Chandran Kukathas
- Published in print:
- 1989
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273264
- eISBN:
- 9780191684029
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273264.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
In the history of modern liberal political thought the work of F. A. Hayek stands out as one of the most significant contributions to liberal theory since J. S. Mill. This book critically examines ...
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In the history of modern liberal political thought the work of F. A. Hayek stands out as one of the most significant contributions to liberal theory since J. S. Mill. This book critically examines the nature and coherence of Hayek's defence of liberal principles, and tries both to identify its weaknesses and to show why it makes such an important contribution to contemporary political theory. The book argues that Hayek's defence of liberalism is unsuccessful because it rests on presuppositions, which are philosophically incompatible. The unresolved dilemma of Hayek's political philosophy is how to mount a systematic defence of liberalism if one emphasizes the limited capacity of reason. However, this book states that Hayek's social philosophy offers us a significant theory of the nature of social processes, and is therefore an important account of how this must constrain our choice of political principles. For this reason, Hayek's work is worthy of attention both by supporters and critics of liberalism.Less
In the history of modern liberal political thought the work of F. A. Hayek stands out as one of the most significant contributions to liberal theory since J. S. Mill. This book critically examines the nature and coherence of Hayek's defence of liberal principles, and tries both to identify its weaknesses and to show why it makes such an important contribution to contemporary political theory. The book argues that Hayek's defence of liberalism is unsuccessful because it rests on presuppositions, which are philosophically incompatible. The unresolved dilemma of Hayek's political philosophy is how to mount a systematic defence of liberalism if one emphasizes the limited capacity of reason. However, this book states that Hayek's social philosophy offers us a significant theory of the nature of social processes, and is therefore an important account of how this must constrain our choice of political principles. For this reason, Hayek's work is worthy of attention both by supporters and critics of liberalism.
Beate Kohler‐Koch
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296409
- eISBN:
- 9780191599989
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296401.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The future of European integration will not be decided by Intergovernmental Conferences. Political integration is a social process that can best be analysed by taking a bottom‐up approach. We have to ...
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The future of European integration will not be decided by Intergovernmental Conferences. Political integration is a social process that can best be analysed by taking a bottom‐up approach. We have to explore the societal forces that shape the living constitution of the EU and contribute to the emergence of a European political space. The chapter presents the theoretical argument and empirical findings on the basis of own research. Investigation of the involvement of regions and interest groups in EU affairs provides strong evidence that the EU is a political region in the strict sense. For a multitude of actors, it is a privileged arena for pursuing their interests. By their acceptance and support, transnational problem‐solving strategies become a shared concept of governance. Nevertheless, the Europeanization of belief systems and of political organization still has a strong national bias. The EU will not become a substitute for the nation‐state but will remain a ‘Europe with states’.Less
The future of European integration will not be decided by Intergovernmental Conferences. Political integration is a social process that can best be analysed by taking a bottom‐up approach. We have to explore the societal forces that shape the living constitution of the EU and contribute to the emergence of a European political space. The chapter presents the theoretical argument and empirical findings on the basis of own research. Investigation of the involvement of regions and interest groups in EU affairs provides strong evidence that the EU is a political region in the strict sense. For a multitude of actors, it is a privileged arena for pursuing their interests. By their acceptance and support, transnational problem‐solving strategies become a shared concept of governance. Nevertheless, the Europeanization of belief systems and of political organization still has a strong national bias. The EU will not become a substitute for the nation‐state but will remain a ‘Europe with states’.
Ewan Ferlie and Sue Dopson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199259014
- eISBN:
- 9780191718113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259014.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management
This chapter reviews the key research traditions within organizational studies, highlighting three core models of organization. It attempts to link the current literature to the health care ...
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This chapter reviews the key research traditions within organizational studies, highlighting three core models of organization. It attempts to link the current literature to the health care implementation literature. It also discusses the implications of the literature for EBHC implementation.Less
This chapter reviews the key research traditions within organizational studies, highlighting three core models of organization. It attempts to link the current literature to the health care implementation literature. It also discusses the implications of the literature for EBHC implementation.
Mark Bell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199297849
- eISBN:
- 9780191711565
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297849.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, EU Law
This chapter examines EU policy in the field of social inclusion and considers the extent to which it reflects the objectives of combating racism and promoting ethnic equality. It focuses on the EU ...
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This chapter examines EU policy in the field of social inclusion and considers the extent to which it reflects the objectives of combating racism and promoting ethnic equality. It focuses on the EU Social Inclusion Process and how this has treated the issue of racism. It charts a growing attention to the situation of immigrants, but a loss of focus following reforms in 2006. It also examines EU policies on education and health in more depth. This includes funding programmes and new governance policy coordination processes.Less
This chapter examines EU policy in the field of social inclusion and considers the extent to which it reflects the objectives of combating racism and promoting ethnic equality. It focuses on the EU Social Inclusion Process and how this has treated the issue of racism. It charts a growing attention to the situation of immigrants, but a loss of focus following reforms in 2006. It also examines EU policies on education and health in more depth. This includes funding programmes and new governance policy coordination processes.
Patrick R. Laughlin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147918
- eISBN:
- 9781400836673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147918.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter examines group ability composition and social combination processes on world knowledge tasks. On difficult world knowledge tasks, high-ability persons performed better in cooperative ...
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This chapter examines group ability composition and social combination processes on world knowledge tasks. On difficult world knowledge tasks, high-ability persons performed better in cooperative groups with other high-ability members than they did alone, and this difference increased with group size. In contrast, low-ability persons did not perform better in cooperative groups with other low-ability members than they did alone, and there was little improvement as group size increased. Low-ability members contributed very little unique information to one another and virtually none to high-ability members. Medium-ability members displayed an intermediate pattern that was more like low-ability than high-ability members. Consequently, the performance of groups of mixed high-ability, medium-ability, and low-ability members was basically proportional to the number of high-ability members: the greater the proportion of high-ability members, the better the group performance.Less
This chapter examines group ability composition and social combination processes on world knowledge tasks. On difficult world knowledge tasks, high-ability persons performed better in cooperative groups with other high-ability members than they did alone, and this difference increased with group size. In contrast, low-ability persons did not perform better in cooperative groups with other low-ability members than they did alone, and there was little improvement as group size increased. Low-ability members contributed very little unique information to one another and virtually none to high-ability members. Medium-ability members displayed an intermediate pattern that was more like low-ability than high-ability members. Consequently, the performance of groups of mixed high-ability, medium-ability, and low-ability members was basically proportional to the number of high-ability members: the greater the proportion of high-ability members, the better the group performance.
Reginald B. Adams, Robert G. Franklin, Anthony J. Nelson, and Michael T. Stevenson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195333176
- eISBN:
- 9780199864324
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333176.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Vision, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter describes a rationale for understanding compound social cue processing in the face. This approach comes with a number of assumptions. The first assumption is that facial features ...
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This chapter describes a rationale for understanding compound social cue processing in the face. This approach comes with a number of assumptions. The first assumption is that facial features fundamentally signal social information. The second is that humans possess an innate propensity to extract this information from the face. The third assumption is that facial communication—both encoding and decoding—is innately, individually, socially, and culturally tuned. From these assumptions it is argued that visual features can perceptually determine social perception, both in terms of innate signaling(e.g., basic emotion)and learned stereotypes(e.g., racial and gender social category memberships). Vision can, in turn, moderate social interaction, arguably even playing a pivotal role in the development of complex social cognition. Also, social factors can exert powerful influences on even low-level visual processing through attentional gating and stereotypic expectations.Less
This chapter describes a rationale for understanding compound social cue processing in the face. This approach comes with a number of assumptions. The first assumption is that facial features fundamentally signal social information. The second is that humans possess an innate propensity to extract this information from the face. The third assumption is that facial communication—both encoding and decoding—is innately, individually, socially, and culturally tuned. From these assumptions it is argued that visual features can perceptually determine social perception, both in terms of innate signaling(e.g., basic emotion)and learned stereotypes(e.g., racial and gender social category memberships). Vision can, in turn, moderate social interaction, arguably even playing a pivotal role in the development of complex social cognition. Also, social factors can exert powerful influences on even low-level visual processing through attentional gating and stereotypic expectations.
Kay Lehman Schlozman, Sidney Verba, and Henry E. Brady
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154848
- eISBN:
- 9781400841912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154848.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter considers to what extent political recruitment can bring in a more representative set of activists and thus moderate the accent of the political chorus. It investigates ways to break a ...
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This chapter considers to what extent political recruitment can bring in a more representative set of activists and thus moderate the accent of the political chorus. It investigates ways to break a cycle deeply embedded in ongoing social and political processes, zeroing in on the possibility that the processes by which people are recruited to political activity might act as the circuit breaker. Moreover, this chapter finds that there is a process called “rational prospecting” in which those who wish to get others involved in politics follow a strategy of seeking out those prospects who are likely to assent to a request for political activity and to participate effectively when they do, with the result that ordinary processes of recruitment are actually amplifying the class bias in political voice rather than reducing it.Less
This chapter considers to what extent political recruitment can bring in a more representative set of activists and thus moderate the accent of the political chorus. It investigates ways to break a cycle deeply embedded in ongoing social and political processes, zeroing in on the possibility that the processes by which people are recruited to political activity might act as the circuit breaker. Moreover, this chapter finds that there is a process called “rational prospecting” in which those who wish to get others involved in politics follow a strategy of seeking out those prospects who are likely to assent to a request for political activity and to participate effectively when they do, with the result that ordinary processes of recruitment are actually amplifying the class bias in political voice rather than reducing it.
Maureen Duffy and Len Sperry
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195380019
- eISBN:
- 9780199932764
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380019.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This final chapter of the book presents reflections on the ubiquitousness and destructiveness of the social process of mobbing in all of the major institutions and organizations of human life—school, ...
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This final chapter of the book presents reflections on the ubiquitousness and destructiveness of the social process of mobbing in all of the major institutions and organizations of human life—school, work, religious organizations, the legal system, and in communities where people live, such as condominium and homeowners’ associations. The reflections on mobbing include recognition of its significant health impact on adult workers and on children and adolescents, and suggest that these negative health consequences are of an order of magnitude that cannot ethically be ignored. Examples of mobbing introduced earlier in the book are revisited and reimagined in terms of how things might have turned out for the victims if the organizations involved had accepted responsibility for the development and resolution of the mobbing and responded differently.Less
This final chapter of the book presents reflections on the ubiquitousness and destructiveness of the social process of mobbing in all of the major institutions and organizations of human life—school, work, religious organizations, the legal system, and in communities where people live, such as condominium and homeowners’ associations. The reflections on mobbing include recognition of its significant health impact on adult workers and on children and adolescents, and suggest that these negative health consequences are of an order of magnitude that cannot ethically be ignored. Examples of mobbing introduced earlier in the book are revisited and reimagined in terms of how things might have turned out for the victims if the organizations involved had accepted responsibility for the development and resolution of the mobbing and responded differently.
Robin Mansell
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198296553
- eISBN:
- 9780191685231
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296553.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology, Innovation
This concluding chapter points out how the empirical studies presented in this book are all concerned with the sites of interaction between social and technological processes. The focuses of these ...
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This concluding chapter points out how the empirical studies presented in this book are all concerned with the sites of interaction between social and technological processes. The focuses of these studies include how social processes promote the use of ICTs, how social processes influence procedural and institutional governance simultaneously emerging with the growth of Internet use, and how social processes were involved in the early design of various technological systems. By combining the results derived from the previous chapters, this chapter summarizes the important points and plots them in a wider framework to arrive at how a research agenda regarding social and technical mediation could be further developed.Less
This concluding chapter points out how the empirical studies presented in this book are all concerned with the sites of interaction between social and technological processes. The focuses of these studies include how social processes promote the use of ICTs, how social processes influence procedural and institutional governance simultaneously emerging with the growth of Internet use, and how social processes were involved in the early design of various technological systems. By combining the results derived from the previous chapters, this chapter summarizes the important points and plots them in a wider framework to arrive at how a research agenda regarding social and technical mediation could be further developed.
Erin B. McClure and Daniel S. Pine
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195306255
- eISBN:
- 9780199863914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306255.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter reviews the literature on mechanisms that underlie the onset and evolution of adolescent anxiety disorders as they relate to the development of anxiety in youth. It begins by examining ...
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This chapter reviews the literature on mechanisms that underlie the onset and evolution of adolescent anxiety disorders as they relate to the development of anxiety in youth. It begins by examining adolescents' increased risk for anxiety disorders and the roles that social and biological, particularly neural, changes may play in its onset. Particular attention is given to the Social Information Processing Network (SIPN) which has both early (emotional) and later maturing (cognitive control) components. It then considers alterations in patterns of cognition that are associated with adolescent anxiety disorders, as well as their putative underlying neural mechanisms. The chapter describes an approach to studying the intersections among adolescent psychopathology, emotion and cognition, and underlying neural substrates. Finally, possible prevention approaches that integrate neuroscience and clinical research are presented.Less
This chapter reviews the literature on mechanisms that underlie the onset and evolution of adolescent anxiety disorders as they relate to the development of anxiety in youth. It begins by examining adolescents' increased risk for anxiety disorders and the roles that social and biological, particularly neural, changes may play in its onset. Particular attention is given to the Social Information Processing Network (SIPN) which has both early (emotional) and later maturing (cognitive control) components. It then considers alterations in patterns of cognition that are associated with adolescent anxiety disorders, as well as their putative underlying neural mechanisms. The chapter describes an approach to studying the intersections among adolescent psychopathology, emotion and cognition, and underlying neural substrates. Finally, possible prevention approaches that integrate neuroscience and clinical research are presented.
Laurie T. O'Brien and Brenda Major
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195320916
- eISBN:
- 9780199869541
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320916.003.017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter examines the relationship between group status and feelings of personal entitlement. Considered are two mechanisms that affect feelings of personal entitlement: social comparison ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between group status and feelings of personal entitlement. Considered are two mechanisms that affect feelings of personal entitlement: social comparison processes and system justification. Biases to compare one’s outcomes with the outcomes of similar others and with one’s own past outcomes lead to different reference standards for people from high-status versus low-status groups. The use of different reference standards creates group differences in feelings of personal entitlement. System justifying beliefs justify hierarchical and unequal relationships among groups in society. System justifying beliefs lead to the inference that groups that possess more social goods (high-status groups) must have greater inputs (e.g., intelligence, skill) than groups with fewer social goods (low-status groups). The inference that high-status groups have more inputs than low-status groups may lead to the belief that they deserve greater outcomes and thus increase feelings of personal entitlement among members of high-status groups and decrease entitlement among members of low-status groups. The chapters describe a recent program of research on the role of system justifying beliefs in creating group differences in personal entitlement, and discuss potential strategies for eliminating group differences in personal entitlement as well as directions for future research.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between group status and feelings of personal entitlement. Considered are two mechanisms that affect feelings of personal entitlement: social comparison processes and system justification. Biases to compare one’s outcomes with the outcomes of similar others and with one’s own past outcomes lead to different reference standards for people from high-status versus low-status groups. The use of different reference standards creates group differences in feelings of personal entitlement. System justifying beliefs justify hierarchical and unequal relationships among groups in society. System justifying beliefs lead to the inference that groups that possess more social goods (high-status groups) must have greater inputs (e.g., intelligence, skill) than groups with fewer social goods (low-status groups). The inference that high-status groups have more inputs than low-status groups may lead to the belief that they deserve greater outcomes and thus increase feelings of personal entitlement among members of high-status groups and decrease entitlement among members of low-status groups. The chapters describe a recent program of research on the role of system justifying beliefs in creating group differences in personal entitlement, and discuss potential strategies for eliminating group differences in personal entitlement as well as directions for future research.
Nancy L. Segal, Kevin A. Chavarria, and Joanne Hoven Stohs
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195320510
- eISBN:
- 9780199786800
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320510.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Assessing evolutionary-based hypotheses relevant to social processes and outcomes within families requires studying pairs of individuals who vary in their genetic and environmental relatedness. Twin ...
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Assessing evolutionary-based hypotheses relevant to social processes and outcomes within families requires studying pairs of individuals who vary in their genetic and environmental relatedness. Twin studies, in particular, provide novel approaches to old problems regarding human social relations. This chapter reviews the biological differences between twin types and outlines ways of incorporating twins in evolutionary psychological research.Less
Assessing evolutionary-based hypotheses relevant to social processes and outcomes within families requires studying pairs of individuals who vary in their genetic and environmental relatedness. Twin studies, in particular, provide novel approaches to old problems regarding human social relations. This chapter reviews the biological differences between twin types and outlines ways of incorporating twins in evolutionary psychological research.
Ismail K. White and Chryl N. Laird
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691199511
- eISBN:
- 9780691201962
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691199511.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This introductory chapter builds a theoretical framework for understanding how black Americans as a group have succeeded in solving a basic sociopolitical dilemma: how to maintain group unity in ...
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This introductory chapter builds a theoretical framework for understanding how black Americans as a group have succeeded in solving a basic sociopolitical dilemma: how to maintain group unity in political choices seen by most as helping the group in the face of individual incentives to behave otherwise. It shows that the coincidental timing of stark black alignment with the Democratic Party and the deliverance of civil rights policy by Democratic administrations in the 1960s tempts a simple explanation that those policies made Democrats of blacks. The chapter, however, argues that two important empirical observations complicate the matter. Furthermore, to make sense of the enduring partisan unity of black Americans, the chapter argues that it necessitates a framework that better incorporates their social groupness into our understanding of their political groupness. Here, racialized social constraint as an explanation for black partisan unity is a move away from explanations of black politics that are focused almost exclusively on individual dispositions and toward one that truly incorporates social dynamics. The chapter reveals how a distinct set of social processes, embodied in a racialized social constraint explanation, constrains black behavior and prevents defection from the Democratic Party.Less
This introductory chapter builds a theoretical framework for understanding how black Americans as a group have succeeded in solving a basic sociopolitical dilemma: how to maintain group unity in political choices seen by most as helping the group in the face of individual incentives to behave otherwise. It shows that the coincidental timing of stark black alignment with the Democratic Party and the deliverance of civil rights policy by Democratic administrations in the 1960s tempts a simple explanation that those policies made Democrats of blacks. The chapter, however, argues that two important empirical observations complicate the matter. Furthermore, to make sense of the enduring partisan unity of black Americans, the chapter argues that it necessitates a framework that better incorporates their social groupness into our understanding of their political groupness. Here, racialized social constraint as an explanation for black partisan unity is a move away from explanations of black politics that are focused almost exclusively on individual dispositions and toward one that truly incorporates social dynamics. The chapter reveals how a distinct set of social processes, embodied in a racialized social constraint explanation, constrains black behavior and prevents defection from the Democratic Party.
Brian Nolan and Christopher T. Whelan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199588435
- eISBN:
- 9780191731327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588435.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the development of social inclusion processes and indicators in the EU, and how the role played by non-monetary deprivation indicators in that context has evolved. In doing so, ...
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This chapter examines the development of social inclusion processes and indicators in the EU, and how the role played by non-monetary deprivation indicators in that context has evolved. In doing so, the aim is to bring out the rationale(s) underlying this development, and the analytical and practical challenged it faces. This serves to set the stage for the subsequent in-depth analysis of deprivation and the role of deprivation indicators in the rest of the book. The chapter begins with a brief review of the development of the EU's engagement with social policy, then focuses on the processes it developed around 2000 to engage more actively with poverty and social inclusion. Against this background, it considers the adoption of a set of common indicators, on the way deprivation indicators have recently been incorporated into that set of indicators, and finally how even more recently they have formed one element in the EU's 2020 poverty reduction target.Less
This chapter examines the development of social inclusion processes and indicators in the EU, and how the role played by non-monetary deprivation indicators in that context has evolved. In doing so, the aim is to bring out the rationale(s) underlying this development, and the analytical and practical challenged it faces. This serves to set the stage for the subsequent in-depth analysis of deprivation and the role of deprivation indicators in the rest of the book. The chapter begins with a brief review of the development of the EU's engagement with social policy, then focuses on the processes it developed around 2000 to engage more actively with poverty and social inclusion. Against this background, it considers the adoption of a set of common indicators, on the way deprivation indicators have recently been incorporated into that set of indicators, and finally how even more recently they have formed one element in the EU's 2020 poverty reduction target.
Kerri L. Johnson, Frank E. Pollick, and Lawrie S. McKay
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195333176
- eISBN:
- 9780199864324
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333176.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Vision, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter sheds light on how the once-clear distinctions between the visual and social approaches to social categorization of the human body have begun to blur. First, it reviews findings from ...
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This chapter sheds light on how the once-clear distinctions between the visual and social approaches to social categorization of the human body have begun to blur. First, it reviews findings from classic studies of biological motion perception that bear directly on domains that social psychologists care deeply about—the perception of social categories, identities, and psychological states. It then describes two ways in which these basic patterns are constrained by social psychological processes. It reviews evidence that social category knowledge constrains the interpretation and evaluation of dynamic body motion for evaluative social judgments. Then, it presents data highlighting how knowledge structures(i.e., stereotypes)can bias one's basic perception of the human body in motion.Less
This chapter sheds light on how the once-clear distinctions between the visual and social approaches to social categorization of the human body have begun to blur. First, it reviews findings from classic studies of biological motion perception that bear directly on domains that social psychologists care deeply about—the perception of social categories, identities, and psychological states. It then describes two ways in which these basic patterns are constrained by social psychological processes. It reviews evidence that social category knowledge constrains the interpretation and evaluation of dynamic body motion for evaluative social judgments. Then, it presents data highlighting how knowledge structures(i.e., stereotypes)can bias one's basic perception of the human body in motion.
Arne H. Eide and Benedicte Ingstad (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428851
- eISBN:
- 9781447302063
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428851.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This book is about being disabled and being poor, and the social, cultural, and political processes that link these two aspects of living. Environmental barriers, limited access to services, and ...
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This book is about being disabled and being poor, and the social, cultural, and political processes that link these two aspects of living. Environmental barriers, limited access to services, and discriminatory attitudes and practice are among key elements that drive disabled people into poverty and keep them there. The book explores the lived realities of people with disabilities from across the developing world and examines how the coping strategies of individuals and families emerge in different contexts.Less
This book is about being disabled and being poor, and the social, cultural, and political processes that link these two aspects of living. Environmental barriers, limited access to services, and discriminatory attitudes and practice are among key elements that drive disabled people into poverty and keep them there. The book explores the lived realities of people with disabilities from across the developing world and examines how the coping strategies of individuals and families emerge in different contexts.
Taner Akçam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153339
- eISBN:
- 9781400841844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153339.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter contends that there are two reasons why the concept of assimilation was detached from the study of genocide. First, Armenian Genocide studies have suffered from the general weaknesses of ...
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This chapter contends that there are two reasons why the concept of assimilation was detached from the study of genocide. First, Armenian Genocide studies have suffered from the general weaknesses of the emerging field. Occupying the central place in these debates as a sine qua non, the Holocaust became the yardstick against which an event might or might not measure up as a genocide. As with other instances of mass violence, the fear that the events of 1915 would not be considered genocide if they did not resemble the Holocaust precluded serious analysis along the lines of dynamic social processes. Second, the understanding of assimilation as a process of the Armenian Genocide has been hampered by the character of available sources, mainly German and American consular reports, as well as missionary and survivor accounts.Less
This chapter contends that there are two reasons why the concept of assimilation was detached from the study of genocide. First, Armenian Genocide studies have suffered from the general weaknesses of the emerging field. Occupying the central place in these debates as a sine qua non, the Holocaust became the yardstick against which an event might or might not measure up as a genocide. As with other instances of mass violence, the fear that the events of 1915 would not be considered genocide if they did not resemble the Holocaust precluded serious analysis along the lines of dynamic social processes. Second, the understanding of assimilation as a process of the Armenian Genocide has been hampered by the character of available sources, mainly German and American consular reports, as well as missionary and survivor accounts.
R. Keith Sawyer, Vera John-Steiner, Seana Moran, Robert J Sternberg, David Henry Feldman, Jeanne Nakamura, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195149005
- eISBN:
- 9780199848225
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149005.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This book explores the connections and tensions between creativity research and developmental psychology, two fields that have largely progressed independently of each ...
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This book explores the connections and tensions between creativity research and developmental psychology, two fields that have largely progressed independently of each other until now. Scholars in psychology investigated the emergence of new ideas, and the development of people and situations that bring them to completion. Findings are based on the observation that both creativity and development are processes that occur in complex systems, in which later stages or changes emerge from the prior state of the system. In the 1970s and 1980s, creativity researchers shifted their focus from personality traits to cognitive and social processes, and the co-authors of this volume are some of the influential figures in this transition. Readers will learn about the system activities resulting into three interconnected themes: the outcomes of creativity and development that emerge from dynamic undertakings, the interrelation between individual and social underpinnings, and the role of mediating artifacts and domains in development and creativity.Less
This book explores the connections and tensions between creativity research and developmental psychology, two fields that have largely progressed independently of each other until now. Scholars in psychology investigated the emergence of new ideas, and the development of people and situations that bring them to completion. Findings are based on the observation that both creativity and development are processes that occur in complex systems, in which later stages or changes emerge from the prior state of the system. In the 1970s and 1980s, creativity researchers shifted their focus from personality traits to cognitive and social processes, and the co-authors of this volume are some of the influential figures in this transition. Readers will learn about the system activities resulting into three interconnected themes: the outcomes of creativity and development that emerge from dynamic undertakings, the interrelation between individual and social underpinnings, and the role of mediating artifacts and domains in development and creativity.
Eric Marlier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861348845
- eISBN:
- 9781447303770
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861348845.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
Social cohesion is one of the declared objectives of the European Union and, with some 16 per cent of EU citizens at risk of poverty, the need to fight poverty and social exclusion continues as a ...
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Social cohesion is one of the declared objectives of the European Union and, with some 16 per cent of EU citizens at risk of poverty, the need to fight poverty and social exclusion continues as a major challenge. This book provides an in-depth analysis of the EU Social Inclusion Process, the means by which it hopes to meet this objective, and explores the challenges ahead at local, regional, national, and EU levels. It sets out concrete proposals for taking the Process forward, and provides an analysis of policy formulation and assessment. Setting out the evolution and current state of EU cooperation in social policy, the book examines what can be learned about poverty and social exclusion from the EU commonly agreed indicators. Taking the position of outside, but informed, observers, the authors explore the further development of the common indicators, including the implications of Enlargement, and consider the challenges of advancing the Social Inclusion Process – strengthening policy analysis, embedding the Process in domestic policies, and making it more effective. Proposing the setting of targets and restructuring of National Action Plans and their implementation, they emphasise the need for widespread ‘ownership’ of the Process at the domestic and EU level, and for it to demonstrate significant progress in reducing poverty and social exclusion.Less
Social cohesion is one of the declared objectives of the European Union and, with some 16 per cent of EU citizens at risk of poverty, the need to fight poverty and social exclusion continues as a major challenge. This book provides an in-depth analysis of the EU Social Inclusion Process, the means by which it hopes to meet this objective, and explores the challenges ahead at local, regional, national, and EU levels. It sets out concrete proposals for taking the Process forward, and provides an analysis of policy formulation and assessment. Setting out the evolution and current state of EU cooperation in social policy, the book examines what can be learned about poverty and social exclusion from the EU commonly agreed indicators. Taking the position of outside, but informed, observers, the authors explore the further development of the common indicators, including the implications of Enlargement, and consider the challenges of advancing the Social Inclusion Process – strengthening policy analysis, embedding the Process in domestic policies, and making it more effective. Proposing the setting of targets and restructuring of National Action Plans and their implementation, they emphasise the need for widespread ‘ownership’ of the Process at the domestic and EU level, and for it to demonstrate significant progress in reducing poverty and social exclusion.
Eric Marlier, A.B. Atkinson, Bea Cantillon, and Brian Nolan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861348845
- eISBN:
- 9781447303770
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861348845.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter considers the challenge of advancing the Social Inclusion Process in the context of the re-focused Lisbon Strategy, and of embedding the Process in domestic policies and implementing a ...
More
This chapter considers the challenge of advancing the Social Inclusion Process in the context of the re-focused Lisbon Strategy, and of embedding the Process in domestic policies and implementing a social-inclusion mainstreaming through establishing a scheme of systematic policy assessments at EU, national, and sub-national levels. It proposes the setting of targets, fundamentally restructured NAPs/inclusion, and working towards more ‘joined-up’ government, on the basis of committed administrative and political leadership, and parliamentary scrutiny. The chapter also stresses the importance of raising awareness of the Social Inclusion Process, and of further mobilising the different actors involved in the fight against poverty and social exclusion at the subnational, national, and EU levels.Less
This chapter considers the challenge of advancing the Social Inclusion Process in the context of the re-focused Lisbon Strategy, and of embedding the Process in domestic policies and implementing a social-inclusion mainstreaming through establishing a scheme of systematic policy assessments at EU, national, and sub-national levels. It proposes the setting of targets, fundamentally restructured NAPs/inclusion, and working towards more ‘joined-up’ government, on the basis of committed administrative and political leadership, and parliamentary scrutiny. The chapter also stresses the importance of raising awareness of the Social Inclusion Process, and of further mobilising the different actors involved in the fight against poverty and social exclusion at the subnational, national, and EU levels.
