Pablo de Greiff
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199291922
- eISBN:
- 9780191603716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199291926.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This paper seeks to articulate a conception of justice in reparations for victims of human rights violations when the aim is to repair a large number of cases, as opposed to individual, isolated ...
More
This paper seeks to articulate a conception of justice in reparations for victims of human rights violations when the aim is to repair a large number of cases, as opposed to individual, isolated cases. It starts with an effort to establish some semantic clarity by trying to distinguish between two different contexts for the use of the term “reparations”. It discusses some of the problems with merely transplanting the ideal of compensation in proportion to harm from its natural home in the resolution of individual judicial cases, and using it as a standard of justice for massive reparations programs. Instead, it argues in favor of thinking about justice in the context of massive cases in terms of the achievement of three goals, namely, recognition, civic trust, and social solidarity — three goals that are intimately related to justice. Finally, it tries to shed light on the basic trade-offs that accompany some of the choices that have to be made in the process of constructing a comprehensive and coherent reparations program.Less
This paper seeks to articulate a conception of justice in reparations for victims of human rights violations when the aim is to repair a large number of cases, as opposed to individual, isolated cases. It starts with an effort to establish some semantic clarity by trying to distinguish between two different contexts for the use of the term “reparations”. It discusses some of the problems with merely transplanting the ideal of compensation in proportion to harm from its natural home in the resolution of individual judicial cases, and using it as a standard of justice for massive reparations programs. Instead, it argues in favor of thinking about justice in the context of massive cases in terms of the achievement of three goals, namely, recognition, civic trust, and social solidarity — three goals that are intimately related to justice. Finally, it tries to shed light on the basic trade-offs that accompany some of the choices that have to be made in the process of constructing a comprehensive and coherent reparations program.
Neil Gilbert
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780195140743
- eISBN:
- 9780199834921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140745.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The concept of social solidarity, and the two competing views on its source (Marshall's, which suggests that it stems from the social rights of citizenship; and Durkheim's , which suggests that it ...
More
The concept of social solidarity, and the two competing views on its source (Marshall's, which suggests that it stems from the social rights of citizenship; and Durkheim's , which suggests that it stems from intellectual and moral homogeneity, and is advanced through voluntary association) are discussed. The profound implications that these two different views have for the relation between social solidarity and the welfare state are outlined, and the situation in the transition to an enabling state (where there is a contraction of the social rights of citizenship) is discussed, including the possible conflicts between different community groups that may (and do) arise. The last part of the chapter addresses the possibility of shareholding as an alternative foundation for social solidarity to citizenship rights.Less
The concept of social solidarity, and the two competing views on its source (Marshall's, which suggests that it stems from the social rights of citizenship; and Durkheim's , which suggests that it stems from intellectual and moral homogeneity, and is advanced through voluntary association) are discussed. The profound implications that these two different views have for the relation between social solidarity and the welfare state are outlined, and the situation in the transition to an enabling state (where there is a contraction of the social rights of citizenship) is discussed, including the possible conflicts between different community groups that may (and do) arise. The last part of the chapter addresses the possibility of shareholding as an alternative foundation for social solidarity to citizenship rights.
Adiel Schremer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195383775
- eISBN:
- 9780199777280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383775.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion in the Ancient World
This chapter suggests that the rabbinic discourse of minut offers an important point of view on the social-historical meaning of discourses of identity more broadly. For minut, in Tannaitic sources, ...
More
This chapter suggests that the rabbinic discourse of minut offers an important point of view on the social-historical meaning of discourses of identity more broadly. For minut, in Tannaitic sources, is treated no less as a social and communal deviance than as a doctrinal challenge. This indicates that the problem with heretics, although frequently presented in relation to their religious beliefs and the doctrines they embrace, may be located, in fact, in the realm of social and communal concerns. What motivates the rabbinic discourse of minut is a concern for social and communal cohesion. It is characterized by concepts of social solidarity and belonging, no less than by a concept of “correct belief.”Less
This chapter suggests that the rabbinic discourse of minut offers an important point of view on the social-historical meaning of discourses of identity more broadly. For minut, in Tannaitic sources, is treated no less as a social and communal deviance than as a doctrinal challenge. This indicates that the problem with heretics, although frequently presented in relation to their religious beliefs and the doctrines they embrace, may be located, in fact, in the realm of social and communal concerns. What motivates the rabbinic discourse of minut is a concern for social and communal cohesion. It is characterized by concepts of social solidarity and belonging, no less than by a concept of “correct belief.”
Wolfram Lamping
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199583188
- eISBN:
- 9780191594502
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199583188.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, EU Law
This chapter argues that the EU should be careful when it raises high expectations or when it announces high-flown and ambitious social policy projects which approach the sensitive core policies of ...
More
This chapter argues that the EU should be careful when it raises high expectations or when it announces high-flown and ambitious social policy projects which approach the sensitive core policies of national welfare statehood. Under these conditions, however, diversity might not be a problem, but a challenge. The central question for a ‘Social Europe’ is which (institutional, social, distributive, etc.) diversity can be acknowledged and accepted as legitimate — and which cannot.Less
This chapter argues that the EU should be careful when it raises high expectations or when it announces high-flown and ambitious social policy projects which approach the sensitive core policies of national welfare statehood. Under these conditions, however, diversity might not be a problem, but a challenge. The central question for a ‘Social Europe’ is which (institutional, social, distributive, etc.) diversity can be acknowledged and accepted as legitimate — and which cannot.
Gordon L. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253647
- eISBN:
- 9780191719752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253647.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
In France, retirement income depends on a set of related institutions commonly known as the pay-as-you-go (PAYG) social security. In general, the French social security has three objectives: ...
More
In France, retirement income depends on a set of related institutions commonly known as the pay-as-you-go (PAYG) social security. In general, the French social security has three objectives: universal coverage, benefits related to earnings supplemented where necessary by government contributions, and a high income-replacement ratio between 50-70 percent of average worked incomes. This chapter argues that at the time of its design and implementation, reasonable doubts could have been raised about the long-term financial viability of France's social security system. It contends that economic circumstances and intra-generational transfers by those with a special place in French policymaking have compromised the vitality of social solidarity as a means of balancing intergenerational interests. It also looks at the classic formula that underpins the funding of social security systems, how and why such pension systems are vulnerable to imbalances in demography, and the likelihood of defection by younger workers in the context of global finance and industry.Less
In France, retirement income depends on a set of related institutions commonly known as the pay-as-you-go (PAYG) social security. In general, the French social security has three objectives: universal coverage, benefits related to earnings supplemented where necessary by government contributions, and a high income-replacement ratio between 50-70 percent of average worked incomes. This chapter argues that at the time of its design and implementation, reasonable doubts could have been raised about the long-term financial viability of France's social security system. It contends that economic circumstances and intra-generational transfers by those with a special place in French policymaking have compromised the vitality of social solidarity as a means of balancing intergenerational interests. It also looks at the classic formula that underpins the funding of social security systems, how and why such pension systems are vulnerable to imbalances in demography, and the likelihood of defection by younger workers in the context of global finance and industry.
Stefano Giubboni
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199583188
- eISBN:
- 9780191594502
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199583188.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, EU Law
The European Court of Justice has recognized the citizenship of the Union as a fundamental status of nationals of the Member States, enabling those who find themselves in the same situation to enjoy ...
More
The European Court of Justice has recognized the citizenship of the Union as a fundamental status of nationals of the Member States, enabling those who find themselves in the same situation to enjoy the same treatment in law irrespective of their nationality. The status of citizen of the Union requires, as reaffirmed by the Court in Grzelczyk, ‘a certain degree of financial solidarity between nationals of a host Member State and nationals of other Member States, particularly if the difficulties which a beneficiary of the right of residence encounters are temporary’. This chapter reconstructs critically the tortuous course that the Court's case law followed to reach this result. A critical overview of the Court's case law — from the famous Mart ínez Sala decision to the latest judgements — provides food for thought about the spectacular and controversial outcome of a long season of renewed judicial activism. Some commentators have even stated that a new paradigm of social solidarity has at last emerged on a pan-European scale, which has redefined the boundaries of domestic welfare systems and the requirements for belonging to the resulting redistribution communities.Less
The European Court of Justice has recognized the citizenship of the Union as a fundamental status of nationals of the Member States, enabling those who find themselves in the same situation to enjoy the same treatment in law irrespective of their nationality. The status of citizen of the Union requires, as reaffirmed by the Court in Grzelczyk, ‘a certain degree of financial solidarity between nationals of a host Member State and nationals of other Member States, particularly if the difficulties which a beneficiary of the right of residence encounters are temporary’. This chapter reconstructs critically the tortuous course that the Court's case law followed to reach this result. A critical overview of the Court's case law — from the famous Mart ínez Sala decision to the latest judgements — provides food for thought about the spectacular and controversial outcome of a long season of renewed judicial activism. Some commentators have even stated that a new paradigm of social solidarity has at last emerged on a pan-European scale, which has redefined the boundaries of domestic welfare systems and the requirements for belonging to the resulting redistribution communities.
Gordon L. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253647
- eISBN:
- 9780191719752
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253647.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This book is about the demographic and funding crises that threaten systems of pension and retirement income in continental Europe. The book argues that state-sponsored social security will not ...
More
This book is about the demographic and funding crises that threaten systems of pension and retirement income in continental Europe. The book argues that state-sponsored social security will not deliver promised retirement incomes for the baby-boom generation; European monetary union and the imperatives of global finance has made such promises untenable thereby undercutting nation-state social solidarity. Globalisation has set many challenges for European countries, not least of which is providing pension security for their citizens. At the same time, global finance has opened-up options for corporations and individuals seeking alternatives to the past; but exercising those opportunities will come at a high cost for European notions of social justice. Drawing upon original research, the book explores the dimensions of the pending European retirement income funding crisis, noting the economic and political forces involved in debates over possible solutions; current country-specific models of pensions provision, making the connection between social security and supplementary pensions; the allocation of risks between individuals, markets, and institutions emphasising the tensions between social solidarity and the market in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom; and finally, the prospects for a pan-European approach to retirement income provision.Less
This book is about the demographic and funding crises that threaten systems of pension and retirement income in continental Europe. The book argues that state-sponsored social security will not deliver promised retirement incomes for the baby-boom generation; European monetary union and the imperatives of global finance has made such promises untenable thereby undercutting nation-state social solidarity. Globalisation has set many challenges for European countries, not least of which is providing pension security for their citizens. At the same time, global finance has opened-up options for corporations and individuals seeking alternatives to the past; but exercising those opportunities will come at a high cost for European notions of social justice. Drawing upon original research, the book explores the dimensions of the pending European retirement income funding crisis, noting the economic and political forces involved in debates over possible solutions; current country-specific models of pensions provision, making the connection between social security and supplementary pensions; the allocation of risks between individuals, markets, and institutions emphasising the tensions between social solidarity and the market in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom; and finally, the prospects for a pan-European approach to retirement income provision.
Peter M. Solar and Richard M. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263471
- eISBN:
- 9780191734786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263471.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter focuses on welfare and pension benefits in the European Union. It describes how tensions between labour mobility and social solidarity affect the harmonization of social welfare regimes ...
More
This chapter focuses on welfare and pension benefits in the European Union. It describes how tensions between labour mobility and social solidarity affect the harmonization of social welfare regimes across the Union. An analogous situation existed at the time when a national Poor Law policy was first established. Research on how the Old Poor Law operated suggests that a number of features may be transposed to Europe in the twenty-first century. This research has itself benefitted from looking at the Old Poor Law in the broader context of the European experience with poor relief during these centuries.Less
This chapter focuses on welfare and pension benefits in the European Union. It describes how tensions between labour mobility and social solidarity affect the harmonization of social welfare regimes across the Union. An analogous situation existed at the time when a national Poor Law policy was first established. Research on how the Old Poor Law operated suggests that a number of features may be transposed to Europe in the twenty-first century. This research has itself benefitted from looking at the Old Poor Law in the broader context of the European experience with poor relief during these centuries.
Gordon L. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253647
- eISBN:
- 9780191719752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253647.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This chapter looks at research devoted to demographic trends and their economic, political, and social implications, emphasising its significance as well as the interaction between demographic trends ...
More
This chapter looks at research devoted to demographic trends and their economic, political, and social implications, emphasising its significance as well as the interaction between demographic trends and global finance in Europe. It considers the recent comparative research on European pension systems, including the causes and consequences of early retirement for the fiscal health of the continent's social security systems. It argues that the principles of social solidarity remain very important in the European debate over national systems of retirement income and finance. It also raises questions about the proper role of markets in relation to social solidarity in regulating the provision of retirement income, noting the very different conceptions of risk allocation and risk management. Finally, the chapter discusses the Anglo-American model as an alternative to the past by offering a model of pension funding and economic development that has many desirable features given the growth of the new economy over the 1990s.Less
This chapter looks at research devoted to demographic trends and their economic, political, and social implications, emphasising its significance as well as the interaction between demographic trends and global finance in Europe. It considers the recent comparative research on European pension systems, including the causes and consequences of early retirement for the fiscal health of the continent's social security systems. It argues that the principles of social solidarity remain very important in the European debate over national systems of retirement income and finance. It also raises questions about the proper role of markets in relation to social solidarity in regulating the provision of retirement income, noting the very different conceptions of risk allocation and risk management. Finally, the chapter discusses the Anglo-American model as an alternative to the past by offering a model of pension funding and economic development that has many desirable features given the growth of the new economy over the 1990s.
Gordon L. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253647
- eISBN:
- 9780191719752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253647.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
In the Netherlands, the retirement income system is perceived by policymakers to have several advantages over the Anglo-American model: the Dutch system apparently preserves the elements of ...
More
In the Netherlands, the retirement income system is perceived by policymakers to have several advantages over the Anglo-American model: the Dutch system apparently preserves the elements of co-determination and collective bargaining so essential to post-war European political stability, while providing for financial growth and innovation so important in the Anglo-American securities markets. This chapter presents three points. First, the principles of Dutch social solidarity have been the basis of a two-tiered national pension system with extensive coverage of eligible workers and equitable consequences in relation to the long-term distribution of retirement income. Second, the governance of sector pension funds combined with their connection with collective bargaining raises important issues of selection bias and moral hazard. Third, the idea that national pension systems and financial markets are properly off limits to geographical scope is debatable. This chapter also discusses social security and supplementary pensions, the institutional structure of social solidarity, pension fund governance and performance, and financial structure in the context of the European competition policy.Less
In the Netherlands, the retirement income system is perceived by policymakers to have several advantages over the Anglo-American model: the Dutch system apparently preserves the elements of co-determination and collective bargaining so essential to post-war European political stability, while providing for financial growth and innovation so important in the Anglo-American securities markets. This chapter presents three points. First, the principles of Dutch social solidarity have been the basis of a two-tiered national pension system with extensive coverage of eligible workers and equitable consequences in relation to the long-term distribution of retirement income. Second, the governance of sector pension funds combined with their connection with collective bargaining raises important issues of selection bias and moral hazard. Third, the idea that national pension systems and financial markets are properly off limits to geographical scope is debatable. This chapter also discusses social security and supplementary pensions, the institutional structure of social solidarity, pension fund governance and performance, and financial structure in the context of the European competition policy.
Mark Bell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199583188
- eISBN:
- 9780191594502
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199583188.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, EU Law
This chapter suggests that there is a case for reconsidering the extent to which irregular migrants should receive social solidarity. It begins with an examination of the social reality of irregular ...
More
This chapter suggests that there is a case for reconsidering the extent to which irregular migrants should receive social solidarity. It begins with an examination of the social reality of irregular migration in Europe. This is followed by an analysis of solidarity principles emerging from international and European human rights instruments and their approach to irregular migrants. The final section considers in more depth EU law and policy on irregular migration, and whether there is any evidence of this reflecting the basic solidarity principles which can be found within human rights law.Less
This chapter suggests that there is a case for reconsidering the extent to which irregular migrants should receive social solidarity. It begins with an examination of the social reality of irregular migration in Europe. This is followed by an analysis of solidarity principles emerging from international and European human rights instruments and their approach to irregular migrants. The final section considers in more depth EU law and policy on irregular migration, and whether there is any evidence of this reflecting the basic solidarity principles which can be found within human rights law.
Gordon L. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253647
- eISBN:
- 9780191719752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253647.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This book brings together the tensions and imperatives accompanying demography and social security in Europe with the tensions accompanying global financial integration. The book reviews the ...
More
This book brings together the tensions and imperatives accompanying demography and social security in Europe with the tensions accompanying global financial integration. The book reviews the literature related to demographic ageing and the funding crisis of the European pay-as-you-go social security systems that will accompany the baby boom generation through their retirement years. It also examines the connection between these issues and recent discussion in the European Community (EC) about the necessity for the pan-European reform of member states' regulation of pension and insurance. The book shows that when considering the prospects for European economic development, the EC believes that funding retirement has a clear and obvious connection with the financing of future economic development. In this context, the problem of pension and retirement income in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom is analysed. This book also looks at nation-state social solidarity in Europe, along with sovereignty, the monetary union, and prospects for reform of the social security system.Less
This book brings together the tensions and imperatives accompanying demography and social security in Europe with the tensions accompanying global financial integration. The book reviews the literature related to demographic ageing and the funding crisis of the European pay-as-you-go social security systems that will accompany the baby boom generation through their retirement years. It also examines the connection between these issues and recent discussion in the European Community (EC) about the necessity for the pan-European reform of member states' regulation of pension and insurance. The book shows that when considering the prospects for European economic development, the EC believes that funding retirement has a clear and obvious connection with the financing of future economic development. In this context, the problem of pension and retirement income in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom is analysed. This book also looks at nation-state social solidarity in Europe, along with sovereignty, the monetary union, and prospects for reform of the social security system.
Tony Prosser
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579839
- eISBN:
- 9780191594472
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579839.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This book examines a range of different British regulatory bodies, including the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, the Food Standards Agency, the Environment Agency, the Health and Safety ...
More
This book examines a range of different British regulatory bodies, including the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, the Food Standards Agency, the Environment Agency, the Health and Safety Executive, the regulators for health and social care and the regulators covering communications, energy, rail, and water. The book emphasizes that no regulator works in isolation but is part of a complex network of different institutions including central government departments and European institutions. Effective regulatory accountability requires that the relations between the different bodies are clear and transparent, and the book assesses the extent to which this is achieved in practice. It also emphasizes the range of tasks which regulators perform. Many regulators are responsible for economic regulation to increase efficiency and promote consumer choice; however, regulators also have other roles, notably protecting human rights, promoting social solidarity and social inclusion, and providing a forum for deliberation and learning through listening to the views of stakeholders. The different legal duties of the regulators, and their operation in practice, are examined in relation to these different roles, with an emphasis on how regulators ought to decide and how they can be held accountable for their decisions. The book also looks at the effects on regulators of the ‘better regulation’ initiatives, examining attempts to reduce regulatory burdens and to improve regulatory procedures, for example through the use of regulatory impact analysis. There is also consideration of overseas experience from France and the USA.Less
This book examines a range of different British regulatory bodies, including the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, the Food Standards Agency, the Environment Agency, the Health and Safety Executive, the regulators for health and social care and the regulators covering communications, energy, rail, and water. The book emphasizes that no regulator works in isolation but is part of a complex network of different institutions including central government departments and European institutions. Effective regulatory accountability requires that the relations between the different bodies are clear and transparent, and the book assesses the extent to which this is achieved in practice. It also emphasizes the range of tasks which regulators perform. Many regulators are responsible for economic regulation to increase efficiency and promote consumer choice; however, regulators also have other roles, notably protecting human rights, promoting social solidarity and social inclusion, and providing a forum for deliberation and learning through listening to the views of stakeholders. The different legal duties of the regulators, and their operation in practice, are examined in relation to these different roles, with an emphasis on how regulators ought to decide and how they can be held accountable for their decisions. The book also looks at the effects on regulators of the ‘better regulation’ initiatives, examining attempts to reduce regulatory burdens and to improve regulatory procedures, for example through the use of regulatory impact analysis. There is also consideration of overseas experience from France and the USA.
Cristina Stănuş
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847427274
- eISBN:
- 9781447305552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847427274.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
Theorists and practitioners alike assume that citizen participation helps build public space democratically, on the basis of a set of values such as civic commitment, social equality, solidarity, ...
More
Theorists and practitioners alike assume that citizen participation helps build public space democratically, on the basis of a set of values such as civic commitment, social equality, solidarity, trust and tolerance and respect for diversity and difference. Drawing upon an analysis of social solidarity in Romania, this chapter utilizes an empirical perspective to analyse the link between (different forms of) citizen participation and social solidarity. A working definition of social solidarity at the micro level is employed that emphasizes four components: identification of the individual with the collective, commitment to the common good, empathy and trust. The chapter centrally addresses whether efforts to stimulate citizen participation have also resulted in changing the configuration of social solidarity at the micro level to address key issues: what is the exact, if any, role played by the TUs and NGOs? And is social solidarity being (re)-invented to include a transnational component? And, are some of the participatory methods and processes (or forms of civic participation) more adequate than others for enhancing the transnational component of social solidarity? The chapter analyses these questions by linking the micro and macro levels in a mixed research design, using survey data, secondary data analysis and in-depth individual interviews.Less
Theorists and practitioners alike assume that citizen participation helps build public space democratically, on the basis of a set of values such as civic commitment, social equality, solidarity, trust and tolerance and respect for diversity and difference. Drawing upon an analysis of social solidarity in Romania, this chapter utilizes an empirical perspective to analyse the link between (different forms of) citizen participation and social solidarity. A working definition of social solidarity at the micro level is employed that emphasizes four components: identification of the individual with the collective, commitment to the common good, empathy and trust. The chapter centrally addresses whether efforts to stimulate citizen participation have also resulted in changing the configuration of social solidarity at the micro level to address key issues: what is the exact, if any, role played by the TUs and NGOs? And is social solidarity being (re)-invented to include a transnational component? And, are some of the participatory methods and processes (or forms of civic participation) more adequate than others for enhancing the transnational component of social solidarity? The chapter analyses these questions by linking the micro and macro levels in a mixed research design, using survey data, secondary data analysis and in-depth individual interviews.
Geoffrey Hosking
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263136
- eISBN:
- 9780191734922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263136.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Traditional interpretations of Russian society rest on a contrast between Russian authoritarianism and the liberties of Western societies. According to these interpretations, Russia right up to the ...
More
Traditional interpretations of Russian society rest on a contrast between Russian authoritarianism and the liberties of Western societies. According to these interpretations, Russia right up to the twentieth century was a ‘patrimonial monarchy’ in which there was no distinction between sovereignty and ownership, so that the tsar's subjects were literally his slaves. There is no denying the highly authoritarian nature of the Russian state, and, in its twentieth-century hypostasis, its unique capacity to penetrate and affect the lives of ordinary people. But the image of slavery is overdone and partly misleading. At the base of the Russian power structure throughout the tsarist centuries was the village commune. The basic concept underlying the functioning of the village commune was krugovaya poruka, literally ‘circular surety’, but perhaps better translated as ‘joint responsibility’. This chapter discusses forms of social solidarity in Russia and the Soviet Union, focusing on the enterprise and the communal apartment as twin arenas of the daily lives of the majority of the country's townspeople.Less
Traditional interpretations of Russian society rest on a contrast between Russian authoritarianism and the liberties of Western societies. According to these interpretations, Russia right up to the twentieth century was a ‘patrimonial monarchy’ in which there was no distinction between sovereignty and ownership, so that the tsar's subjects were literally his slaves. There is no denying the highly authoritarian nature of the Russian state, and, in its twentieth-century hypostasis, its unique capacity to penetrate and affect the lives of ordinary people. But the image of slavery is overdone and partly misleading. At the base of the Russian power structure throughout the tsarist centuries was the village commune. The basic concept underlying the functioning of the village commune was krugovaya poruka, literally ‘circular surety’, but perhaps better translated as ‘joint responsibility’. This chapter discusses forms of social solidarity in Russia and the Soviet Union, focusing on the enterprise and the communal apartment as twin arenas of the daily lives of the majority of the country's townspeople.
Tony Prosser
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579839
- eISBN:
- 9780191594472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579839.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This introductory chapter examines existing debates on regulation and attempts to give them focus by suggesting that there are two underlying models of regulation: regulation as an infringement of ...
More
This introductory chapter examines existing debates on regulation and attempts to give them focus by suggesting that there are two underlying models of regulation: regulation as an infringement of private autonomy, emphasizing rules, predictability and regulatory independence; and regulation as an enterprise, emphasizing collaboration with government, discretion, and responsiveness. It is argued that regulatory legitimacy can best be seen as part of a joint enterprise with different levels of government, and that an important task is to map the complex relations between them. Regulation can best be understood through four models which can be used to classify regulatory activities but also to form the basis of normative arguments about how regulators should act. These are regulation to maximise efficiency and consumer choice, regulation to promote human rights, regulation to promote social solidarity, and regulation as a means for deliberation and resolution of contending arguments. The four models provide both a framework for analysis and a source of legitimacy for regulators.Less
This introductory chapter examines existing debates on regulation and attempts to give them focus by suggesting that there are two underlying models of regulation: regulation as an infringement of private autonomy, emphasizing rules, predictability and regulatory independence; and regulation as an enterprise, emphasizing collaboration with government, discretion, and responsiveness. It is argued that regulatory legitimacy can best be seen as part of a joint enterprise with different levels of government, and that an important task is to map the complex relations between them. Regulation can best be understood through four models which can be used to classify regulatory activities but also to form the basis of normative arguments about how regulators should act. These are regulation to maximise efficiency and consumer choice, regulation to promote human rights, regulation to promote social solidarity, and regulation as a means for deliberation and resolution of contending arguments. The four models provide both a framework for analysis and a source of legitimacy for regulators.
Gordon L. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253647
- eISBN:
- 9780191719752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253647.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This chapter summarises the major findings of the book regarding the tensions between the European pension systems and global finance. First, the European nation-state is an increasingly fragile ...
More
This chapter summarises the major findings of the book regarding the tensions between the European pension systems and global finance. First, the European nation-state is an increasingly fragile entity, undercut by the reemerging crosscurrents of internal diversity, identity politics, and regionalism. At issue is the locus of social solidarity. Second, the ideal of a national fiscal sovereignty sounds increasingly hollow. Third, demographic trends in Europe are viewed by many as alarming with respect to the financial integrity of the nation-state pay-as-you-go social security systems. Other findings: Germany's Riester-style tax-preferred private pension arrangements open the way for greater decentralisation in retirement income planning, but national social insurance will remain a core component of retirement income; if access to the global financial markets is one solution to demographic ageing and pension funding crisis, London clearly looms large as a vital player in those markets.Less
This chapter summarises the major findings of the book regarding the tensions between the European pension systems and global finance. First, the European nation-state is an increasingly fragile entity, undercut by the reemerging crosscurrents of internal diversity, identity politics, and regionalism. At issue is the locus of social solidarity. Second, the ideal of a national fiscal sovereignty sounds increasingly hollow. Third, demographic trends in Europe are viewed by many as alarming with respect to the financial integrity of the nation-state pay-as-you-go social security systems. Other findings: Germany's Riester-style tax-preferred private pension arrangements open the way for greater decentralisation in retirement income planning, but national social insurance will remain a core component of retirement income; if access to the global financial markets is one solution to demographic ageing and pension funding crisis, London clearly looms large as a vital player in those markets.
Anna Krasteva
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847427274
- eISBN:
- 9781447305552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847427274.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
Social solidarity has not become a key word for the political discourse in South-Eastern Europe, and this is for two reasons. Firstly, because of the tension between the aspiration towards a ...
More
Social solidarity has not become a key word for the political discourse in South-Eastern Europe, and this is for two reasons. Firstly, because of the tension between the aspiration towards a European-style social market economy (or conservative corporatism) and a budget induced and IMF-World Bank-backed residualism and secondly, because of the lack of ‘European’ social solidarity to the aspiring candidate countries in the South-Eastern neighbourhoods in the time of global financial and economic crisis. On the contrary, the EC has consigned their economic recovery to the austerity measures of the IMF that essentially do not differ from the ‘old’ and now-discredited Washington Consensus. Articulating the distinction between ‘old’ and ‘new’ minorities, this chapter argues that South-Eastern Europe is burdened with the consequences of the liberal paradox rather than the benefits of social solidarity. Traditional ethnic communities have always been the object of integration policy, whenever applied in the Balkan countries, before moving on to examine the (un)preparedness of social and political actors for shifting the focus from old to new groups, from minorities to immigration, and their capacities for creating new public spaces of meetings, mutual understanding and dialogue, re-inventing social solidarity.Less
Social solidarity has not become a key word for the political discourse in South-Eastern Europe, and this is for two reasons. Firstly, because of the tension between the aspiration towards a European-style social market economy (or conservative corporatism) and a budget induced and IMF-World Bank-backed residualism and secondly, because of the lack of ‘European’ social solidarity to the aspiring candidate countries in the South-Eastern neighbourhoods in the time of global financial and economic crisis. On the contrary, the EC has consigned their economic recovery to the austerity measures of the IMF that essentially do not differ from the ‘old’ and now-discredited Washington Consensus. Articulating the distinction between ‘old’ and ‘new’ minorities, this chapter argues that South-Eastern Europe is burdened with the consequences of the liberal paradox rather than the benefits of social solidarity. Traditional ethnic communities have always been the object of integration policy, whenever applied in the Balkan countries, before moving on to examine the (un)preparedness of social and political actors for shifting the focus from old to new groups, from minorities to immigration, and their capacities for creating new public spaces of meetings, mutual understanding and dialogue, re-inventing social solidarity.
Gillian Lester
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199693610
- eISBN:
- 9780191729744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693610.003.0021
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law, Philosophy of Law
Trade unions in both North American and Europe have long embraced—at least rhetorically, but often manifestly—participation in the civic and political spheres as part of their mission. In recent ...
More
Trade unions in both North American and Europe have long embraced—at least rhetorically, but often manifestly—participation in the civic and political spheres as part of their mission. In recent years, however, unions—especially in America—have come to be seen by many, rightly or wrongly, as pursuing their own ‘special interests’. Unions possess the technology of social mobilization, but have often (and not unreasonably) focused their resources on grassroots organizing and local bargaining strategies. At a time when unions are seeking levers for revitalization, a promising path is for them to use their mobilization skills to galvanize public sentiment around issues of universal concern. In particular, the need for a reliable social safety net to buffer economic insecurity may serve as common ground within which solidarity can take root. Exploiting unions’ capacity to facilitate social cohesion in the general society could spark a renewed sense of the mission and vitality of unions.Less
Trade unions in both North American and Europe have long embraced—at least rhetorically, but often manifestly—participation in the civic and political spheres as part of their mission. In recent years, however, unions—especially in America—have come to be seen by many, rightly or wrongly, as pursuing their own ‘special interests’. Unions possess the technology of social mobilization, but have often (and not unreasonably) focused their resources on grassroots organizing and local bargaining strategies. At a time when unions are seeking levers for revitalization, a promising path is for them to use their mobilization skills to galvanize public sentiment around issues of universal concern. In particular, the need for a reliable social safety net to buffer economic insecurity may serve as common ground within which solidarity can take root. Exploiting unions’ capacity to facilitate social cohesion in the general society could spark a renewed sense of the mission and vitality of unions.
Michael Keating and David McCrone (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780748665822
- eISBN:
- 9780748693863
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748665822.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This book tackles a puzzle. Given the failings of neo-liberalism revealed by the economic crisis starting in 2008, why was social democracy not triumphant? After all, its political success over much ...
More
This book tackles a puzzle. Given the failings of neo-liberalism revealed by the economic crisis starting in 2008, why was social democracy not triumphant? After all, its political success over much of the post-war period was bolstered by a particular representation of the inter-war years and a belief that governments had put the old economics behind them, while some social democrats had given early warnings about the follies being committed from the 1990s. Despite the caricature about social democratic governments being free spenders, they have tended in office to be rather fiscally responsible. Nor was there reason to believe that electors had rejected social democratic ideas about public services. Social democracy is in good health in some places, while elsewhere it is struggling to find its voice. One problem lies in the realm of ideas, where neo-liberalism has gained the ideological hegemony, to the extent that social democratic parties internalise it and seek to modify it only at the margins. Another is the inability to adapt to a more complex but still socially stratified and unequal society. A third lies in the decline of mass party politics and of the social institutions such as trade unions, which provided the means for social democrats to mobilise. The contributors do not present a single vision of social democracy but have been encouraged to interpret it in their own ways. The result is a complex picture, highlighting problems but showing that social democratic thought and practice are by no means dead.Less
This book tackles a puzzle. Given the failings of neo-liberalism revealed by the economic crisis starting in 2008, why was social democracy not triumphant? After all, its political success over much of the post-war period was bolstered by a particular representation of the inter-war years and a belief that governments had put the old economics behind them, while some social democrats had given early warnings about the follies being committed from the 1990s. Despite the caricature about social democratic governments being free spenders, they have tended in office to be rather fiscally responsible. Nor was there reason to believe that electors had rejected social democratic ideas about public services. Social democracy is in good health in some places, while elsewhere it is struggling to find its voice. One problem lies in the realm of ideas, where neo-liberalism has gained the ideological hegemony, to the extent that social democratic parties internalise it and seek to modify it only at the margins. Another is the inability to adapt to a more complex but still socially stratified and unequal society. A third lies in the decline of mass party politics and of the social institutions such as trade unions, which provided the means for social democrats to mobilise. The contributors do not present a single vision of social democracy but have been encouraged to interpret it in their own ways. The result is a complex picture, highlighting problems but showing that social democratic thought and practice are by no means dead.
