Andrew W. Dobelstein
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195366891
- eISBN:
- 9780199894208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366891.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter provides a broad overview of the social welfare programs authorized by the Social Security Act, both when it was created in 1935 and as they exist in 2009. A timeline shows how the ...
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This chapter provides a broad overview of the social welfare programs authorized by the Social Security Act, both when it was created in 1935 and as they exist in 2009. A timeline shows how the Social Security Act has developed into the form in which we know it today, with twenty-one Titles, or parts, generating more than fifty of the nation's most significant social programs. The chapter distinguishes between the Act's social policy construction and the specific programs created from the policy — a distinction applied to all the Act's specific programs, discussed in subsequent chapters.Less
This chapter provides a broad overview of the social welfare programs authorized by the Social Security Act, both when it was created in 1935 and as they exist in 2009. A timeline shows how the Social Security Act has developed into the form in which we know it today, with twenty-one Titles, or parts, generating more than fifty of the nation's most significant social programs. The chapter distinguishes between the Act's social policy construction and the specific programs created from the policy — a distinction applied to all the Act's specific programs, discussed in subsequent chapters.
Cybelle Fox
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691152233
- eISBN:
- 9781400842582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691152233.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter focuses on the Social Security Act and the disparate treatment of blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants in the administration of Social Security, Unemployment Insurance, Aid to ...
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This chapter focuses on the Social Security Act and the disparate treatment of blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants in the administration of Social Security, Unemployment Insurance, Aid to Dependent Children, and Old Age Assistance. Though framed as legislation that would help the “average citizen,” scholars have shown that the Social Security Act in fact excluded the vast majority of blacks from the most generous social insurance programs, relegating them to meager, decentralized, and demeaning means-tested programs. European immigrants, by contrast, benefited from many of the provisions of the Social Security Act, and in at least some respects, they benefited more than even native-born whites. The net result of these policies was that blacks were disproportionately shunted into categorical assistance programs with low benefit levels, European immigrants were disproportionately covered under social insurance regardless of citizenship, and Mexicans were often shut out altogether.Less
This chapter focuses on the Social Security Act and the disparate treatment of blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants in the administration of Social Security, Unemployment Insurance, Aid to Dependent Children, and Old Age Assistance. Though framed as legislation that would help the “average citizen,” scholars have shown that the Social Security Act in fact excluded the vast majority of blacks from the most generous social insurance programs, relegating them to meager, decentralized, and demeaning means-tested programs. European immigrants, by contrast, benefited from many of the provisions of the Social Security Act, and in at least some respects, they benefited more than even native-born whites. The net result of these policies was that blacks were disproportionately shunted into categorical assistance programs with low benefit levels, European immigrants were disproportionately covered under social insurance regardless of citizenship, and Mexicans were often shut out altogether.
Douglas A. Chalmers, Carlos M. Vilas, Katherine Hite, Scott B. Martin, Kerianne Piester, and Monique Segarra (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198781837
- eISBN:
- 9780191598968
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198781830.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Almost all agree that political systems in Latin America underwent a transformation in the 1980s. The usual quick description of this change was ‘democratization’. But whether one takes an optimistic ...
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Almost all agree that political systems in Latin America underwent a transformation in the 1980s. The usual quick description of this change was ‘democratization’. But whether one takes an optimistic or a pessimistic view of the level of democracy that was achieved, one thing was sure—the traditional forms of participation by, and representation of, the poor, the working population, and others structurally disadvantaged had changed. The chapters examine the labour organizations, political parties, indigenous and environmental groups that have emerged, sometimes amidst new forms of violence. Others recount efforts to rebuild social–democratic projects and to create new models of participatory politics in municipalities and around social programmes. There is no consensus on whether these new forms will produce more democracy. Rather, the chapters present a variety of conceptual tools to identify trends and assess their impact.Less
Almost all agree that political systems in Latin America underwent a transformation in the 1980s. The usual quick description of this change was ‘democratization’. But whether one takes an optimistic or a pessimistic view of the level of democracy that was achieved, one thing was sure—the traditional forms of participation by, and representation of, the poor, the working population, and others structurally disadvantaged had changed. The chapters examine the labour organizations, political parties, indigenous and environmental groups that have emerged, sometimes amidst new forms of violence. Others recount efforts to rebuild social–democratic projects and to create new models of participatory politics in municipalities and around social programmes. There is no consensus on whether these new forms will produce more democracy. Rather, the chapters present a variety of conceptual tools to identify trends and assess their impact.
Rebecca M. Blank
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195376630
- eISBN:
- 9780199865499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376630.003.0009
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
Observers have long discussed American “exceptionalism” in social policy. Throughout the 20th century, the United States had a more limited welfare state than most Western European nations. Over the ...
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Observers have long discussed American “exceptionalism” in social policy. Throughout the 20th century, the United States had a more limited welfare state than most Western European nations. Over the last 15 years, the United States has made substantial changes in its social assistance programs. These changes place the United States at the forefront of developing a new model for the provision of social assistance, under which more dollars are delivered to able-bodied recipients through work-conditioned transfers rather than through cash assistance programs to non-workers. This chapter describes these changes, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of this new American system.Less
Observers have long discussed American “exceptionalism” in social policy. Throughout the 20th century, the United States had a more limited welfare state than most Western European nations. Over the last 15 years, the United States has made substantial changes in its social assistance programs. These changes place the United States at the forefront of developing a new model for the provision of social assistance, under which more dollars are delivered to able-bodied recipients through work-conditioned transfers rather than through cash assistance programs to non-workers. This chapter describes these changes, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of this new American system.
Margaret Grosh, Carlo del Ninno, and Emil Tesliuc
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199860586
- eISBN:
- 9780199932948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199860586.003.0010
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Children and Families
This chapter reviews the most prevalent types of social assistance programs found in developing countries. There they provide a vision of effective safety nets that focus on seven characteristics: ...
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This chapter reviews the most prevalent types of social assistance programs found in developing countries. There they provide a vision of effective safety nets that focus on seven characteristics: They should be equitable, adequate, cost-effective, incentive compatible, sustainable, dynamic, and fit appropriately to the country context. The chapter focuses on targeting and benefit level. If a program goes wrong on these, then it is unlikely to be effective in reducing poverty and the other traits will have lesser importance. The first section of this chapter provides a brief overview of patterns of social assistance expenditures. The second section is on targeting, starting with a brief introduction of the available methods, then taking a more detailed look at the variety of social assistance programs in developing countries and discussing the types of targeting methods used, finally concluding with a brief synopsis of outcomes. The third section looks at benefit levels, reviewing theory and practice.Less
This chapter reviews the most prevalent types of social assistance programs found in developing countries. There they provide a vision of effective safety nets that focus on seven characteristics: They should be equitable, adequate, cost-effective, incentive compatible, sustainable, dynamic, and fit appropriately to the country context. The chapter focuses on targeting and benefit level. If a program goes wrong on these, then it is unlikely to be effective in reducing poverty and the other traits will have lesser importance. The first section of this chapter provides a brief overview of patterns of social assistance expenditures. The second section is on targeting, starting with a brief introduction of the available methods, then taking a more detailed look at the variety of social assistance programs in developing countries and discussing the types of targeting methods used, finally concluding with a brief synopsis of outcomes. The third section looks at benefit levels, reviewing theory and practice.
Paul Henderson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861347459
- eISBN:
- 9781447302575
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861347459.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
This book provides an in-depth study of how community development can contribute to tackling social exclusion. It draws on the outcomes of a project funded by the Social Inclusion Programme of the ...
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This book provides an in-depth study of how community development can contribute to tackling social exclusion. It draws on the outcomes of a project funded by the Social Inclusion Programme of the European Union and managed by a European network of community development organisations — the Combined European Bureau for Social Development. It includes the analyses of the experiences of local communities; identifies and explains the key principles that are needed to underpin programmes and projects that use a community-based approach to tackling social exclusion; and provides a summary of key action points that are needed to be considered by organisations and agencies. Examples from policy and practice in the UK, Spain, Belgium, Sweden and Norway are discussed, with additional information from Denmark, Ireland and Hungary. The principles and methods discussed give a valuable insight into how the voices of local people and practitioners can be heard in policy and decision making forums.Less
This book provides an in-depth study of how community development can contribute to tackling social exclusion. It draws on the outcomes of a project funded by the Social Inclusion Programme of the European Union and managed by a European network of community development organisations — the Combined European Bureau for Social Development. It includes the analyses of the experiences of local communities; identifies and explains the key principles that are needed to underpin programmes and projects that use a community-based approach to tackling social exclusion; and provides a summary of key action points that are needed to be considered by organisations and agencies. Examples from policy and practice in the UK, Spain, Belgium, Sweden and Norway are discussed, with additional information from Denmark, Ireland and Hungary. The principles and methods discussed give a valuable insight into how the voices of local people and practitioners can be heard in policy and decision making forums.
Angeline Barretta-Herman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195333619
- eISBN:
- 9780199918195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333619.003.0054
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
The establishment of social work programs worldwide has grown exponentially in the last twenty years, notably in the Pacific Rim, Eastern Europe, and Africa. In 2000, the board of the International ...
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The establishment of social work programs worldwide has grown exponentially in the last twenty years, notably in the Pacific Rim, Eastern Europe, and Africa. In 2000, the board of the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) commissioned a world census of social work programs and established a permanent standing committee charged with tracking program development as part of the IASSW commitment to social work education. The purpose of a membership survey in 2005 was to elicit from member programs mid-decade data on those characteristics of social work programs that had been asked about in the 2000 census. This chapter presents a reanalysis of the 2005 membership survey data to explore the assumption that IASSW member schools were meeting the stipulations in the Global Standards.Less
The establishment of social work programs worldwide has grown exponentially in the last twenty years, notably in the Pacific Rim, Eastern Europe, and Africa. In 2000, the board of the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) commissioned a world census of social work programs and established a permanent standing committee charged with tracking program development as part of the IASSW commitment to social work education. The purpose of a membership survey in 2005 was to elicit from member programs mid-decade data on those characteristics of social work programs that had been asked about in the 2000 census. This chapter presents a reanalysis of the 2005 membership survey data to explore the assumption that IASSW member schools were meeting the stipulations in the Global Standards.
Graham Lister
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199550692
- eISBN:
- 9780191720413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550692.003.18
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Prevention may be better than cure, but how do we prove that spending money on social marketing to support health and well-being is good value for money? This is the challenge that social marketing ...
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Prevention may be better than cure, but how do we prove that spending money on social marketing to support health and well-being is good value for money? This is the challenge that social marketing must address during every stage of programmes aimed at helping people to change their behaviour, and supporting the redesign of services around customers. This chapter examines why this is an important issue not just for social marketing programmes, but for the health economy as a whole. It explores the complexities that make it difficult to demonstrate value for money in social marketing, and suggests a number of approaches, tools, and resources to address these problems. It also discusses how to apply value for money techniques to local social marketing investment within a national programme.Less
Prevention may be better than cure, but how do we prove that spending money on social marketing to support health and well-being is good value for money? This is the challenge that social marketing must address during every stage of programmes aimed at helping people to change their behaviour, and supporting the redesign of services around customers. This chapter examines why this is an important issue not just for social marketing programmes, but for the health economy as a whole. It explores the complexities that make it difficult to demonstrate value for money in social marketing, and suggests a number of approaches, tools, and resources to address these problems. It also discusses how to apply value for money techniques to local social marketing investment within a national programme.
John Tomasi
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144467
- eISBN:
- 9781400842391
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144467.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter examines market democracy, a hybrid approach to liberal theory building that combines a concern for private individual economic liberty with a commitment to social justice. As such, ...
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This chapter examines market democracy, a hybrid approach to liberal theory building that combines a concern for private individual economic liberty with a commitment to social justice. As such, market democracy offers an alternative to both classical liberalism and to high liberalism. After explaining exactly what market democracy is, the chapter considers its conceptual space. In particular, it explores why market democracy asserts that economic freedoms should be treated as basic but not absolute, and why it thus allows taxation in support of a limited range of social service programs. The chapter then compares the views espoused by advocates of libertarianism, classical liberalism, and modern or high liberalism. It also looks at market democracy as a research program, its institutional requirements, and the challenges that it faces from both the left and from the right.Less
This chapter examines market democracy, a hybrid approach to liberal theory building that combines a concern for private individual economic liberty with a commitment to social justice. As such, market democracy offers an alternative to both classical liberalism and to high liberalism. After explaining exactly what market democracy is, the chapter considers its conceptual space. In particular, it explores why market democracy asserts that economic freedoms should be treated as basic but not absolute, and why it thus allows taxation in support of a limited range of social service programs. The chapter then compares the views espoused by advocates of libertarianism, classical liberalism, and modern or high liberalism. It also looks at market democracy as a research program, its institutional requirements, and the challenges that it faces from both the left and from the right.
Stefan Dercon
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199276837
- eISBN:
- 9780191601620
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199276838.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter presents an overview of the papers included in this volume. It highlights the authors’ rejection of the standard paradigm of mainstream neoclassical economic theory. It briefly discusses ...
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This chapter presents an overview of the papers included in this volume. It highlights the authors’ rejection of the standard paradigm of mainstream neoclassical economic theory. It briefly discusses worldwide efforts to alleviate poverty, the risk and shocks that can worsen the living standards of the poor, institutional programmes aimed at increasing social protection.Less
This chapter presents an overview of the papers included in this volume. It highlights the authors’ rejection of the standard paradigm of mainstream neoclassical economic theory. It briefly discusses worldwide efforts to alleviate poverty, the risk and shocks that can worsen the living standards of the poor, institutional programmes aimed at increasing social protection.
Rana Jawad
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861349538
- eISBN:
- 9781447303510
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861349538.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sociology of Religion
This chapter focuses on social welfare as a system of provision and a measure of outcomes in Lebanon. In this chapter, the focus is on the two types of social programmes: social care and the ...
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This chapter focuses on social welfare as a system of provision and a measure of outcomes in Lebanon. In this chapter, the focus is on the two types of social programmes: social care and the micro-credit/cash benefits. The concern of this chapter is to consider the mechanics and dynamics of service delivery and consumption. Questions on how religious welfare defines the object of its interventions and how it responds to the causes of social problems are discussed in this chapter. It also considers the mechanisms of service evaluation used by religious welfare organisations to evaluate the impact of their work.Less
This chapter focuses on social welfare as a system of provision and a measure of outcomes in Lebanon. In this chapter, the focus is on the two types of social programmes: social care and the micro-credit/cash benefits. The concern of this chapter is to consider the mechanics and dynamics of service delivery and consumption. Questions on how religious welfare defines the object of its interventions and how it responds to the causes of social problems are discussed in this chapter. It also considers the mechanisms of service evaluation used by religious welfare organisations to evaluate the impact of their work.
S.M. Miller and Jeanette E. Markle
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861343956
- eISBN:
- 9781447304340
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861343956.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter focuses on the change in US social policy from welfare to workfare, and the importance of making improvements in the low-wage labour market to making this a successful transition. The ...
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This chapter focuses on the change in US social policy from welfare to workfare, and the importance of making improvements in the low-wage labour market to making this a successful transition. The political and social environment in which this transition is occurring includes two recent trends in US public policy: privatisation, and a general reduction in the role of the government. A major difficulty in constructing effective social policy is the inadequate US measure of poverty. The chapter argues that if the situation of workfare participants and other low-income persons is to be improved, then the low-wage labour market must be better coordinated with strong social programmes. The private sector alone cannot provide a decent standard of living in its current form. Lessons can be drawn from the experience of the US by other nations grappling with similar issues.Less
This chapter focuses on the change in US social policy from welfare to workfare, and the importance of making improvements in the low-wage labour market to making this a successful transition. The political and social environment in which this transition is occurring includes two recent trends in US public policy: privatisation, and a general reduction in the role of the government. A major difficulty in constructing effective social policy is the inadequate US measure of poverty. The chapter argues that if the situation of workfare participants and other low-income persons is to be improved, then the low-wage labour market must be better coordinated with strong social programmes. The private sector alone cannot provide a decent standard of living in its current form. Lessons can be drawn from the experience of the US by other nations grappling with similar issues.
Theda Skocpol
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520220430
- eISBN:
- 9780520936911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520220430.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter underlines the integrative functions of federal social policy and programs over the last century rebutting the conservative attack on liberalism for its fragmenting tendencies. It ...
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This chapter underlines the integrative functions of federal social policy and programs over the last century rebutting the conservative attack on liberalism for its fragmenting tendencies. It reports that since the nineteenth century America's most effective and beloved social programs have given benefits or services to millions of citizens in return for their contributions to the national and local communities. It further reports that they have helped individuals and families not in narrowly circumscribed categories but across the lines of class, race, and place. It notes that America's most effective systems of social provision have flourished through civic partnerships between government and voluntary associations that enrolled millions of citizens as active members.Less
This chapter underlines the integrative functions of federal social policy and programs over the last century rebutting the conservative attack on liberalism for its fragmenting tendencies. It reports that since the nineteenth century America's most effective and beloved social programs have given benefits or services to millions of citizens in return for their contributions to the national and local communities. It further reports that they have helped individuals and families not in narrowly circumscribed categories but across the lines of class, race, and place. It notes that America's most effective systems of social provision have flourished through civic partnerships between government and voluntary associations that enrolled millions of citizens as active members.
Scott W. Allard
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300120356
- eISBN:
- 9780300152838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300120356.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter identifies the fragmentation or fractures in the institutional structure of local safety nets that will be prevalent across different communities which limits decision-making processes ...
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This chapter identifies the fragmentation or fractures in the institutional structure of local safety nets that will be prevalent across different communities which limits decision-making processes regarding the delivery of antipoverty assistance. It argues that persistent or rampant fragmentation or atomization of the institutions composing local safety nets necessarily complicates the provision of social assistance by creating inefficiencies, promoting inequities, and constraining the responsiveness of local social service programs. It also argues that fragmented politics of local safety nets show how mismatches and instabilities service provision come into existence and persist over time.Less
This chapter identifies the fragmentation or fractures in the institutional structure of local safety nets that will be prevalent across different communities which limits decision-making processes regarding the delivery of antipoverty assistance. It argues that persistent or rampant fragmentation or atomization of the institutions composing local safety nets necessarily complicates the provision of social assistance by creating inefficiencies, promoting inequities, and constraining the responsiveness of local social service programs. It also argues that fragmented politics of local safety nets show how mismatches and instabilities service provision come into existence and persist over time.
Frank Stricker
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807831113
- eISBN:
- 9781469603575
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807882290_stricker
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This assessment of poverty and policy in the United States from 1950 to the present examines an era that has seen serious discussion about the causes of poverty and unemployment. Analyzing the War on ...
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This assessment of poverty and policy in the United States from 1950 to the present examines an era that has seen serious discussion about the causes of poverty and unemployment. Analyzing the War on Poverty, theories of the culture of poverty and the underclass, the effects of Reaganomics, and the 1996 welfare reform, it demonstrates that most antipoverty approaches are futile without the presence (or creation) of good jobs. The book notes that since the 1970s, U.S. poverty levels have remained at or above 11 percent, despite training programs and periods of economic growth. The creation of jobs has continued to lag behind the need for them. The book argues that a serious public debate is needed about the job situation; social programs must be redesigned, a national health care program must be developed, and economic inequality must be addressed. It urges all sides to be honest—if we don't want to eliminate poverty, then we should say so. But if we do want to reduce poverty significantly, we must expand decent jobs and government income programs, redirecting national resources away from the rich and toward those with low incomes.Less
This assessment of poverty and policy in the United States from 1950 to the present examines an era that has seen serious discussion about the causes of poverty and unemployment. Analyzing the War on Poverty, theories of the culture of poverty and the underclass, the effects of Reaganomics, and the 1996 welfare reform, it demonstrates that most antipoverty approaches are futile without the presence (or creation) of good jobs. The book notes that since the 1970s, U.S. poverty levels have remained at or above 11 percent, despite training programs and periods of economic growth. The creation of jobs has continued to lag behind the need for them. The book argues that a serious public debate is needed about the job situation; social programs must be redesigned, a national health care program must be developed, and economic inequality must be addressed. It urges all sides to be honest—if we don't want to eliminate poverty, then we should say so. But if we do want to reduce poverty significantly, we must expand decent jobs and government income programs, redirecting national resources away from the rich and toward those with low incomes.
Frank Stricker
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807831113
- eISBN:
- 9781469603575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807882290_stricker.13
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines how the conservative counterrevolution worked with Ronald Reagan as president of the United States. More specifically, it considers the political impact of conservative efforts ...
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This chapter examines how the conservative counterrevolution worked with Ronald Reagan as president of the United States. More specifically, it considers the political impact of conservative efforts to undo the welfare state that was created between the New Deal era and the 1960s. The chapter describes the Reaganomics and its supply-side economics, which focused on reducing government spending, the federal income tax, and capital gains tax, as well as cutting government regulations and social programs, and tightening the money supply in order to lower inflation. It also discusses the Reagan administration's policies on unemployment and Social Security before concluding with an assessment of conservative arguments about poverty, paying particular attention to the conservative claim that the liberals' social programs and permissiveness on crime gave rise to an underclass of unwed mothers on welfare as well as murderous gangsters.Less
This chapter examines how the conservative counterrevolution worked with Ronald Reagan as president of the United States. More specifically, it considers the political impact of conservative efforts to undo the welfare state that was created between the New Deal era and the 1960s. The chapter describes the Reaganomics and its supply-side economics, which focused on reducing government spending, the federal income tax, and capital gains tax, as well as cutting government regulations and social programs, and tightening the money supply in order to lower inflation. It also discusses the Reagan administration's policies on unemployment and Social Security before concluding with an assessment of conservative arguments about poverty, paying particular attention to the conservative claim that the liberals' social programs and permissiveness on crime gave rise to an underclass of unwed mothers on welfare as well as murderous gangsters.
Nancy Lee Peluso
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520073777
- eISBN:
- 9780520915534
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520073777.003.0008
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter considers some of the prospects for a program of constructive change in the management of Java's forest. The most recent social forestry program in Java aims to release some of the ...
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This chapter considers some of the prospects for a program of constructive change in the management of Java's forest. The most recent social forestry program in Java aims to release some of the state's traditional controls and to engage forest-based communities in the management of the forests. The ultimate question is: Can it work? The chapter discusses the role of the state in developing the social and natural environment; the structure of access to the “new” social forestry program; problems within the access structure; structural factors precluding the involvement of the poor; ideological obstacles to successful social forestry projects; and the potential for an administrative solution to the development of a forest village.Less
This chapter considers some of the prospects for a program of constructive change in the management of Java's forest. The most recent social forestry program in Java aims to release some of the state's traditional controls and to engage forest-based communities in the management of the forests. The ultimate question is: Can it work? The chapter discusses the role of the state in developing the social and natural environment; the structure of access to the “new” social forestry program; problems within the access structure; structural factors precluding the involvement of the poor; ideological obstacles to successful social forestry projects; and the potential for an administrative solution to the development of a forest village.
David A. Wise (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226903095
- eISBN:
- 9780226921952
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226921952.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
In nearly every industrialized country, large aging populations and increased life expectancy have placed enormous pressure on social security programs—and, until recently, the pressure has been ...
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In nearly every industrialized country, large aging populations and increased life expectancy have placed enormous pressure on social security programs—and, until recently, the pressure has been compounded by a trend toward retirement at an earlier age. With a larger fraction of the population receiving benefits, in the coming decades social security in many countries may have to be reformed in order to remain financially viable. This book offers a cross-country analysis of the effects of disability insurance programs on labor force participation by older workers. Drawing on measures of health that are comparable across countries, the authors explore the extent to which differences in the labor force are determined by disability insurance programs and the extent to which disability insurance reforms are prompted by the circumstances of a country’s elderly population.Less
In nearly every industrialized country, large aging populations and increased life expectancy have placed enormous pressure on social security programs—and, until recently, the pressure has been compounded by a trend toward retirement at an earlier age. With a larger fraction of the population receiving benefits, in the coming decades social security in many countries may have to be reformed in order to remain financially viable. This book offers a cross-country analysis of the effects of disability insurance programs on labor force participation by older workers. Drawing on measures of health that are comparable across countries, the authors explore the extent to which differences in the labor force are determined by disability insurance programs and the extent to which disability insurance reforms are prompted by the circumstances of a country’s elderly population.
Graeme Auld
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300190533
- eISBN:
- 9780300210330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300190533.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter examines market, political, informational, and capacity factors that are expected to influence the initiation of certification programs in different sectors. It begins by reviewing ...
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This chapter examines market, political, informational, and capacity factors that are expected to influence the initiation of certification programs in different sectors. It begins by reviewing research on institutional development to advance an evolutionary perspective for private governance, paying particular attention to path dependence in markets and politics. It then considers expectations about how certification programs will evolve based on the interplay of actors' strategic decisions and the program's internal governance structures. It also discusses gaps in the literature with respect to the development of social and environmental certification programs. The chapter concludes by looking at insights on how best to address these gaps.Less
This chapter examines market, political, informational, and capacity factors that are expected to influence the initiation of certification programs in different sectors. It begins by reviewing research on institutional development to advance an evolutionary perspective for private governance, paying particular attention to path dependence in markets and politics. It then considers expectations about how certification programs will evolve based on the interplay of actors' strategic decisions and the program's internal governance structures. It also discusses gaps in the literature with respect to the development of social and environmental certification programs. The chapter concludes by looking at insights on how best to address these gaps.
Stefan Kofner
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861347541
- eISBN:
- 9781447302506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861347541.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
Housing allowances (Wohngeld in German) come into play whenever income is insufficient to enable the household to obtain accommodation that meets a minimum housing standard. As a tied income ...
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Housing allowances (Wohngeld in German) come into play whenever income is insufficient to enable the household to obtain accommodation that meets a minimum housing standard. As a tied income transfer, it is an incentive towards a higher individual housing consumption. Housing allowances are widely seen in Germany as a relatively market-conforming instrument of social policy with the ability to act as a substitute for an important part of the social housing programme. This chapter presents a brief history of Wohngeld. It then discusses the calculation of entitlement to Wohngeld, allowances for homeowners, housing assistance for social security benefit recipients, and the impact of housing allowances. This is followed by a review of policy debates and reform.Less
Housing allowances (Wohngeld in German) come into play whenever income is insufficient to enable the household to obtain accommodation that meets a minimum housing standard. As a tied income transfer, it is an incentive towards a higher individual housing consumption. Housing allowances are widely seen in Germany as a relatively market-conforming instrument of social policy with the ability to act as a substitute for an important part of the social housing programme. This chapter presents a brief history of Wohngeld. It then discusses the calculation of entitlement to Wohngeld, allowances for homeowners, housing assistance for social security benefit recipients, and the impact of housing allowances. This is followed by a review of policy debates and reform.
