Jan O. Jonsson
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Social structural change has meant that ‘higher’ social classes–primarily, the service classes–have increased in numbers during the last 25 years in Sweden, while the working class has decreased. ...
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Social structural change has meant that ‘higher’ social classes–primarily, the service classes–have increased in numbers during the last 25 years in Sweden, while the working class has decreased. Total social mobility between generations has, however, changed rather little. The only trend that can be discerned is that the share of vertical to non-vertical moves has increased over time, particularly that women’s upward mobility has increased. Relative social mobility, or social fluidity, has not changed overall for men, though the advantage to an upper service class origin appears to have diminished somewhat. For women, however, there is increasing social fluidity across the board. This increase took place at the end of the 1980s and stabilized thereafter. One plausible process behind this is a decreasing association between class of origin and educational attainment, probably acting through cohort replacement.Less
Social structural change has meant that ‘higher’ social classes–primarily, the service classes–have increased in numbers during the last 25 years in Sweden, while the working class has decreased. Total social mobility between generations has, however, changed rather little. The only trend that can be discerned is that the share of vertical to non-vertical moves has increased over time, particularly that women’s upward mobility has increased. Relative social mobility, or social fluidity, has not changed overall for men, though the advantage to an upper service class origin appears to have diminished somewhat. For women, however, there is increasing social fluidity across the board. This increase took place at the end of the 1980s and stabilized thereafter. One plausible process behind this is a decreasing association between class of origin and educational attainment, probably acting through cohort replacement.
Leah F. Vosko
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574810
- eISBN:
- 9780191722080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574810.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, HRM / IR
This chapter traces the evolution of the SER as the baseline of international labour regulation in the interwar and post‐World War II periods. It reviews the SER's central pillars—the bilateral ...
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This chapter traces the evolution of the SER as the baseline of international labour regulation in the interwar and post‐World War II periods. It reviews the SER's central pillars—the bilateral employment relationship, standardized working time, and continuous employment—and analyses their construction in ILO regulations. This discussion highlights the significance of exclusions in the creation of this employment norm. It also shows how even as the SER materialized for many working‐class men, the gender contract with which it was intertwined began to deteriorate. Regulations adopted in response to this crumbling gender contract starting in the 1950s sought to strip the SER of its formal exclusions. With the notable exception of those based on nationality, formal equality was the objective of interventions, but, by neglecting processes of social reproduction, ILO regulations retained an employment norm geared to male citizens as a baseline.Less
This chapter traces the evolution of the SER as the baseline of international labour regulation in the interwar and post‐World War II periods. It reviews the SER's central pillars—the bilateral employment relationship, standardized working time, and continuous employment—and analyses their construction in ILO regulations. This discussion highlights the significance of exclusions in the creation of this employment norm. It also shows how even as the SER materialized for many working‐class men, the gender contract with which it was intertwined began to deteriorate. Regulations adopted in response to this crumbling gender contract starting in the 1950s sought to strip the SER of its formal exclusions. With the notable exception of those based on nationality, formal equality was the objective of interventions, but, by neglecting processes of social reproduction, ILO regulations retained an employment norm geared to male citizens as a baseline.
Christian P. Haines
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780823286942
- eISBN:
- 9780823288717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823286942.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter examines Emily Dickinson’s poetry, especially her poems focusing on marriage, domestic life, and coupling. It argues that this poetry develops a feminist critique of the social ...
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This chapter examines Emily Dickinson’s poetry, especially her poems focusing on marriage, domestic life, and coupling. It argues that this poetry develops a feminist critique of the social reproduction of American capitalism, that is, it examines how housework, domestic labor, and other kinds of activities are integral to the reproduction of capitalism and the nation-state. The chapter focuses on how Dickinson’s critique of domesticity deals with affect, intimacy, and emotion, especially heteronormative love and bourgeois romance. Finally, it analyzes how Dickinson creates a utopian alternative to bourgeois, heteronormative romance in the form of queer marriage: a non-normative form of coupling based on equality, preference, tactility, pleasure, and contingent relationality. The chapter puts Dickinson into conversation with Marxism, feminism (especially socialist feminism), and queer theory.Less
This chapter examines Emily Dickinson’s poetry, especially her poems focusing on marriage, domestic life, and coupling. It argues that this poetry develops a feminist critique of the social reproduction of American capitalism, that is, it examines how housework, domestic labor, and other kinds of activities are integral to the reproduction of capitalism and the nation-state. The chapter focuses on how Dickinson’s critique of domesticity deals with affect, intimacy, and emotion, especially heteronormative love and bourgeois romance. Finally, it analyzes how Dickinson creates a utopian alternative to bourgeois, heteronormative romance in the form of queer marriage: a non-normative form of coupling based on equality, preference, tactility, pleasure, and contingent relationality. The chapter puts Dickinson into conversation with Marxism, feminism (especially socialist feminism), and queer theory.
Adam Reich
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520262669
- eISBN:
- 9780520947788
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520262669.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This book takes the reader inside a Rhode Island juvenile prison to explore broader questions of how poor, disenfranchised young men come to terms with masculinity and identity. The author, who ...
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This book takes the reader inside a Rhode Island juvenile prison to explore broader questions of how poor, disenfranchised young men come to terms with masculinity and identity. The author, who worked with inmates to produce a newspaper, writes about the young men he came to know, and in the process extends theories of masculinity, crime, and social reproduction into a provocative new paradigm. The book suggests that young men's participation in crime constitutes a game through which they achieve “outsider masculinity.” Once in prison, these same youths are forced to reconcile their criminal practices with a new game and new “insider masculinity” enforced by guards and administrators.Less
This book takes the reader inside a Rhode Island juvenile prison to explore broader questions of how poor, disenfranchised young men come to terms with masculinity and identity. The author, who worked with inmates to produce a newspaper, writes about the young men he came to know, and in the process extends theories of masculinity, crime, and social reproduction into a provocative new paradigm. The book suggests that young men's participation in crime constitutes a game through which they achieve “outsider masculinity.” Once in prison, these same youths are forced to reconcile their criminal practices with a new game and new “insider masculinity” enforced by guards and administrators.
Steven Talmy
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195327359
- eISBN:
- 9780199870639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327359.003.0021
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Employing a conceptual framework informed by theories of cultural production, identity markedness, and linguistic discrimination, this chapter examines how an ESL subject position is locally produced ...
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Employing a conceptual framework informed by theories of cultural production, identity markedness, and linguistic discrimination, this chapter examines how an ESL subject position is locally produced by adolescents of Asian and Pacific Islander descent in a high school classroom in Hawai'i. Arguing that “ESL” in this context signifies an exoticized cultural and linguistic Other—what students referred to as “FOB” (“fresh off the boat”)—several classroom interactions are analyzed in which oldtimer “Local ESL” students resist being positioned as FOB, first by challenging their teacher's positioning, and second, by positioning a newcomer classmate as FOB, instead. Through these actions, these students produce identities of “distinction” as “non‐FOBs”; at the same time, however, they reinscribe the same linguicism they had ostensibly been resisting. The chapter concludes by considering ways that the reproduction of linguicism might be interrupted.Less
Employing a conceptual framework informed by theories of cultural production, identity markedness, and linguistic discrimination, this chapter examines how an ESL subject position is locally produced by adolescents of Asian and Pacific Islander descent in a high school classroom in Hawai'i. Arguing that “ESL” in this context signifies an exoticized cultural and linguistic Other—what students referred to as “FOB” (“fresh off the boat”)—several classroom interactions are analyzed in which oldtimer “Local ESL” students resist being positioned as FOB, first by challenging their teacher's positioning, and second, by positioning a newcomer classmate as FOB, instead. Through these actions, these students produce identities of “distinction” as “non‐FOBs”; at the same time, however, they reinscribe the same linguicism they had ostensibly been resisting. The chapter concludes by considering ways that the reproduction of linguicism might be interrupted.
Henry French and Mark Rothery
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199576692
- eISBN:
- 9780191738852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576692.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
The Conclusion draws together the analyses of the reception and projection of societal values, particularly issues of intergenerational transmission, and relates these to the central interpretation ...
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The Conclusion draws together the analyses of the reception and projection of societal values, particularly issues of intergenerational transmission, and relates these to the central interpretation of the volume about stereotypes and processes of cultural change. It shows that there is only limited evidence of sharp-edged differences in values between generations in these families, and that these changes appear not to correspond to the deep ‘hegemonic shifts’. Instead, at the deepest level, among Bourdieu's unconsidered, ‘common-sense’ habituating knowledge of the world, little changed in terms of the expected power relationships between men and women, parents and children, elder and younger siblings, heirs and secondary legatees. These fundamental distributions of power and authority shaped more conscious ideas of male honour, virtue, reputation and autonomy. The continued stress on family heritage, dynastic traditions and the future security of the family patrimony acted as important sources of normative conservatism in the training of young gentlemen, and the values imparted to them.Less
The Conclusion draws together the analyses of the reception and projection of societal values, particularly issues of intergenerational transmission, and relates these to the central interpretation of the volume about stereotypes and processes of cultural change. It shows that there is only limited evidence of sharp-edged differences in values between generations in these families, and that these changes appear not to correspond to the deep ‘hegemonic shifts’. Instead, at the deepest level, among Bourdieu's unconsidered, ‘common-sense’ habituating knowledge of the world, little changed in terms of the expected power relationships between men and women, parents and children, elder and younger siblings, heirs and secondary legatees. These fundamental distributions of power and authority shaped more conscious ideas of male honour, virtue, reputation and autonomy. The continued stress on family heritage, dynastic traditions and the future security of the family patrimony acted as important sources of normative conservatism in the training of young gentlemen, and the values imparted to them.
Alexandra Jaffe (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331646
- eISBN:
- 9780199867974
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331646.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
All communication involves acts of stance, in which speakers take up positions vis-à-vis the expressive, referential, interactional, and social implications of their speech. This book brings together ...
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All communication involves acts of stance, in which speakers take up positions vis-à-vis the expressive, referential, interactional, and social implications of their speech. This book brings together contributions in a new and dynamic current of academic explorations of stancetaking as a sociolinguistic phenomenon. Drawing on data from such diverse contexts as advertising, tourism, historical texts, naturally occurring conversation, classroom interaction, and interviews, leading authors in the field of sociolinguistics in this volume explore how linguistic stancetaking is implicated in the representation of self, personal style and acts of stylization, and self- and other-positioning. The analyses also focus on how speakers deploy and take up stances vis-à-vis sociolinguistic variables and the critical role of stance in the processes of indexicalization: how linguistic forms come to be associated with social categories and meanings. In doing so, many of the authors address critical issues of power and social reproduction, examining how stance is implicated in the production, reproduction, and potential change of social and linguistic hierarchies and ideologies. This volume and its introduction both map out the terrain of existing sociolinguistic and linguistic anthropological research on stance, synthesize how it relates to existing theoretical orientations, and identify a framework for future research.Less
All communication involves acts of stance, in which speakers take up positions vis-à-vis the expressive, referential, interactional, and social implications of their speech. This book brings together contributions in a new and dynamic current of academic explorations of stancetaking as a sociolinguistic phenomenon. Drawing on data from such diverse contexts as advertising, tourism, historical texts, naturally occurring conversation, classroom interaction, and interviews, leading authors in the field of sociolinguistics in this volume explore how linguistic stancetaking is implicated in the representation of self, personal style and acts of stylization, and self- and other-positioning. The analyses also focus on how speakers deploy and take up stances vis-à-vis sociolinguistic variables and the critical role of stance in the processes of indexicalization: how linguistic forms come to be associated with social categories and meanings. In doing so, many of the authors address critical issues of power and social reproduction, examining how stance is implicated in the production, reproduction, and potential change of social and linguistic hierarchies and ideologies. This volume and its introduction both map out the terrain of existing sociolinguistic and linguistic anthropological research on stance, synthesize how it relates to existing theoretical orientations, and identify a framework for future research.
John M. Janzen
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520072657
- eISBN:
- 9780520910850
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520072657.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter describes the social and demographic perspectives and consequences on how ngoma works. It specifically investigates the consequences of ngoma upon the “social reproduction” of health. ...
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This chapter describes the social and demographic perspectives and consequences on how ngoma works. It specifically investigates the consequences of ngoma upon the “social reproduction” of health. The concept of social reproduction provides a model of how therapeutic rituals such as ngoma might prove efficacious in enhancing health. Examples of the social reproduction of health are the reported. Social reproduction theory, as put forward by Meillassoux, Pierre Bourdieu, Cohn Murray, and Frankel offers tools for a more rigorous analysis of the manner in which society itself structures the resources of health. Ngoma structured care and isolation from the stresses of household duty appear to make a difference in survival of at-risk pregnancies.Less
This chapter describes the social and demographic perspectives and consequences on how ngoma works. It specifically investigates the consequences of ngoma upon the “social reproduction” of health. The concept of social reproduction provides a model of how therapeutic rituals such as ngoma might prove efficacious in enhancing health. Examples of the social reproduction of health are the reported. Social reproduction theory, as put forward by Meillassoux, Pierre Bourdieu, Cohn Murray, and Frankel offers tools for a more rigorous analysis of the manner in which society itself structures the resources of health. Ngoma structured care and isolation from the stresses of household duty appear to make a difference in survival of at-risk pregnancies.
Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781503606661
- eISBN:
- 9781503607460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503606661.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
Analyzing emigration, immigration, and re-migration concurrently, under the framework of contemporaneous migration, directs us toward evaluating what it means to stake claims to different components ...
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Analyzing emigration, immigration, and re-migration concurrently, under the framework of contemporaneous migration, directs us toward evaluating what it means to stake claims to different components of citizenship in more than one political community across a migrant’s life course. This chapter examines the way the Mainland Chinese migrants negotiate social reproduction concerns that extend across international borders, their multiple national affiliations, and aspirations for recognition and rights as they journey between China and Canada across the life course. Patterns of re-migration are transforming the social relations of citizenship, re-spatializing rights, obligations, and belonging. Source and destination countries are also reversed during repeated re-migration or transnational sojourning. Transnational sojourning forges citizenship constellations that interlink how migrants understand and experience citizenship across different migration sites.Less
Analyzing emigration, immigration, and re-migration concurrently, under the framework of contemporaneous migration, directs us toward evaluating what it means to stake claims to different components of citizenship in more than one political community across a migrant’s life course. This chapter examines the way the Mainland Chinese migrants negotiate social reproduction concerns that extend across international borders, their multiple national affiliations, and aspirations for recognition and rights as they journey between China and Canada across the life course. Patterns of re-migration are transforming the social relations of citizenship, re-spatializing rights, obligations, and belonging. Source and destination countries are also reversed during repeated re-migration or transnational sojourning. Transnational sojourning forges citizenship constellations that interlink how migrants understand and experience citizenship across different migration sites.
Jacob Mincer
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199211319
- eISBN:
- 9780191705748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211319.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
Despite fruitful collaborations and developments, human capital analysis was increasingly challenged. The criticisms became more noticeable in the mid-1970s when the private returns to education ...
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Despite fruitful collaborations and developments, human capital analysis was increasingly challenged. The criticisms became more noticeable in the mid-1970s when the private returns to education started falling rapidly. It was argued that because earlier estimates of returns to education had been based on cross-sectional data, they had overestimated the returns to education, and with the progressive expansion of educated labor the returns would diminish steadily. The effect of the arrival of the college-educated, post-World War II baby boomers on the labor market seemed to fulfill this prophecy. The contribution of human capital in understanding inequality and labor market outcomes came under severe scrutiny from the early 1970s onwards. This chapter examines the major criticisms of the human capital approach to the labor market and the way human capital dealt with these will be scrutinized. Moreover, it assesses Mincer's contribution to these debates and to what extent his research endured through those controversies.Less
Despite fruitful collaborations and developments, human capital analysis was increasingly challenged. The criticisms became more noticeable in the mid-1970s when the private returns to education started falling rapidly. It was argued that because earlier estimates of returns to education had been based on cross-sectional data, they had overestimated the returns to education, and with the progressive expansion of educated labor the returns would diminish steadily. The effect of the arrival of the college-educated, post-World War II baby boomers on the labor market seemed to fulfill this prophecy. The contribution of human capital in understanding inequality and labor market outcomes came under severe scrutiny from the early 1970s onwards. This chapter examines the major criticisms of the human capital approach to the labor market and the way human capital dealt with these will be scrutinized. Moreover, it assesses Mincer's contribution to these debates and to what extent his research endured through those controversies.
Premilla Nadasen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199731633
- eISBN:
- 9780199894420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731633.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
This chapter examines how scholarship on social reproduction and feminism has called into question basic assumptions that have guided the field of labor history. It suggests that women’s paid and ...
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This chapter examines how scholarship on social reproduction and feminism has called into question basic assumptions that have guided the field of labor history. It suggests that women’s paid and unpaid domestic work has multiple links to both capitalist production and state policy. In addition, the decline of manufacturing has moved women’s labor from the margins to the center of labor organizing, in the process redefining both the character and form of the labor movement. The work of social reproduction and labor organizing among women makes race, class, culture, and nation central to any discussion of work and feminism and also exposes the contested meaning of these categories.Less
This chapter examines how scholarship on social reproduction and feminism has called into question basic assumptions that have guided the field of labor history. It suggests that women’s paid and unpaid domestic work has multiple links to both capitalist production and state policy. In addition, the decline of manufacturing has moved women’s labor from the margins to the center of labor organizing, in the process redefining both the character and form of the labor movement. The work of social reproduction and labor organizing among women makes race, class, culture, and nation central to any discussion of work and feminism and also exposes the contested meaning of these categories.
Ezekiel J. Dixon-Román
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781517901264
- eISBN:
- 9781452957661
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9781517901264.003.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
Chapter one discusses the dominant perspectives of the social sciences on social inheritance: genetic heritability, culture and social context/constructionism, and interactionist/epigenetics. It then ...
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Chapter one discusses the dominant perspectives of the social sciences on social inheritance: genetic heritability, culture and social context/constructionism, and interactionist/epigenetics. It then turns to new materialisms in order to move toward a post-humanist deconstruction of the nature/culture binary. This then frames its new materialist reconceptualizing of inheritance by discussing three major forces of inheritance: the material-discursive forces, timespace, and assemblages. It is for these reasons Inheriting Possibility argues that it is no longer enough to study an evolving and growing human organism in the backdrop of an assumed fixed, presripted, and predated nature. The ecologies and matter of “Nature” are mattering on/in/with human learning and development.Less
Chapter one discusses the dominant perspectives of the social sciences on social inheritance: genetic heritability, culture and social context/constructionism, and interactionist/epigenetics. It then turns to new materialisms in order to move toward a post-humanist deconstruction of the nature/culture binary. This then frames its new materialist reconceptualizing of inheritance by discussing three major forces of inheritance: the material-discursive forces, timespace, and assemblages. It is for these reasons Inheriting Possibility argues that it is no longer enough to study an evolving and growing human organism in the backdrop of an assumed fixed, presripted, and predated nature. The ecologies and matter of “Nature” are mattering on/in/with human learning and development.
Renzo Derosas, Marco Breschi, Alessio Fornasin, Matteo Manfredini, and Cristina Munno
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027946
- eISBN:
- 9780262325837
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027946.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
The main theories of household and marriage systems outlined by historians and demographers are unable to account for the astonishing variety of family and marriage patterns that characterize modern ...
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The main theories of household and marriage systems outlined by historians and demographers are unable to account for the astonishing variety of family and marriage patterns that characterize modern Italy. This chapter proposes a new interpretative framework, which singles out the goals and mechanisms of social reproduction as the main factor constraining marital behavior and household formation in the past. This theory is tested through an analysis of first marriage in five populations in northern and central Italy, characterized by different ecological, economic, and social conditions. The results reveal that coercive factors, determined by socioeconomic status and household composition, mattered much more than Malthusian economic constraints in the timing of and access to marriage.Less
The main theories of household and marriage systems outlined by historians and demographers are unable to account for the astonishing variety of family and marriage patterns that characterize modern Italy. This chapter proposes a new interpretative framework, which singles out the goals and mechanisms of social reproduction as the main factor constraining marital behavior and household formation in the past. This theory is tested through an analysis of first marriage in five populations in northern and central Italy, characterized by different ecological, economic, and social conditions. The results reveal that coercive factors, determined by socioeconomic status and household composition, mattered much more than Malthusian economic constraints in the timing of and access to marriage.
Bill Jordan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420800
- eISBN:
- 9781447304210
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420800.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter analyses the consequences of the government's and the Conservative opposition's approach to public policy, and the possible alternatives, which pay attention to culture, social value and ...
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This chapter analyses the consequences of the government's and the Conservative opposition's approach to public policy, and the possible alternatives, which pay attention to culture, social value and well-being. These questions are tackled on two levels. First is that of ideas — concepts through which issues in public policy are constructed and the ways in which these are deployed in defining the actions open to citizens within the structures created by government activity. Second is that of the political economy — how policy programmes enable new forms of interaction to be introduced into the sphere of social life in order to alter social and economic relations. In this chapter, the example of social care for people with disabilities and frailities of old age are used to demonstrate how the economic model of government has allowed the logic of capitalism to enter the sphere of social reproduction and to become the principle guiding social interactions. The chapter then argues that individualism itself, as a culture in which social value is exchanged, now incorporates this principle into decisions about welfare, personal and social, in every sphere of life. The aim of this chapter is trace the steps by which the dominance of economic interests and a culture that reflects the methodological individualism of the economic model was established.Less
This chapter analyses the consequences of the government's and the Conservative opposition's approach to public policy, and the possible alternatives, which pay attention to culture, social value and well-being. These questions are tackled on two levels. First is that of ideas — concepts through which issues in public policy are constructed and the ways in which these are deployed in defining the actions open to citizens within the structures created by government activity. Second is that of the political economy — how policy programmes enable new forms of interaction to be introduced into the sphere of social life in order to alter social and economic relations. In this chapter, the example of social care for people with disabilities and frailities of old age are used to demonstrate how the economic model of government has allowed the logic of capitalism to enter the sphere of social reproduction and to become the principle guiding social interactions. The chapter then argues that individualism itself, as a culture in which social value is exchanged, now incorporates this principle into decisions about welfare, personal and social, in every sphere of life. The aim of this chapter is trace the steps by which the dominance of economic interests and a culture that reflects the methodological individualism of the economic model was established.
Erynn Masi de Casanova
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501739453
- eISBN:
- 9781501739477
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501739453.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This introductory chapter provides an overview of domestic work. The International Labor Organization (ILO) defines domestic work to include housework; caring for children, ill, disabled, or elderly ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of domestic work. The International Labor Organization (ILO) defines domestic work to include housework; caring for children, ill, disabled, or elderly people in private homes; and tasks such as “driving the family car, taking care of the garden, and guarding private houses.” Paid domestic work is an ancient occupation, rooted in feudal economic systems, but it is part of the modern world under capitalism. Historically, domestic workers cooked, cleaned, and cared for children, as they do today. However, this work has shifted from in-kind payment (room and board) to wages, and from most domestic workers living with employers to most living separately. Also, middle- and upper-class women have entered the workforce, relying on domestic workers to take up the slack at home. Based on research conducted between 2010 and 2018, this book explains why domestic work remains an occupation of last resort in Ecuador (and elsewhere) and discusses how these working conditions might be improved. In exploring the experiences of paid domestic workers in Ecuador, it shows how concepts of social reproduction, urban informal employment, and class boundaries can help illuminate the particular forms of exploitation in this work and explain why domestic work continues to be a bad job.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of domestic work. The International Labor Organization (ILO) defines domestic work to include housework; caring for children, ill, disabled, or elderly people in private homes; and tasks such as “driving the family car, taking care of the garden, and guarding private houses.” Paid domestic work is an ancient occupation, rooted in feudal economic systems, but it is part of the modern world under capitalism. Historically, domestic workers cooked, cleaned, and cared for children, as they do today. However, this work has shifted from in-kind payment (room and board) to wages, and from most domestic workers living with employers to most living separately. Also, middle- and upper-class women have entered the workforce, relying on domestic workers to take up the slack at home. Based on research conducted between 2010 and 2018, this book explains why domestic work remains an occupation of last resort in Ecuador (and elsewhere) and discusses how these working conditions might be improved. In exploring the experiences of paid domestic workers in Ecuador, it shows how concepts of social reproduction, urban informal employment, and class boundaries can help illuminate the particular forms of exploitation in this work and explain why domestic work continues to be a bad job.
Frederic C. Deyo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450518
- eISBN:
- 9780801463945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450518.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines the internal tensions and dynamics of labor systems during times of reform and crisis by focusing on four critical transformative phases: social reproduction and protection, ...
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This chapter examines the internal tensions and dynamics of labor systems during times of reform and crisis by focusing on four critical transformative phases: social reproduction and protection, labor allocation, and the labor process. Corresponding to these four phases are four domains of government policy: human resource development, social policy, employment policy, and labor relations. If processes of labor transformation define labor systems structurally, their institutional or regulatory dimension refers in the first instance to the terms of employment, formal and informal, that specify the mutual rights and obligations relating sellers and buyers of labor power. This chapter locates the constitution of labor systems within the industrial and economic sectors of national economies. It also suggests an approach to understanding the diverse changes in the circumstances of livelihood and employment among Asian manufacturing workers over the past thirty years of industrialization, globalization, and market reform.Less
This chapter examines the internal tensions and dynamics of labor systems during times of reform and crisis by focusing on four critical transformative phases: social reproduction and protection, labor allocation, and the labor process. Corresponding to these four phases are four domains of government policy: human resource development, social policy, employment policy, and labor relations. If processes of labor transformation define labor systems structurally, their institutional or regulatory dimension refers in the first instance to the terms of employment, formal and informal, that specify the mutual rights and obligations relating sellers and buyers of labor power. This chapter locates the constitution of labor systems within the industrial and economic sectors of national economies. It also suggests an approach to understanding the diverse changes in the circumstances of livelihood and employment among Asian manufacturing workers over the past thirty years of industrialization, globalization, and market reform.
Frederic C. Deyo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450518
- eISBN:
- 9780801463945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450518.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines the tensions and instabilities associated with economic reform policies and how they have influenced the policies and institutional strategies of ruling groups in China, South ...
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This chapter examines the tensions and instabilities associated with economic reform policies and how they have influenced the policies and institutional strategies of ruling groups in China, South Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines. It begins with an overview of the most prominent element in most programs of labor market reform: the deregulation of labor markets. It then considers tensions of social reproduction and protection, with particular emphasis on how increasing labor market fluidity and a corresponding growth in contingent and contract employment reduce training incentives for employers. It also discusses institutional tensions in the labor process and concludes by analyzing attempts to shift from exports to domestic consumption to sustain development.Less
This chapter examines the tensions and instabilities associated with economic reform policies and how they have influenced the policies and institutional strategies of ruling groups in China, South Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines. It begins with an overview of the most prominent element in most programs of labor market reform: the deregulation of labor markets. It then considers tensions of social reproduction and protection, with particular emphasis on how increasing labor market fluidity and a corresponding growth in contingent and contract employment reduce training incentives for employers. It also discusses institutional tensions in the labor process and concludes by analyzing attempts to shift from exports to domestic consumption to sustain development.
Elsa Davidson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814720875
- eISBN:
- 9780814785065
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814720875.003.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
This book explores the lived space of Silicon Valley by focusing on the experiences and aspirations of local youth as well as the educational, social, cultural, and political contexts that shape ...
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This book explores the lived space of Silicon Valley by focusing on the experiences and aspirations of local youth as well as the educational, social, cultural, and political contexts that shape their daily lives and strategies of aspiration management. It considers how experiences of social contradiction shape patterns of subjectification and agency involved in processes of social reproduction within Silicon Valley's social landscape. It examines the process of aspiration formation among youth from divergent class, racial, and ethnic backgrounds, with particular emphasis on the children of the region's low-wage service workers and those of its highly skilled tech and service professional classes. This chapter discusses how Silicon Valley's polarization of wealth and local increased cost of living during the 1990s sharpened social, economic, and cultural divides along lines of race, ethnicity, and class. It also analyzes the rise of a techno-civilizing process in Silicon Valley and concludes with an overview of the book's scope.Less
This book explores the lived space of Silicon Valley by focusing on the experiences and aspirations of local youth as well as the educational, social, cultural, and political contexts that shape their daily lives and strategies of aspiration management. It considers how experiences of social contradiction shape patterns of subjectification and agency involved in processes of social reproduction within Silicon Valley's social landscape. It examines the process of aspiration formation among youth from divergent class, racial, and ethnic backgrounds, with particular emphasis on the children of the region's low-wage service workers and those of its highly skilled tech and service professional classes. This chapter discusses how Silicon Valley's polarization of wealth and local increased cost of living during the 1990s sharpened social, economic, and cultural divides along lines of race, ethnicity, and class. It also analyzes the rise of a techno-civilizing process in Silicon Valley and concludes with an overview of the book's scope.
Eileen Boris
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199731633
- eISBN:
- 9780199894420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731633.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
The United States, nearly alone of industrial nations, lacks paid parental leave. But by considering U.S. efforts in light of the construction of International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions on ...
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The United States, nearly alone of industrial nations, lacks paid parental leave. But by considering U.S. efforts in light of the construction of International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions on the pregnant worker and in comparison with Latin American nations, major signatories to such conventions, it can be seen that in the immediate postwar years this situation was not as apparent. This chapter first considers international conventions on maternity leave before World War II and the transnational networks behind them. It then looks at the ideas of labor feminists in the United States and their role in revising the ILO maternity convention in the early 1950s as part of transnational debates over wage-earning women. Finally, the chapter examines homegrown, as opposed to international, precedents for government-sponsored maternity leave in the United States: Rhode Island's cash disability program, benefits under the Railroad Retirement Act, and a failed attempt to obtain coverage for civil service employees in Washington, D.C. Seen in the transnational perspective, social policy in the U.S. resembled the practice of nations far less industrialized. Despite better laws on their books, other countries in the Americas more closely resembled the U.S. in practice, reminding us how the politics of social reproduction illuminate large questions of power and authority.Less
The United States, nearly alone of industrial nations, lacks paid parental leave. But by considering U.S. efforts in light of the construction of International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions on the pregnant worker and in comparison with Latin American nations, major signatories to such conventions, it can be seen that in the immediate postwar years this situation was not as apparent. This chapter first considers international conventions on maternity leave before World War II and the transnational networks behind them. It then looks at the ideas of labor feminists in the United States and their role in revising the ILO maternity convention in the early 1950s as part of transnational debates over wage-earning women. Finally, the chapter examines homegrown, as opposed to international, precedents for government-sponsored maternity leave in the United States: Rhode Island's cash disability program, benefits under the Railroad Retirement Act, and a failed attempt to obtain coverage for civil service employees in Washington, D.C. Seen in the transnational perspective, social policy in the U.S. resembled the practice of nations far less industrialized. Despite better laws on their books, other countries in the Americas more closely resembled the U.S. in practice, reminding us how the politics of social reproduction illuminate large questions of power and authority.
Elsa Davidson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814720875
- eISBN:
- 9780814785065
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814720875.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
During the tech boom, Silicon Valley became one of the most concentrated zones of wealth polarization and social inequality in the United States—a place with a fast-disappearing middle class, ...
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During the tech boom, Silicon Valley became one of the most concentrated zones of wealth polarization and social inequality in the United States—a place with a fast-disappearing middle class, persistent pockets of poverty, and striking gaps in educational and occupational achievement along class and racial lines. Low-wage workers and their families experienced a profound sense of exclusion from the techno-entrepreneurial culture, while middle-class residents negotiated both new and seemingly unattainable standards of personal success and the erosion of their own economic security. This book explores the imprint of the region's success-driven public culture, the realities of increasing social and economic insecurity, and models of success emphasized in contemporary public schools for the region's working- and middle-class youth. Focused on two disparate groups of students—low-income, “at-risk” Latino youth attending a specialized program exposing youth to high-tech industry within an “under-performing” public high school, and middle-income white and Asian students attending a “high-performing” public school with informal connections to the tech elite—the book offers an in-depth look at the process of forming aspirations across lines of race and class. By analyzing the successes and sometimes unanticipated effects of the schools' attempts to shape the aspirations and values of their students, the book considers the role schooling plays in social reproduction, and how dynamics of race and class inform ideas about responsible citizenship that are instilled in America's youth.Less
During the tech boom, Silicon Valley became one of the most concentrated zones of wealth polarization and social inequality in the United States—a place with a fast-disappearing middle class, persistent pockets of poverty, and striking gaps in educational and occupational achievement along class and racial lines. Low-wage workers and their families experienced a profound sense of exclusion from the techno-entrepreneurial culture, while middle-class residents negotiated both new and seemingly unattainable standards of personal success and the erosion of their own economic security. This book explores the imprint of the region's success-driven public culture, the realities of increasing social and economic insecurity, and models of success emphasized in contemporary public schools for the region's working- and middle-class youth. Focused on two disparate groups of students—low-income, “at-risk” Latino youth attending a specialized program exposing youth to high-tech industry within an “under-performing” public high school, and middle-income white and Asian students attending a “high-performing” public school with informal connections to the tech elite—the book offers an in-depth look at the process of forming aspirations across lines of race and class. By analyzing the successes and sometimes unanticipated effects of the schools' attempts to shape the aspirations and values of their students, the book considers the role schooling plays in social reproduction, and how dynamics of race and class inform ideas about responsible citizenship that are instilled in America's youth.
