. Finer
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207900
- eISBN:
- 9780191677854
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207900.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
No one has hitherto had the breadth of imagination and intellectual boldness to describe and analyse government throughout recorded history and throughout the world. Ranging over 5,000 years, from ...
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No one has hitherto had the breadth of imagination and intellectual boldness to describe and analyse government throughout recorded history and throughout the world. Ranging over 5,000 years, from the Sumerian city state to the modern European nation state, five themes emerge in this book: state-building, military formats, belief systems, social stratification, and timespan. The three volumes examine both representative and exceptional polities, and focus on political elites of different types. This text is the second volume and it analyses the ‘church’ politics of the Byzantine Empire and the Caliphate; the evolution of the T'ang and Ming Empires in China; the characteristics of feudal Europe, the ‘republican alternatives’ of Florence and Venice, and finally the growth of representative assemblies across Europe.Less
No one has hitherto had the breadth of imagination and intellectual boldness to describe and analyse government throughout recorded history and throughout the world. Ranging over 5,000 years, from the Sumerian city state to the modern European nation state, five themes emerge in this book: state-building, military formats, belief systems, social stratification, and timespan. The three volumes examine both representative and exceptional polities, and focus on political elites of different types. This text is the second volume and it analyses the ‘church’ politics of the Byzantine Empire and the Caliphate; the evolution of the T'ang and Ming Empires in China; the characteristics of feudal Europe, the ‘republican alternatives’ of Florence and Venice, and finally the growth of representative assemblies across Europe.
Andrew Mein
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199291397
- eISBN:
- 9780191700620
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199291397.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
There is substantial disagreement between scholars about what the proper focus for the study of ‘Hebrew Bible Ethics’ or ‘Old Testament Ethics’ should be. The subject of ethics in ancient Israel and ...
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There is substantial disagreement between scholars about what the proper focus for the study of ‘Hebrew Bible Ethics’ or ‘Old Testament Ethics’ should be. The subject of ethics in ancient Israel and the Hebrew Bible is a difficult one to enter for a number of reasons. For example, there is considerable uncertainty about what we mean when we use an expression like ‘the ethics of the Hebrew Bible’. Are we interested in the beliefs of all or most ancient Israelites, the views of certain biblical authors, or indeed the ethical outlook of the whole Hebrew Bible? This chapter discusses ancient Israelite ethics in a social context, descriptive ethics and normative ethics, moral horizons and social groups, social stratification and moral worlds, and the social location of biblical literature.Less
There is substantial disagreement between scholars about what the proper focus for the study of ‘Hebrew Bible Ethics’ or ‘Old Testament Ethics’ should be. The subject of ethics in ancient Israel and the Hebrew Bible is a difficult one to enter for a number of reasons. For example, there is considerable uncertainty about what we mean when we use an expression like ‘the ethics of the Hebrew Bible’. Are we interested in the beliefs of all or most ancient Israelites, the views of certain biblical authors, or indeed the ethical outlook of the whole Hebrew Bible? This chapter discusses ancient Israelite ethics in a social context, descriptive ethics and normative ethics, moral horizons and social groups, social stratification and moral worlds, and the social location of biblical literature.
Donald Black
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199737147
- eISBN:
- 9780199944002
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737147.003.0014
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
Social stratification is the vertical dimension of social space. Commonly known as inequality, it includes any difference in social status in any relationship, whether a difference in wealth, power, ...
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Social stratification is the vertical dimension of social space. Commonly known as inequality, it includes any difference in social status in any relationship, whether a difference in wealth, power, or performance. Some societies have little or no inequality, while others (such as ancient civilizations) have a great deal. Vertical time is the dynamic dimension of vertical space. Vertical distances fluctuate in smaller and larger amounts, slowly and quickly. Life has its ups and downs, such as gains and losses of money, authority, or anything else that raises or lowers one person or group above or below another. Movements of vertical time also include various forms of good and bad fortune, such as inheritances, stock market crashes, accidents, diseases, and disasters. An increase in inequality is overstratification, and a decrease is understratification. Both cause conflict, and greater and faster movements cause more.Less
Social stratification is the vertical dimension of social space. Commonly known as inequality, it includes any difference in social status in any relationship, whether a difference in wealth, power, or performance. Some societies have little or no inequality, while others (such as ancient civilizations) have a great deal. Vertical time is the dynamic dimension of vertical space. Vertical distances fluctuate in smaller and larger amounts, slowly and quickly. Life has its ups and downs, such as gains and losses of money, authority, or anything else that raises or lowers one person or group above or below another. Movements of vertical time also include various forms of good and bad fortune, such as inheritances, stock market crashes, accidents, diseases, and disasters. An increase in inequality is overstratification, and a decrease is understratification. Both cause conflict, and greater and faster movements cause more.
Peter J. Martin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719072161
- eISBN:
- 9781781701492
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719072161.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This book explores the interface between musicological and sociological approaches to the analysis of music, and in doing so reveals the differing foundations of cultural studies and sociological ...
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This book explores the interface between musicological and sociological approaches to the analysis of music, and in doing so reveals the differing foundations of cultural studies and sociological perspectives more generally. Building on the arguments of his earlier book Sounds and society, the author initially contrasts text-based attempts to develop a ‘social’ analysis of music with sociological studies of musical activities in real cultural and institutional contexts. It is argued that the difficulties encountered by some of the ‘new’ musicologists in their efforts to introduce a social dimension to their work are often a result of their unfamiliarity with contemporary sociological discourse. Just as linguistic studies have moved from a concern with the meaning of words to a focus on how they are used, a sociological perspective directs our attention towards the ways in which the production and reception of music inevitably involve the collaborative activities of real people in particular times and places. The social meanings and significance of music, therefore, cannot be disclosed by analysis of the ‘texts’ alone, but only through the examination of the ways in which music is a constituent part of real social settings. This theme is developed through discussions of music in relation to processes of social stratification, the collaborative activities of improvising musicians, music as language, music as a ‘cultural object’ and music in everyday social situations.Less
This book explores the interface between musicological and sociological approaches to the analysis of music, and in doing so reveals the differing foundations of cultural studies and sociological perspectives more generally. Building on the arguments of his earlier book Sounds and society, the author initially contrasts text-based attempts to develop a ‘social’ analysis of music with sociological studies of musical activities in real cultural and institutional contexts. It is argued that the difficulties encountered by some of the ‘new’ musicologists in their efforts to introduce a social dimension to their work are often a result of their unfamiliarity with contemporary sociological discourse. Just as linguistic studies have moved from a concern with the meaning of words to a focus on how they are used, a sociological perspective directs our attention towards the ways in which the production and reception of music inevitably involve the collaborative activities of real people in particular times and places. The social meanings and significance of music, therefore, cannot be disclosed by analysis of the ‘texts’ alone, but only through the examination of the ways in which music is a constituent part of real social settings. This theme is developed through discussions of music in relation to processes of social stratification, the collaborative activities of improvising musicians, music as language, music as a ‘cultural object’ and music in everyday social situations.
André Béteille
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077435
- eISBN:
- 9780199081080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077435.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This book is concerned with the phenomena of caste, class, and power and with their changing relations. Caste, class, and power relate in different ways to the broader phenomenon of social ...
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This book is concerned with the phenomena of caste, class, and power and with their changing relations. Caste, class, and power relate in different ways to the broader phenomenon of social stratification. The book’s argument is that in the traditional structure, the cleavages of caste, class, and power tended much more than today to run along the same grooves. The field work on which this study is based was conducted largely in the Sripuram village over a period of about ten months in 1961 and 1962. Sripuram is situated in the Tanjore District, adjacent to Thiruvaiyar and at a distance of about eight miles from Tanjore town. Most of Tanjore District is made up of the delta of the Kaveri river. Nanja and punja are the two classes of cultivable land in the district. Paddy is the principal crop cultivated in here.Less
This book is concerned with the phenomena of caste, class, and power and with their changing relations. Caste, class, and power relate in different ways to the broader phenomenon of social stratification. The book’s argument is that in the traditional structure, the cleavages of caste, class, and power tended much more than today to run along the same grooves. The field work on which this study is based was conducted largely in the Sripuram village over a period of about ten months in 1961 and 1962. Sripuram is situated in the Tanjore District, adjacent to Thiruvaiyar and at a distance of about eight miles from Tanjore town. Most of Tanjore District is made up of the delta of the Kaveri river. Nanja and punja are the two classes of cultivable land in the district. Paddy is the principal crop cultivated in here.
Herbert Marcuse
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134130
- eISBN:
- 9781400846467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134130.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses social stratification in Nazi Germany. Since the abolition of all popular representation, the political decisions in Germany were reached by compromises between the leadership ...
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This chapter discusses social stratification in Nazi Germany. Since the abolition of all popular representation, the political decisions in Germany were reached by compromises between the leadership of the Nazi Party, the Army, the ministerial bureaucracy, and the representatives of certain powerful business groups. The economic groups usually kept in the background, although their voice in the fundamental decisions of policy-making was just as strong as, and perhaps even stronger than, that of the government (state and Party). The chapter provides an overview of five ruling groups in Nazi Germany: the leadership of the Nazi Party and affiliated organizations; the top strata of the governmental and political bureaucracy; the High Command of the Armed Forces and its representatives; the leadership of big business; and the landed aristocracy. It also looks at the ruled social groups, which include artisans, civil servants, and peasants.Less
This chapter discusses social stratification in Nazi Germany. Since the abolition of all popular representation, the political decisions in Germany were reached by compromises between the leadership of the Nazi Party, the Army, the ministerial bureaucracy, and the representatives of certain powerful business groups. The economic groups usually kept in the background, although their voice in the fundamental decisions of policy-making was just as strong as, and perhaps even stronger than, that of the government (state and Party). The chapter provides an overview of five ruling groups in Nazi Germany: the leadership of the Nazi Party and affiliated organizations; the top strata of the governmental and political bureaucracy; the High Command of the Armed Forces and its representatives; the leadership of big business; and the landed aristocracy. It also looks at the ruled social groups, which include artisans, civil servants, and peasants.
Allan A. Tulchin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199736522
- eISBN:
- 9780199866229
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736522.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter begins by discussing Nîmes’s political and human geography, focusing on the province of Languedoc. It then discusses the town’s major institutions, including the présidial court, ...
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This chapter begins by discussing Nîmes’s political and human geography, focusing on the province of Languedoc. It then discusses the town’s major institutions, including the présidial court, municipal government, the church and popular piety, and education. It concludes with a discussion of Nîmes’s economic and social structure, including occupational distribution, social stratification, and the town’s factions, which were dominated by men in the legal professions.Less
This chapter begins by discussing Nîmes’s political and human geography, focusing on the province of Languedoc. It then discusses the town’s major institutions, including the présidial court, municipal government, the church and popular piety, and education. It concludes with a discussion of Nîmes’s economic and social structure, including occupational distribution, social stratification, and the town’s factions, which were dominated by men in the legal professions.
Teresa A. Sullivan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199873722
- eISBN:
- 9780199980000
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199873722.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter analyzes the social institutions that create an indebted world. It argues that credit and debt have become important, if rarely analyzed, covariates of social stratification. The chapter ...
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This chapter analyzes the social institutions that create an indebted world. It argues that credit and debt have become important, if rarely analyzed, covariates of social stratification. The chapter is organized as follows. It begins by discussing stratification in more detail. Then it turns to the conventional measurement of social class, and discusses how debt and credit might blur or disrupt conventional understanding of social class. Finally, it discusses the potential ramifications of blurry class boundaries for American society and for sociology.Less
This chapter analyzes the social institutions that create an indebted world. It argues that credit and debt have become important, if rarely analyzed, covariates of social stratification. The chapter is organized as follows. It begins by discussing stratification in more detail. Then it turns to the conventional measurement of social class, and discusses how debt and credit might blur or disrupt conventional understanding of social class. Finally, it discusses the potential ramifications of blurry class boundaries for American society and for sociology.
Luis Moreno-Caballud
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781781381939
- eISBN:
- 9781781382295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781381939.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This book concludes with a proposal that seeks to address the ways that categories like ‘cultures of anyone’ or ‘cultures of experts’ can help strengthen the democratization processes described in ...
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This book concludes with a proposal that seeks to address the ways that categories like ‘cultures of anyone’ or ‘cultures of experts’ can help strengthen the democratization processes described in the previous chapters. It asks whether it makes sense to develop a story that tries to connect such disparate historical processes as Francoist developmentalism and the ‘15M climate’ in the neoliberal crisis. The book also considers the possibility of supporting from within academic institutions a democratization that stands up to centuries of cultural and social stratification aggravated by neoliberal inequality. Finally, it explains how ‘cultures of anyone’ were able to build a collective sense of their lives that includes everyone, and how it can be replicated.Less
This book concludes with a proposal that seeks to address the ways that categories like ‘cultures of anyone’ or ‘cultures of experts’ can help strengthen the democratization processes described in the previous chapters. It asks whether it makes sense to develop a story that tries to connect such disparate historical processes as Francoist developmentalism and the ‘15M climate’ in the neoliberal crisis. The book also considers the possibility of supporting from within academic institutions a democratization that stands up to centuries of cultural and social stratification aggravated by neoliberal inequality. Finally, it explains how ‘cultures of anyone’ were able to build a collective sense of their lives that includes everyone, and how it can be replicated.
Leland Donald
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520206168
- eISBN:
- 9780520918115
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520206168.003.0014
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines rank and class within the culture areas in the Northwest Coast of North America in the context of an approach of social stratification that considers the presence of both slave ...
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This chapter examines rank and class within the culture areas in the Northwest Coast of North America in the context of an approach of social stratification that considers the presence of both slave and free strata, and discusses ethnographic data supporting a class interpretation. The analysis reveals that the intensity of class divisions appears to have varied during the development of slavery.Less
This chapter examines rank and class within the culture areas in the Northwest Coast of North America in the context of an approach of social stratification that considers the presence of both slave and free strata, and discusses ethnographic data supporting a class interpretation. The analysis reveals that the intensity of class divisions appears to have varied during the development of slavery.
Simon Marginson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198828877
- eISBN:
- 9780191867347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198828877.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
The chapter discusses educational and social equity in the context of high participation systems (HPS) of higher education. It begins by discussing the terms ‘equity’ and ‘equality’ in a historical ...
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The chapter discusses educational and social equity in the context of high participation systems (HPS) of higher education. It begins by discussing the terms ‘equity’ and ‘equality’ in a historical perspective. Noting that the growth of HPS is associated with more intensive competition at the entrance to elite higher education, the chapter develops four propositions in relation to equity in HPS: as systems expand, equity in the form of social inclusion is enhanced; growth is associated with increased stratification of higher education, and greater social inequality in educational and graduate outcomes, unless there is compensating state policy; the positional structure of the higher education system increasingly resembles that of society; and it becomes more difficult for states and institutions to redistribute social opportunities in education. In short, social inclusion via greater participation is more readily achieved, while an improved social mix in elite higher education institutions is more difficult to achieve.Less
The chapter discusses educational and social equity in the context of high participation systems (HPS) of higher education. It begins by discussing the terms ‘equity’ and ‘equality’ in a historical perspective. Noting that the growth of HPS is associated with more intensive competition at the entrance to elite higher education, the chapter develops four propositions in relation to equity in HPS: as systems expand, equity in the form of social inclusion is enhanced; growth is associated with increased stratification of higher education, and greater social inequality in educational and graduate outcomes, unless there is compensating state policy; the positional structure of the higher education system increasingly resembles that of society; and it becomes more difficult for states and institutions to redistribute social opportunities in education. In short, social inclusion via greater participation is more readily achieved, while an improved social mix in elite higher education institutions is more difficult to achieve.
Eva Illouz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520224469
- eISBN:
- 9780520941311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520224469.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter examines the effects of psychological knowledge on social structure. It discusses some of Sigmund Freud's observations that have important consequences for our understanding of the ...
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This chapter examines the effects of psychological knowledge on social structure. It discusses some of Sigmund Freud's observations that have important consequences for our understanding of the relationship between culture, emotions, and social class. It analyzes the social and economic consequences of such gender-blind or androgynous narratives of selfhood and suggests that psychology has transformed the resources that actors draw on in competitive arenas of struggle, creating new fault lines between social and gender stratification.Less
This chapter examines the effects of psychological knowledge on social structure. It discusses some of Sigmund Freud's observations that have important consequences for our understanding of the relationship between culture, emotions, and social class. It analyzes the social and economic consequences of such gender-blind or androgynous narratives of selfhood and suggests that psychology has transformed the resources that actors draw on in competitive arenas of struggle, creating new fault lines between social and gender stratification.
Richard H. Trainor
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203551
- eISBN:
- 9780191675850
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203551.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines the demography and geography of the Black Country or the industrialized area of South Staffordshire in England during the period from 1830 to 1900. It analyses the economic and ...
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This chapter examines the demography and geography of the Black Country or the industrialized area of South Staffordshire in England during the period from 1830 to 1900. It analyses the economic and social setting in which local and district elites exercised authority and identifies the key factors which shaped their leadership. It investigates the problems that confronted Black Country elites and the assets they brought to overcome those problems. This chapter also examines the economic and social development and the social stratification of West Bromwich, Dudley, and Bilston in the context in the Black Country.Less
This chapter examines the demography and geography of the Black Country or the industrialized area of South Staffordshire in England during the period from 1830 to 1900. It analyses the economic and social setting in which local and district elites exercised authority and identifies the key factors which shaped their leadership. It investigates the problems that confronted Black Country elites and the assets they brought to overcome those problems. This chapter also examines the economic and social development and the social stratification of West Bromwich, Dudley, and Bilston in the context in the Black Country.
Allen J. Scott
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199549306
- eISBN:
- 9780191701511
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549306.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This book is about the renaissance of cities in the 21st century and their increasing role as centers of creative economic activity. It attempts to put some conceptual and descriptive order around ...
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This book is about the renaissance of cities in the 21st century and their increasing role as centers of creative economic activity. It attempts to put some conceptual and descriptive order around issues of urbanization in the contemporary world, emphasizing the idea of the social economy of the metropolis, which is to say, a view of the urban organism as an intertwined system of social and economic life played out through the arena of urban space. The book opens with a review of some essentials of urban theory. It aims to re-articulate the urban question in a way that is relevant to city life and politics in the present era. It then analyses the functional characteristics of the urban economy, with special reference to the rise of a group of core sectors such as media, fashion, music, etc. focused on cognitive and cultural forms of work. These sectors are growing with great rapidity in the world’s largest cities at the present time, and they play a major role in the urban resurgence that has been occurring of late. The discussion then explores the spatial ramifications of this new economy in cities and the ways in which it appears to be ushering in major shifts in divisions of labor and urban social stratification, as marked by a growing divide between a stratum of elite workers on the one side and a low-wage proletariat on the other.Less
This book is about the renaissance of cities in the 21st century and their increasing role as centers of creative economic activity. It attempts to put some conceptual and descriptive order around issues of urbanization in the contemporary world, emphasizing the idea of the social economy of the metropolis, which is to say, a view of the urban organism as an intertwined system of social and economic life played out through the arena of urban space. The book opens with a review of some essentials of urban theory. It aims to re-articulate the urban question in a way that is relevant to city life and politics in the present era. It then analyses the functional characteristics of the urban economy, with special reference to the rise of a group of core sectors such as media, fashion, music, etc. focused on cognitive and cultural forms of work. These sectors are growing with great rapidity in the world’s largest cities at the present time, and they play a major role in the urban resurgence that has been occurring of late. The discussion then explores the spatial ramifications of this new economy in cities and the ways in which it appears to be ushering in major shifts in divisions of labor and urban social stratification, as marked by a growing divide between a stratum of elite workers on the one side and a low-wage proletariat on the other.
Jonas Edlund
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804754354
- eISBN:
- 9780804768153
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804754354.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter explores an important issue within political sociology: the role of institutions and political articulation in establishing a connection between class and its attitudinal correlates. It ...
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This chapter explores an important issue within political sociology: the role of institutions and political articulation in establishing a connection between class and its attitudinal correlates. It challenges the argument that the magnitude of class conflicts will differ across countries, and instead offers an alternative hypothesis suggesting that class conflicts will be more pronounced in the social democratic welfare regime than in the liberal welfare regime. The chapter contends that a more fruitful understanding of institutional feedback effects should focus on other measures of welfare state performance, such as the profile of risk-reduction in social spending priorities or income redistribution via taxes and transfers. In support of this alternative hypothesis, it compares six Western countries—Canada, United States, Sweden, Norway, Australia, and New Zealand—in terms of social stratification and social policy, as well as attitudes to welfare policy and redistribution. The chapter demonstrates that preferences regarding welfare state and redistributive politics are more linked to social class and class identity in the social democratic regimes than in the liberal regimes.Less
This chapter explores an important issue within political sociology: the role of institutions and political articulation in establishing a connection between class and its attitudinal correlates. It challenges the argument that the magnitude of class conflicts will differ across countries, and instead offers an alternative hypothesis suggesting that class conflicts will be more pronounced in the social democratic welfare regime than in the liberal welfare regime. The chapter contends that a more fruitful understanding of institutional feedback effects should focus on other measures of welfare state performance, such as the profile of risk-reduction in social spending priorities or income redistribution via taxes and transfers. In support of this alternative hypothesis, it compares six Western countries—Canada, United States, Sweden, Norway, Australia, and New Zealand—in terms of social stratification and social policy, as well as attitudes to welfare policy and redistribution. The chapter demonstrates that preferences regarding welfare state and redistributive politics are more linked to social class and class identity in the social democratic regimes than in the liberal regimes.
Allen J. Scott
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199549306
- eISBN:
- 9780191701511
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549306.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This chapter discusses the social and political components of the urban process and how they affect urbanization and life in metropolitan areas. It presents facts and figures on how affluence, ...
More
This chapter discusses the social and political components of the urban process and how they affect urbanization and life in metropolitan areas. It presents facts and figures on how affluence, poverty, citizenship, and democracy affect the lifestyle in large metropolitan areas. Because of these, social stratifications and spatial segregation emerge. These patterns of social life are explained in the chapter.Less
This chapter discusses the social and political components of the urban process and how they affect urbanization and life in metropolitan areas. It presents facts and figures on how affluence, poverty, citizenship, and democracy affect the lifestyle in large metropolitan areas. Because of these, social stratifications and spatial segregation emerge. These patterns of social life are explained in the chapter.
