Joseph V. Femia
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198275435
- eISBN:
- 9780191684128
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198275435.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The unifying idea of Antonio Gramsci's famous Prison Notebooks is the concept of hegemony. In this study of these fragmentary writings this book elucidates the precise character of this concept, ...
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The unifying idea of Antonio Gramsci's famous Prison Notebooks is the concept of hegemony. In this study of these fragmentary writings this book elucidates the precise character of this concept, explores its basic philosophical assumptions, and sets out its implications for Gramsci's explanation of social stability and his vision of the revolutionary process. A number of prevalent and often contradictory myths are demolished, and, moreover, certain neglected aspects of his thought are stressed, including the predominant role he attributed to economic factors, the importance he gave to ‘contradictory consciousness’, and the close connection between his political thinking and his fundamental philosophical premises. The book concludes by critically examining Gramsci's novel solutions to three long-standing problems for Marxist theory: the reasons why the Western working class has not carried out its revolutionary mission; determining the appropriate strategy for a Marxist party working within an advanced capitalist framework; and what are the reasons behind the failure of existing socialist states in their task of liberation?Less
The unifying idea of Antonio Gramsci's famous Prison Notebooks is the concept of hegemony. In this study of these fragmentary writings this book elucidates the precise character of this concept, explores its basic philosophical assumptions, and sets out its implications for Gramsci's explanation of social stability and his vision of the revolutionary process. A number of prevalent and often contradictory myths are demolished, and, moreover, certain neglected aspects of his thought are stressed, including the predominant role he attributed to economic factors, the importance he gave to ‘contradictory consciousness’, and the close connection between his political thinking and his fundamental philosophical premises. The book concludes by critically examining Gramsci's novel solutions to three long-standing problems for Marxist theory: the reasons why the Western working class has not carried out its revolutionary mission; determining the appropriate strategy for a Marxist party working within an advanced capitalist framework; and what are the reasons behind the failure of existing socialist states in their task of liberation?
Stefan Petrow
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201656
- eISBN:
- 9780191674976
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201656.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
For Victorians, morality was significant as it was deemed as a necessary part of life in order to hold and keep social stability. Morality in the 19th century was also seen as a protector of family ...
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For Victorians, morality was significant as it was deemed as a necessary part of life in order to hold and keep social stability. Morality in the 19th century was also seen as a protector of family institutions, properties, and social values such as honesty, decency, self-discipline, respect, and diligence. This book examines the role of the Metropolitan Police in enforcing morality through set laws in late-Victorian and Edwardian London. In this book much focus is directed to the legislation of laws that tended to curb habitual criminality, prostitution, drunkenness, and betting. The book also looks into the efforts exerted by moralists to increase the policing powers of the Metropolitan Police and the Home Office bureaucracy; the capacity of the Metropolitan to curb, enforce, and resist these powers based on practical and moral considerations; how policing methods were altered to accumulate more power; and how successful the implementation of these policing morals turned out to be.Less
For Victorians, morality was significant as it was deemed as a necessary part of life in order to hold and keep social stability. Morality in the 19th century was also seen as a protector of family institutions, properties, and social values such as honesty, decency, self-discipline, respect, and diligence. This book examines the role of the Metropolitan Police in enforcing morality through set laws in late-Victorian and Edwardian London. In this book much focus is directed to the legislation of laws that tended to curb habitual criminality, prostitution, drunkenness, and betting. The book also looks into the efforts exerted by moralists to increase the policing powers of the Metropolitan Police and the Home Office bureaucracy; the capacity of the Metropolitan to curb, enforce, and resist these powers based on practical and moral considerations; how policing methods were altered to accumulate more power; and how successful the implementation of these policing morals turned out to be.
Keikoh Ryu
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199646210
- eISBN:
- 9780191741630
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646210.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
In this chapter the impact of China’s economic nationalism on the workings of Japanese business in China is examined. The long and complex history between China and Japan combined with recent ...
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In this chapter the impact of China’s economic nationalism on the workings of Japanese business in China is examined. The long and complex history between China and Japan combined with recent territorial disputes has led to a pervasive culture of anti-Japanese sentiment throughout China. Consequently, Japanese companies seeking to expand their business are compelled to navigate the highly politicized environment of Chinese economic nationalism. Based on field research this chapter analyzes the state of Sino-Japanese relations and the impact of China’s economic nationalism on Japan’s commercial prospects in terms of the growing importance of “business-society relations” in reversing this trend. To make inroads into China, Japanese corporations must not only compete with domestic and multinational corporations but also work to improve their public image by focusing on the social issues of environmental protection and social stability.Less
In this chapter the impact of China’s economic nationalism on the workings of Japanese business in China is examined. The long and complex history between China and Japan combined with recent territorial disputes has led to a pervasive culture of anti-Japanese sentiment throughout China. Consequently, Japanese companies seeking to expand their business are compelled to navigate the highly politicized environment of Chinese economic nationalism. Based on field research this chapter analyzes the state of Sino-Japanese relations and the impact of China’s economic nationalism on Japan’s commercial prospects in terms of the growing importance of “business-society relations” in reversing this trend. To make inroads into China, Japanese corporations must not only compete with domestic and multinational corporations but also work to improve their public image by focusing on the social issues of environmental protection and social stability.
Takaaki Suzuki
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199646210
- eISBN:
- 9780191741630
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646210.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter explores how economic nationalism in Japan has changed in the last 30 years and where it might be heading in the future. It looks at state intervention, which Japan has perfected by ...
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This chapter explores how economic nationalism in Japan has changed in the last 30 years and where it might be heading in the future. It looks at state intervention, which Japan has perfected by deftly combining state action with large private corporations. However, prolonged stagnation since the late 1980s condemned this approach and replaced it with neoliberal policies. This chapter counterintuitively argues that despite scaling back the role of the state in many economic regulatory and welfare-related areas actually increased. Relying on financial and macroeconomic policies since the early 1980s, the chapter shows that globalization and financial liberalization were accompanied by the creation of several powerful state-backed institutions entrusted with substantial financial resources and a wide range of regulatory authority that go well beyond what is deemed “prudential regulatory” safeguards. However, such policies consistent with economic nationalism failed to deliver on its promises of growth and social stability.Less
This chapter explores how economic nationalism in Japan has changed in the last 30 years and where it might be heading in the future. It looks at state intervention, which Japan has perfected by deftly combining state action with large private corporations. However, prolonged stagnation since the late 1980s condemned this approach and replaced it with neoliberal policies. This chapter counterintuitively argues that despite scaling back the role of the state in many economic regulatory and welfare-related areas actually increased. Relying on financial and macroeconomic policies since the early 1980s, the chapter shows that globalization and financial liberalization were accompanied by the creation of several powerful state-backed institutions entrusted with substantial financial resources and a wide range of regulatory authority that go well beyond what is deemed “prudential regulatory” safeguards. However, such policies consistent with economic nationalism failed to deliver on its promises of growth and social stability.
John P. Herron
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195383546
- eISBN:
- 9780199870523
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383546.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century, American History: 20th Century
From the beginnings of industrial capitalism to contemporary disputes over evolution, nature has long been part of the public debate over the social good. As such, many natural scientists throughout ...
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From the beginnings of industrial capitalism to contemporary disputes over evolution, nature has long been part of the public debate over the social good. As such, many natural scientists throughout American history have understood their work as a cultural activity contributing to social stability, and their field as a powerful tool for enhancing the quality of American life. In the late Victorian era, interwar period, and post-war decades, massive social change, economic collapse and recovery, and the aftermath of war, prompted natural scientists to offer up a civic-minded natural science concerned with the political wellbeing of American society. Science and the Social Good explores the evolving internal and external forces influencing the design and purpose of American natural science by focusing on three representative scientists — geologist Clarence King, forester Robert Marshall, and biologist Rachel Carson — who purposefully considered the social outcomes of their work. As comfortable in the royal courts of Europe as the remote field camps of the American West, Clarence King was the founding director of the U.S. Geological Survey, and used his standing to integrate science into late 19th century political debates about foreign policy, immigration, and social reform. In the mid-1930s, Robert Marshall founded the environmental advocacy group, The Wilderness Society, which transformed the face of natural preservation in America. Committed to social justice, Marshall blended forest ecology and pragmatic philosophy to craft a natural science ethic that extended the reach of science into political discussions about the restructuring of society prompted by urbanization.Less
From the beginnings of industrial capitalism to contemporary disputes over evolution, nature has long been part of the public debate over the social good. As such, many natural scientists throughout American history have understood their work as a cultural activity contributing to social stability, and their field as a powerful tool for enhancing the quality of American life. In the late Victorian era, interwar period, and post-war decades, massive social change, economic collapse and recovery, and the aftermath of war, prompted natural scientists to offer up a civic-minded natural science concerned with the political wellbeing of American society. Science and the Social Good explores the evolving internal and external forces influencing the design and purpose of American natural science by focusing on three representative scientists — geologist Clarence King, forester Robert Marshall, and biologist Rachel Carson — who purposefully considered the social outcomes of their work. As comfortable in the royal courts of Europe as the remote field camps of the American West, Clarence King was the founding director of the U.S. Geological Survey, and used his standing to integrate science into late 19th century political debates about foreign policy, immigration, and social reform. In the mid-1930s, Robert Marshall founded the environmental advocacy group, The Wilderness Society, which transformed the face of natural preservation in America. Committed to social justice, Marshall blended forest ecology and pragmatic philosophy to craft a natural science ethic that extended the reach of science into political discussions about the restructuring of society prompted by urbanization.
Bernard Hung-kay Luk, Angel Lin, Choi Po-king, and Wong Ping-man
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099180
- eISBN:
- 9789882206984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099180.003.0011
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter asks, how did Hong Kong society maintain an impressive stability despite enormous structural changes in the economy, massive population movements, and gross and persistent inequalities? ...
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This chapter asks, how did Hong Kong society maintain an impressive stability despite enormous structural changes in the economy, massive population movements, and gross and persistent inequalities? It argues that one important and often overlooked factor was schooling. Tracing Hong Kong's history of provisioning schooling in the half century following the Second World War, in particular in the development of curriculum and examinations and the financial investment in and economic returns from education, the chapter analyzes how a diverse migrant population and a generation of local born were prepared for postwar development. Not only were the varied educational resources able to provide a work force with different classes of skills, but also they imparted a particular discipline, work ethic, and mobility aspirations.Less
This chapter asks, how did Hong Kong society maintain an impressive stability despite enormous structural changes in the economy, massive population movements, and gross and persistent inequalities? It argues that one important and often overlooked factor was schooling. Tracing Hong Kong's history of provisioning schooling in the half century following the Second World War, in particular in the development of curriculum and examinations and the financial investment in and economic returns from education, the chapter analyzes how a diverse migrant population and a generation of local born were prepared for postwar development. Not only were the varied educational resources able to provide a work force with different classes of skills, but also they imparted a particular discipline, work ethic, and mobility aspirations.
Xiaolu Wang
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199535194
- eISBN:
- 9780191715730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535194.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
While the average level of income per capita has increased rapidly in China, income inequality is becoming a more serious problem that may threaten social stability and the sustainability of economic ...
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While the average level of income per capita has increased rapidly in China, income inequality is becoming a more serious problem that may threaten social stability and the sustainability of economic development. This chapter examines the existence in China of an inverted U-shaped curve between income inequality and economic development (known as Kuznets curve), and tests for the effects of several factors possibly influencing income inequality. These factors relate to growth, institutional arrangements, income redistribution and social security systems, and provision of public goods and infrastructure. Panel data modelling based on provincial level observations predicts an increasing trend of inequality in the future.Less
While the average level of income per capita has increased rapidly in China, income inequality is becoming a more serious problem that may threaten social stability and the sustainability of economic development. This chapter examines the existence in China of an inverted U-shaped curve between income inequality and economic development (known as Kuznets curve), and tests for the effects of several factors possibly influencing income inequality. These factors relate to growth, institutional arrangements, income redistribution and social security systems, and provision of public goods and infrastructure. Panel data modelling based on provincial level observations predicts an increasing trend of inequality in the future.
Brian Towers
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289463
- eISBN:
- 9780191684715
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289463.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR, Organization Studies
For up to twenty years after the Second World War both in Britain and the US boasted ‘mature’ industrial relations systems supported by their governments and, allowing for some differences in degree, ...
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For up to twenty years after the Second World War both in Britain and the US boasted ‘mature’ industrial relations systems supported by their governments and, allowing for some differences in degree, by most employers. Since the early 1980s, these systems have been critically weakened. This comparative industrial relations text explains this development primarily through the withdrawal of public policy support and, mainly in Britain's case, its replacement by government hostility. An important consequence of this is the erosion of the effective defence and representation of employee interests as the managerial prerogative has been allowed, even encouraged, to extend its authority in the workplace. The ‘representation gap’ has grown so that six out of seven US employees, and two out of three British, are not represented at work, at the same time as there has been increasing discussion of ‘team’ working etc. This could be a serious negative development for economic performance. A growing body of research is indicating that employers who bargain with trade unions, or enter into partnerships with them, are likely to be more productive than their non-union competitors. More importantly, the size of the representation gap presents a clear denial of the democratic rights of citizens, in their role as employees, with potentially serious implications for social stability both within and beyond the workplace.Less
For up to twenty years after the Second World War both in Britain and the US boasted ‘mature’ industrial relations systems supported by their governments and, allowing for some differences in degree, by most employers. Since the early 1980s, these systems have been critically weakened. This comparative industrial relations text explains this development primarily through the withdrawal of public policy support and, mainly in Britain's case, its replacement by government hostility. An important consequence of this is the erosion of the effective defence and representation of employee interests as the managerial prerogative has been allowed, even encouraged, to extend its authority in the workplace. The ‘representation gap’ has grown so that six out of seven US employees, and two out of three British, are not represented at work, at the same time as there has been increasing discussion of ‘team’ working etc. This could be a serious negative development for economic performance. A growing body of research is indicating that employers who bargain with trade unions, or enter into partnerships with them, are likely to be more productive than their non-union competitors. More importantly, the size of the representation gap presents a clear denial of the democratic rights of citizens, in their role as employees, with potentially serious implications for social stability both within and beyond the workplace.
Max H. Boisot
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198296072
- eISBN:
- 9780191685194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296072.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management, Organization Studies
This final chapter explores the broader implications of the analysis for strategic management of knowledge assets in the twenty-first century. In industrialized countries, this kind of management ...
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This final chapter explores the broader implications of the analysis for strategic management of knowledge assets in the twenty-first century. In industrialized countries, this kind of management perhaps holds the key to continued prosperity and social stability. In the emerging economies it offers the prospect of by-passing the dreadful and dehumanizing experience of industrialization through which developed countries initially secured their wealth. As things stand, neither industrialized nor industrializing economies have yet developed a managerial orientation appropriate to the needs of the information economy in general, or the phenomenon of knowledge assets in particular. It has been shown here that far more important than having the physical resources is the ability to do something intelligent with them.Less
This final chapter explores the broader implications of the analysis for strategic management of knowledge assets in the twenty-first century. In industrialized countries, this kind of management perhaps holds the key to continued prosperity and social stability. In the emerging economies it offers the prospect of by-passing the dreadful and dehumanizing experience of industrialization through which developed countries initially secured their wealth. As things stand, neither industrialized nor industrializing economies have yet developed a managerial orientation appropriate to the needs of the information economy in general, or the phenomenon of knowledge assets in particular. It has been shown here that far more important than having the physical resources is the ability to do something intelligent with them.
Mark Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199588626
- eISBN:
- 9780191750779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588626.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
During the inter-war years, it became increasingly common for clinicians and social commentators to regard the rise of organic and psychological disease in Western societies in terms of faulty ...
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During the inter-war years, it became increasingly common for clinicians and social commentators to regard the rise of organic and psychological disease in Western societies in terms of faulty adaptation or adjustment to the environment. As a result, scientific interest focused on understanding the internal physiological processes of adaptation more clearly, an approach that was evident most explicitly in Hans Selye's formulation of the `general adaptation syndrome’. Studies of the `diseases of adaptation’ drew on physiological notions of the stability of the internal environment articulated by Claude Bernard, on studies of homeostasis, emotion and shock carried out by Walter Cannon and George Crile, and on formulations of psychosomatic medicine, according to which disease was the product not only of external socio-economic conditions, but also of complex interactions and imbalances between mind and body. Chapter Two argues that inter-war discussions of adaptation and disease were also framed by anxieties about social stability, economic depression, failing international relations, and the spectre of renewed global conflict.Less
During the inter-war years, it became increasingly common for clinicians and social commentators to regard the rise of organic and psychological disease in Western societies in terms of faulty adaptation or adjustment to the environment. As a result, scientific interest focused on understanding the internal physiological processes of adaptation more clearly, an approach that was evident most explicitly in Hans Selye's formulation of the `general adaptation syndrome’. Studies of the `diseases of adaptation’ drew on physiological notions of the stability of the internal environment articulated by Claude Bernard, on studies of homeostasis, emotion and shock carried out by Walter Cannon and George Crile, and on formulations of psychosomatic medicine, according to which disease was the product not only of external socio-economic conditions, but also of complex interactions and imbalances between mind and body. Chapter Two argues that inter-war discussions of adaptation and disease were also framed by anxieties about social stability, economic depression, failing international relations, and the spectre of renewed global conflict.
Ian R. Christie
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205579
- eISBN:
- 9780191676673
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205579.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Political History
In the 18th century, the considerable degree of social mobility in British society, especially between the upper and middling ranks, was arguably one of the important factors contributing to ...
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In the 18th century, the considerable degree of social mobility in British society, especially between the upper and middling ranks, was arguably one of the important factors contributing to political and social stability. The extent of that mobility among the members of the nation’s legislature was particularly important in this regard. In this analysis, the book examines how far the House of Commons reflected and was itself affected by such social mobility. Enquiry is directed at the growth in number of ‘non-élite’ members of parliament; men without land. The book gives a sense of the fabric of 18th-century British society by describing the subtle distinctions in the social and economic order.Less
In the 18th century, the considerable degree of social mobility in British society, especially between the upper and middling ranks, was arguably one of the important factors contributing to political and social stability. The extent of that mobility among the members of the nation’s legislature was particularly important in this regard. In this analysis, the book examines how far the House of Commons reflected and was itself affected by such social mobility. Enquiry is directed at the growth in number of ‘non-élite’ members of parliament; men without land. The book gives a sense of the fabric of 18th-century British society by describing the subtle distinctions in the social and economic order.
Jeanne Halgren Kilde
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195314694
- eISBN:
- 9780199851867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314694.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter examines the history of the emergence of abbeys and great churches starting from the fifth century. During the period from the fifth to the 10th century, abbeys and monasteries started ...
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This chapter examines the history of the emergence of abbeys and great churches starting from the fifth century. During the period from the fifth to the 10th century, abbeys and monasteries started to emerge as small insular communities with integrated residential space back into Christian architecture for security purposes. Social stability and gradual accumulation of wealth during the dawn of the 11th century gave new impetus to church building and the era of the magnificent cathedrals of Europe was launched. This chapter suggests that the transformations in Christian architecture demonstrated profound changes in Christian views of God, humanity, and power.Less
This chapter examines the history of the emergence of abbeys and great churches starting from the fifth century. During the period from the fifth to the 10th century, abbeys and monasteries started to emerge as small insular communities with integrated residential space back into Christian architecture for security purposes. Social stability and gradual accumulation of wealth during the dawn of the 11th century gave new impetus to church building and the era of the magnificent cathedrals of Europe was launched. This chapter suggests that the transformations in Christian architecture demonstrated profound changes in Christian views of God, humanity, and power.
Linda Allegro and Andrew Grant Wood (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252037665
- eISBN:
- 9780252094927
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252037665.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
Responding to inaccuracies concerning Latino immigrants in the United States as well as an anti-immigrant strain in the American psyche, this book examines the movement of the Latin American labor ...
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Responding to inaccuracies concerning Latino immigrants in the United States as well as an anti-immigrant strain in the American psyche, this book examines the movement of the Latin American labor force to the central states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Arkansas, Missouri, and Iowa. Chapters look at the outside factors that affect migration including corporate agriculture, technology, globalization, and government, as well as factors that have attracted Latin Americans to the Heartland including religion, strong family values, hard work, farming, and cowboy culture. Several chapters also point to hostile neoliberal policy reforms that have made it difficult for Latino Americans to find social and economic stability. The book seeks to reveal the many ways in which identities, economies, and geographies are changing as Latin Americans adjust to their new homes, jobs, and communities.Less
Responding to inaccuracies concerning Latino immigrants in the United States as well as an anti-immigrant strain in the American psyche, this book examines the movement of the Latin American labor force to the central states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Arkansas, Missouri, and Iowa. Chapters look at the outside factors that affect migration including corporate agriculture, technology, globalization, and government, as well as factors that have attracted Latin Americans to the Heartland including religion, strong family values, hard work, farming, and cowboy culture. Several chapters also point to hostile neoliberal policy reforms that have made it difficult for Latino Americans to find social and economic stability. The book seeks to reveal the many ways in which identities, economies, and geographies are changing as Latin Americans adjust to their new homes, jobs, and communities.
Alison Rowlands
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719052590
- eISBN:
- 9781781700167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719052590.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The Rothenburg evidence suggests that those areas most likely to be characterized by a restrained pattern of witch-trials in early modern Germany were those in which a significant majority of the ...
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The Rothenburg evidence suggests that those areas most likely to be characterized by a restrained pattern of witch-trials in early modern Germany were those in which a significant majority of the ruling elites came to realize that the social, economic and political stability of their territories was likely to be damaged rather than strengthened by severe and large-scale witch-hunts. This way of thinking was effective, however, only if it could be put into practice: it was thus crucial for the ruling elites who were of this opinion to be able to maintain or assert control over the judicial processes by means of which alleged witches were tried. They also had to help ensure—perhaps chiefly by punitive measures such as the punishment of slander—that their subjects did not bring irresistible pressure in favor of more severe action against witches to bear upon them. It was not the size, cohesion or location of a territory which made it more or less likely to fall prey to the horrors of large-scale witch-trials in early modern Germany, but rather the question of whether and for how long this set of restraining factors pertained in its particular case. In Rothenburg and its hinterland they were kept essentially intact throughout the whole early modern period, sparing the lives of many individuals who might otherwise have been executed for witchcraft.Less
The Rothenburg evidence suggests that those areas most likely to be characterized by a restrained pattern of witch-trials in early modern Germany were those in which a significant majority of the ruling elites came to realize that the social, economic and political stability of their territories was likely to be damaged rather than strengthened by severe and large-scale witch-hunts. This way of thinking was effective, however, only if it could be put into practice: it was thus crucial for the ruling elites who were of this opinion to be able to maintain or assert control over the judicial processes by means of which alleged witches were tried. They also had to help ensure—perhaps chiefly by punitive measures such as the punishment of slander—that their subjects did not bring irresistible pressure in favor of more severe action against witches to bear upon them. It was not the size, cohesion or location of a territory which made it more or less likely to fall prey to the horrors of large-scale witch-trials in early modern Germany, but rather the question of whether and for how long this set of restraining factors pertained in its particular case. In Rothenburg and its hinterland they were kept essentially intact throughout the whole early modern period, sparing the lives of many individuals who might otherwise have been executed for witchcraft.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781846314858
- eISBN:
- 9781846316296
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846316296.009
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
The Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), the leading conservative opposition party in Mexico, represented the right, which, like the left-wing Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD), also searched for ...
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The Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), the leading conservative opposition party in Mexico, represented the right, which, like the left-wing Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD), also searched for a new legitimising doctrine during the Salinas administration. It modified its discourse based on individualising trends in the country's political culture associated with a new civil society. During the period, the PAN articulated a new vision called ‘neopanismo’ whereby the party would embark on a national expansion dominated by businessmen and mirroring liberal democratic concerns. This vision rejected a traditional idea of nationality in favor of a more materialist conception of legitimacy based on the liberal preoccupation with individualism and social stability. Neopanismo emphasised the freedom, universal human rights, and social pluralism that have been associated with democratic change in Mexico. The PAN advocated for the decentralisation of power, which was a reflection of its deep hostility to centralising statism and the tension that had been in place since the separation of the Church and the secular state.Less
The Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), the leading conservative opposition party in Mexico, represented the right, which, like the left-wing Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD), also searched for a new legitimising doctrine during the Salinas administration. It modified its discourse based on individualising trends in the country's political culture associated with a new civil society. During the period, the PAN articulated a new vision called ‘neopanismo’ whereby the party would embark on a national expansion dominated by businessmen and mirroring liberal democratic concerns. This vision rejected a traditional idea of nationality in favor of a more materialist conception of legitimacy based on the liberal preoccupation with individualism and social stability. Neopanismo emphasised the freedom, universal human rights, and social pluralism that have been associated with democratic change in Mexico. The PAN advocated for the decentralisation of power, which was a reflection of its deep hostility to centralising statism and the tension that had been in place since the separation of the Church and the secular state.
Murat Iyigun
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226388434
- eISBN:
- 9780226232287
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226232287.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Chapter 1 sets the background by discussing the literature on the role of religion in sociopolitical organization and centralized government. Sociologists, in particular, had much to say about the ...
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Chapter 1 sets the background by discussing the literature on the role of religion in sociopolitical organization and centralized government. Sociologists, in particular, had much to say about the role of religion and whether or not moral as well as ethical considerations associated with faith serve as a foundation for social stability. A strand within sociology, in fact, has promoted the notion that monotheism was particularly effective in serving this function. Political scientists, on the other hand, honed in on the extent to which ecclesiastical and political power complemented each other in influencing the efficacy of centralized government. They also extensively documented the degree to which religious rivalries or affinities, especially those involving the three major Abrahamic, monotheistic faiths, produced and sustained violent conflicts throughout history. The chapter wraps up with a documentation of some salient historical facts upon which the books’ key arguments are built and those which it seeks to explain.Less
Chapter 1 sets the background by discussing the literature on the role of religion in sociopolitical organization and centralized government. Sociologists, in particular, had much to say about the role of religion and whether or not moral as well as ethical considerations associated with faith serve as a foundation for social stability. A strand within sociology, in fact, has promoted the notion that monotheism was particularly effective in serving this function. Political scientists, on the other hand, honed in on the extent to which ecclesiastical and political power complemented each other in influencing the efficacy of centralized government. They also extensively documented the degree to which religious rivalries or affinities, especially those involving the three major Abrahamic, monotheistic faiths, produced and sustained violent conflicts throughout history. The chapter wraps up with a documentation of some salient historical facts upon which the books’ key arguments are built and those which it seeks to explain.
Gregory P. Magarian
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190466794
- eISBN:
- 9780190466824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190466794.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter explains and critiques managed speech as the Roberts Court’s mode of First Amendment doctrine. Managed speech has three core elements: empowering stable, responsible institutions, both ...
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This chapter explains and critiques managed speech as the Roberts Court’s mode of First Amendment doctrine. Managed speech has three core elements: empowering stable, responsible institutions, both governmental and private, to exercise managerial control over public discussion; disfavoring First Amendment claims from social and political outsiders who challenge dominant norms and institutions; and strongly promoting social and political stability. Managed speech fits a conservative intellectual tradition that extends from Edmund Burke’s conception of bounded liberty to Robert Bork’s proposals for limiting First Amendment protection to conventional political speech. This chapter closes the book by advocating an alternative approach to First Amendment doctrine under the author’s preferred normative model for constitutional speech protection, dynamic diversity. That approach would entail heightened attention to First Amendment issues in the mass media, allowance for reasonable regulations of money in politics, and increased judicial efforts to distribute expressive opportunities.Less
This chapter explains and critiques managed speech as the Roberts Court’s mode of First Amendment doctrine. Managed speech has three core elements: empowering stable, responsible institutions, both governmental and private, to exercise managerial control over public discussion; disfavoring First Amendment claims from social and political outsiders who challenge dominant norms and institutions; and strongly promoting social and political stability. Managed speech fits a conservative intellectual tradition that extends from Edmund Burke’s conception of bounded liberty to Robert Bork’s proposals for limiting First Amendment protection to conventional political speech. This chapter closes the book by advocating an alternative approach to First Amendment doctrine under the author’s preferred normative model for constitutional speech protection, dynamic diversity. That approach would entail heightened attention to First Amendment issues in the mass media, allowance for reasonable regulations of money in politics, and increased judicial efforts to distribute expressive opportunities.
Florian Schui
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199593965
- eISBN:
- 9780191750724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593965.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, History of Ideas
This chapter explores the ways in which state officials saw the towns and contrasts these views with the urban self-perceptions explored in the preceding chapter. While private commentators saw urban ...
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This chapter explores the ways in which state officials saw the towns and contrasts these views with the urban self-perceptions explored in the preceding chapter. While private commentators saw urban society as governed by the desires and interests of private individuals the Hohenzollern and their officials had a different vision of urban society. Their objectives centred on the creation of social stability and on securing a reliable and increasing stream of revenue for the state. Religious tolerance and economic freedom were seen as means to achieve these ends. However, individual autonomy was not perceived as an end in itself. Where the desired outcomes of stability and prosperity could be achieved better by interfering with individual freedom or where individual freedom was seen as threatening to these objectives officials saw it as their right and obligation to guide, channel and regulate individual behaviour.Less
This chapter explores the ways in which state officials saw the towns and contrasts these views with the urban self-perceptions explored in the preceding chapter. While private commentators saw urban society as governed by the desires and interests of private individuals the Hohenzollern and their officials had a different vision of urban society. Their objectives centred on the creation of social stability and on securing a reliable and increasing stream of revenue for the state. Religious tolerance and economic freedom were seen as means to achieve these ends. However, individual autonomy was not perceived as an end in itself. Where the desired outcomes of stability and prosperity could be achieved better by interfering with individual freedom or where individual freedom was seen as threatening to these objectives officials saw it as their right and obligation to guide, channel and regulate individual behaviour.
David P. Barash
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- August 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190055295
- eISBN:
- 9780197523209
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190055295.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology
This book studies situations in which individuals threaten each other or feel threatened by society, and often respond in ways that threaten social stability in turn. Animals also engage in all sorts ...
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This book studies situations in which individuals threaten each other or feel threatened by society, and often respond in ways that threaten social stability in turn. Animals also engage in all sorts of threats, an understanding of which opens one's eyes to the world of animal behavior otherwise hidden, while also revealing the strange and important question of honest versus dishonest communication. The dynamic of threat-and-response gives insight into such human dilemmas as the fear of death and how this has been manipulated by many organized religions; how fear of strangers and supposed enemies has given rise to an American gun culture that in turn threatens those seeking to avoid such threats; how nativist fears of “the other” has promoted right-wing nationalist populism, which has been making things worse not only for democracy itself, but also for those who feel threatened in the first place; and how capital punishment—intended to contain the threat of murderous criminals—has made this problem worse. Most important and worrisome is how countries convey the ultimate threat against each other: deterrence. Brandishing the threat of mutual annihilation in the expectation that this will keep a country safe is, paradoxically, the ultimate example of a posture that endangers threatener and threatened alike.Less
This book studies situations in which individuals threaten each other or feel threatened by society, and often respond in ways that threaten social stability in turn. Animals also engage in all sorts of threats, an understanding of which opens one's eyes to the world of animal behavior otherwise hidden, while also revealing the strange and important question of honest versus dishonest communication. The dynamic of threat-and-response gives insight into such human dilemmas as the fear of death and how this has been manipulated by many organized religions; how fear of strangers and supposed enemies has given rise to an American gun culture that in turn threatens those seeking to avoid such threats; how nativist fears of “the other” has promoted right-wing nationalist populism, which has been making things worse not only for democracy itself, but also for those who feel threatened in the first place; and how capital punishment—intended to contain the threat of murderous criminals—has made this problem worse. Most important and worrisome is how countries convey the ultimate threat against each other: deterrence. Brandishing the threat of mutual annihilation in the expectation that this will keep a country safe is, paradoxically, the ultimate example of a posture that endangers threatener and threatened alike.
Isidora Chacón
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198716082
- eISBN:
- 9780191784309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716082.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
The Costa Rican model of development is based on the interaction between, on one hand, economic growth, led by high added value exports, such as micro-electronics, organic agriculture and ...
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The Costa Rican model of development is based on the interaction between, on one hand, economic growth, led by high added value exports, such as micro-electronics, organic agriculture and eco-tourism, and, on the other hand, a comprehensive welfare state. Yet, the most significant feature of Costa Rica is that it is the only country in the world without armed forces since 1948, thus managing political conflicts through the mediation of international institutions. The chapter argues that pacifism is at the heart of Costa Rican development because it shifts warfare spending to welfare spending, while including peace as a key component of human wellbeingLess
The Costa Rican model of development is based on the interaction between, on one hand, economic growth, led by high added value exports, such as micro-electronics, organic agriculture and eco-tourism, and, on the other hand, a comprehensive welfare state. Yet, the most significant feature of Costa Rica is that it is the only country in the world without armed forces since 1948, thus managing political conflicts through the mediation of international institutions. The chapter argues that pacifism is at the heart of Costa Rican development because it shifts warfare spending to welfare spending, while including peace as a key component of human wellbeing
