Francis G. Castles
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199270170
- eISBN:
- 9780191601514
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199270171.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This book uses data from 21 OECD countries for the period 1980 to 1998 to test a variety of hypotheses suggesting that contemporary welfare states are in crisis and to establish the factors shaping ...
More
This book uses data from 21 OECD countries for the period 1980 to 1998 to test a variety of hypotheses suggesting that contemporary welfare states are in crisis and to establish the factors shaping the trajectory of welfare state development during these years. It assesses the validity of arguments that globalization leads to a ‘race to the bottom’ in social spending and that population ageing poses a threat to public budgets. It finds both of these arguments wanting and, instead, suggests that contemporary welfare states have been converging to a steady state over recent decades. The book also examines the extent to which welfare states across the OECD have been restructured in recent years and whether there are signs of the emergence of a distinctive European ‘social model’. Again, it finds that accounts of substantial welfare state restructuring and of the Europeanization of the welfare state are much exaggerated. Finally, the book identifies a potential threat to the viability of existing societies in a trend to declining fertility throughout the advanced world, but argues that the welfare state in the form of family-friendly policy is actually our best protection against this trend.Less
This book uses data from 21 OECD countries for the period 1980 to 1998 to test a variety of hypotheses suggesting that contemporary welfare states are in crisis and to establish the factors shaping the trajectory of welfare state development during these years. It assesses the validity of arguments that globalization leads to a ‘race to the bottom’ in social spending and that population ageing poses a threat to public budgets. It finds both of these arguments wanting and, instead, suggests that contemporary welfare states have been converging to a steady state over recent decades. The book also examines the extent to which welfare states across the OECD have been restructured in recent years and whether there are signs of the emergence of a distinctive European ‘social model’. Again, it finds that accounts of substantial welfare state restructuring and of the Europeanization of the welfare state are much exaggerated. Finally, the book identifies a potential threat to the viability of existing societies in a trend to declining fertility throughout the advanced world, but argues that the welfare state in the form of family-friendly policy is actually our best protection against this trend.
Carl-Ulrik Schierup
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198280521
- eISBN:
- 9780191603730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280521.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter examines EU policies concerning social exclusion, migrant integration, labour migration, and asylum in the early 21st century. A two-pronged approach analyzes EU efforts in the realm of ...
More
This chapter examines EU policies concerning social exclusion, migrant integration, labour migration, and asylum in the early 21st century. A two-pronged approach analyzes EU efforts in the realm of migrant integration together with its interventions in the area of immigration and asylum. A new anti-discrimination orientation is being turned into mandatory EU directives and EU-sponsored transnational development programmes, but this reorientation towards diversity, social inclusion, and equal opportunity is part of a new European Social Model, which is conditioned by a neo-liberal policy dynamic. The contours of the EU’s modernized Social Model are those of a post-national workfare regime. This has critical implications for the transformation of the frameworks of citizenship marking the post-war European welfare states in general, and the incorporation of immigrants and ethnic minorities in European societies in particular. The first part of the chapter explores the changing conditionality posed by the neo-liberal turn and changing frameworks of citizenship with regard to the inclusion of resident denizens and citizens with migrant background. That is, it focuses on the actual condition of being a citizen. The second half of the chapter discusses the changing conditions for becoming (or not becoming) a citizen, framed by a newly emerging supranational political economy of border control, migration management, and asylum.Less
This chapter examines EU policies concerning social exclusion, migrant integration, labour migration, and asylum in the early 21st century. A two-pronged approach analyzes EU efforts in the realm of migrant integration together with its interventions in the area of immigration and asylum. A new anti-discrimination orientation is being turned into mandatory EU directives and EU-sponsored transnational development programmes, but this reorientation towards diversity, social inclusion, and equal opportunity is part of a new European Social Model, which is conditioned by a neo-liberal policy dynamic. The contours of the EU’s modernized Social Model are those of a post-national workfare regime. This has critical implications for the transformation of the frameworks of citizenship marking the post-war European welfare states in general, and the incorporation of immigrants and ethnic minorities in European societies in particular. The first part of the chapter explores the changing conditionality posed by the neo-liberal turn and changing frameworks of citizenship with regard to the inclusion of resident denizens and citizens with migrant background. That is, it focuses on the actual condition of being a citizen. The second half of the chapter discusses the changing conditions for becoming (or not becoming) a citizen, framed by a newly emerging supranational political economy of border control, migration management, and asylum.
Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199261185
- eISBN:
- 9780191601507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199261180.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The social democratic state rises from the Great Depression and Second Word War. And up to the 1970s, the capitalist economies grow enormously, at the same time that social rights were recognized and ...
More
The social democratic state rises from the Great Depression and Second Word War. And up to the 1970s, the capitalist economies grow enormously, at the same time that social rights were recognized and the welfare state implemented. The tax burden and the state apparatus grow to face the new social and developmental activities taken on by the state. With the social state emerges plural or public opinion democracy. Political elites diversify, including increasing representatives of the professional middle class. Capitalism also diversifies, and we can detect four models of capitalism: the Anglo-Saxon market model, the European social model, the Asian developmental model, and the Latin American mixed model of capitalism. Particularly in the later two models, a developmental bureaucracy rises.Less
The social democratic state rises from the Great Depression and Second Word War. And up to the 1970s, the capitalist economies grow enormously, at the same time that social rights were recognized and the welfare state implemented. The tax burden and the state apparatus grow to face the new social and developmental activities taken on by the state. With the social state emerges plural or public opinion democracy. Political elites diversify, including increasing representatives of the professional middle class. Capitalism also diversifies, and we can detect four models of capitalism: the Anglo-Saxon market model, the European social model, the Asian developmental model, and the Latin American mixed model of capitalism. Particularly in the later two models, a developmental bureaucracy rises.
Daniel Wincott
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199252091
- eISBN:
- 9780191599224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252092.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Both positive and negative integration can produce Europeanization, but while the former, which generally implies the specification of a European model, is more likely to be politically loaded with ...
More
Both positive and negative integration can produce Europeanization, but while the former, which generally implies the specification of a European model, is more likely to be politically loaded with explicit normative content, the latter relies upon social and economic agents taking advantage of the opportunities provided by the removal of barriers to generate Europeanization from below. The European Social Model (ESM) is arguably the clearest example of a normatively loaded (putative) European model. Partly as a result, the lessons that the history of the ESM can teach are not those of Europeanization producing a gradual and steady convergence of national practices and policies based on a positive model; instead, it suggests that the processes of European integration and of Europeanization are not wholly distinct and neatly separated stages or phases, nor is Europeanization itself necessarily clear and coherent. The author, however, suggests that there is considerable analytical value in distinguishing between European integration and Europeanization. The chapter is developed in five main sections: the first considers the concept of Europeanization, emphasizing both its analytical value and the difficulty of applying it to the European Union (EU); the second section, ‘Is There a Common Social Model in Europe’, analyses whether a common ESM can be identified across the states of the EU; the third section, ‘Is the European Social Model a Product of Europeanization?’, turns to the question of whether the ESM was a product of Europeanization; the fourth section, ‘The European Social Model II: A ‘Triumphant Return’ or ‘Second Time as Farce’, analyses the reappearance of the ESM on the European Union policy agenda as a part of the legitimizing discourse surrounding the ‘Open Method of Co-ordination’ (OMe), introduced at the Lisbon meeting of the European Council in 2000; a brief conclusion returns to issues of and debates about Europeanization.Less
Both positive and negative integration can produce Europeanization, but while the former, which generally implies the specification of a European model, is more likely to be politically loaded with explicit normative content, the latter relies upon social and economic agents taking advantage of the opportunities provided by the removal of barriers to generate Europeanization from below. The European Social Model (ESM) is arguably the clearest example of a normatively loaded (putative) European model. Partly as a result, the lessons that the history of the ESM can teach are not those of Europeanization producing a gradual and steady convergence of national practices and policies based on a positive model; instead, it suggests that the processes of European integration and of Europeanization are not wholly distinct and neatly separated stages or phases, nor is Europeanization itself necessarily clear and coherent. The author, however, suggests that there is considerable analytical value in distinguishing between European integration and Europeanization. The chapter is developed in five main sections: the first considers the concept of Europeanization, emphasizing both its analytical value and the difficulty of applying it to the European Union (EU); the second section, ‘Is There a Common Social Model in Europe’, analyses whether a common ESM can be identified across the states of the EU; the third section, ‘Is the European Social Model a Product of Europeanization?’, turns to the question of whether the ESM was a product of Europeanization; the fourth section, ‘The European Social Model II: A ‘Triumphant Return’ or ‘Second Time as Farce’, analyses the reappearance of the ESM on the European Union policy agenda as a part of the legitimizing discourse surrounding the ‘Open Method of Co-ordination’ (OMe), introduced at the Lisbon meeting of the European Council in 2000; a brief conclusion returns to issues of and debates about Europeanization.
Iris Marion Young
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195392388
- eISBN:
- 9780199866625
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392388.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy
When the noted political philosopher Iris Marion Young died in 2006, her death was mourned as the passing of “one of the most important political philosophers of the past quarter-century” (Cass ...
More
When the noted political philosopher Iris Marion Young died in 2006, her death was mourned as the passing of “one of the most important political philosophers of the past quarter-century” (Cass Sunstein) and as an important and innovative thinker working at the conjunction of a number of important topics: global justice; democracy and difference; continental political theory; ethics and international affairs; and gender, race and public policy. This book discusses our responsibilities to address “structural” injustices in which we among many are implicated (but for which we are not to blame), often by virtue of participating in a market, such as buying goods produced in sweatshops, or participating in booming housing markets that leave many homeless. The book argues that addressing these structural injustices requires a new model of responsibility, which it calls the “social connection” model. The book develops this idea by clarifying the nature of structural injustice; developing the notion of political responsibility for injustice and how it differs from older ideas of blame and guilt; and finally how we can then use this model to describe our responsibilities to others no matter who we are and where we live.Less
When the noted political philosopher Iris Marion Young died in 2006, her death was mourned as the passing of “one of the most important political philosophers of the past quarter-century” (Cass Sunstein) and as an important and innovative thinker working at the conjunction of a number of important topics: global justice; democracy and difference; continental political theory; ethics and international affairs; and gender, race and public policy. This book discusses our responsibilities to address “structural” injustices in which we among many are implicated (but for which we are not to blame), often by virtue of participating in a market, such as buying goods produced in sweatshops, or participating in booming housing markets that leave many homeless. The book argues that addressing these structural injustices requires a new model of responsibility, which it calls the “social connection” model. The book develops this idea by clarifying the nature of structural injustice; developing the notion of political responsibility for injustice and how it differs from older ideas of blame and guilt; and finally how we can then use this model to describe our responsibilities to others no matter who we are and where we live.
Patrick R. Laughlin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147918
- eISBN:
- 9781400836673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147918.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter studies the historical development of social combination models. The social combination approach assumes that groups combine the group member preferences by some process to formulate a ...
More
This chapter studies the historical development of social combination models. The social combination approach assumes that groups combine the group member preferences by some process to formulate a single collective group response. A social decision scheme formalizes any assumption about the group process that assigns probabilities of each group response given each distribution of member preferences. The assumptions may come from the constitutions or bylaws of a group, from previous research, or any other hypothesized group process. Different social decision schemes or social combination models may then be tested competitively against actual group performance as a test of the assumptions formalized by the social decision schemes. Stasser gives an excellent overall presentation of social decision scheme theory, including model formation, model testing, and using the equations for prospective modeling.Less
This chapter studies the historical development of social combination models. The social combination approach assumes that groups combine the group member preferences by some process to formulate a single collective group response. A social decision scheme formalizes any assumption about the group process that assigns probabilities of each group response given each distribution of member preferences. The assumptions may come from the constitutions or bylaws of a group, from previous research, or any other hypothesized group process. Different social decision schemes or social combination models may then be tested competitively against actual group performance as a test of the assumptions formalized by the social decision schemes. Stasser gives an excellent overall presentation of social decision scheme theory, including model formation, model testing, and using the equations for prospective modeling.
Francis G. Castles
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199270170
- eISBN:
- 9780191601514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199270171.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Seeks to explore the notion that European welfare states have been becoming more alike in recent years, with a view to establishing the reality or otherwise of the notion of a distinct ‘European ...
More
Seeks to explore the notion that European welfare states have been becoming more alike in recent years, with a view to establishing the reality or otherwise of the notion of a distinct ‘European social model’. The analysis shows that convergence within Europe is largely restricted to aggregate social expenditure levels, but that welfare state standards, spending on individual welfare programmes and welfare state priorities quite often differ appreciably within and between different European families of nations. In consequence, it would appear that we are no nearer to a European ‘social model’ in the early twenty-first century than we were in the early 1980s.Less
Seeks to explore the notion that European welfare states have been becoming more alike in recent years, with a view to establishing the reality or otherwise of the notion of a distinct ‘European social model’. The analysis shows that convergence within Europe is largely restricted to aggregate social expenditure levels, but that welfare state standards, spending on individual welfare programmes and welfare state priorities quite often differ appreciably within and between different European families of nations. In consequence, it would appear that we are no nearer to a European ‘social model’ in the early twenty-first century than we were in the early 1980s.
Sara Binzer Hobolt
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549948
- eISBN:
- 9780191720451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549948.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
This chapter explores the perhaps most significant votes on Europe so far: the referendums on the European Constitutional Treaty in 2005. The chapter examines the two failed referendums in France and ...
More
This chapter explores the perhaps most significant votes on Europe so far: the referendums on the European Constitutional Treaty in 2005. The chapter examines the two failed referendums in France and the Netherlands and addresses the questions: Why did the French and the Dutch reject the Constitutional Treaty? Why did the governments fail the task of convincing voters? What was the role of the campaign? Based on systematic research of the campaigns and analyses of the survey data, this chapter provides a comprehensive account of campaign dynamics and voting behaviour in these referendums that ultimately led to the downfall of the European Constitution. The analyses show that the campaigns played an important role in framing certain issue attitudes, such as social issues in France and culture and identity concerns in the Netherlands. These no‐votes thus reflected concerns over specific aspects of European project rather than simply anti‐EU sentiments and protest voting.Less
This chapter explores the perhaps most significant votes on Europe so far: the referendums on the European Constitutional Treaty in 2005. The chapter examines the two failed referendums in France and the Netherlands and addresses the questions: Why did the French and the Dutch reject the Constitutional Treaty? Why did the governments fail the task of convincing voters? What was the role of the campaign? Based on systematic research of the campaigns and analyses of the survey data, this chapter provides a comprehensive account of campaign dynamics and voting behaviour in these referendums that ultimately led to the downfall of the European Constitution. The analyses show that the campaigns played an important role in framing certain issue attitudes, such as social issues in France and culture and identity concerns in the Netherlands. These no‐votes thus reflected concerns over specific aspects of European project rather than simply anti‐EU sentiments and protest voting.
John McCormick
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556212
- eISBN:
- 9780191721830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556212.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, International Relations and Politics
This chapter focuses on European society, arguing that the European Social Model—while interesting as a reference point for analysis—is too driven by economic factors to shed as much light on ...
More
This chapter focuses on European society, arguing that the European Social Model—while interesting as a reference point for analysis—is too driven by economic factors to shed as much light on European social norms as it might. The chapter instead focuses on four sets of issues that more directly bring out the social facets of Europeanism: the causes and consequences of Europe's declining population numbers, the changing definition of the European family (fewer marriages, fewer children, more children born outside marriage, and smaller households), the changing European work ethic with its emphasis on greater leisure and more enjoyment of the rewards of labour, and the nature of approaches to criminal justice. The chapter argues that Europeanism favours quality over quantity, and that Europeans are less focused on accumulation and consumption than on pursuing post‐modern objectives.Less
This chapter focuses on European society, arguing that the European Social Model—while interesting as a reference point for analysis—is too driven by economic factors to shed as much light on European social norms as it might. The chapter instead focuses on four sets of issues that more directly bring out the social facets of Europeanism: the causes and consequences of Europe's declining population numbers, the changing definition of the European family (fewer marriages, fewer children, more children born outside marriage, and smaller households), the changing European work ethic with its emphasis on greater leisure and more enjoyment of the rewards of labour, and the nature of approaches to criminal justice. The chapter argues that Europeanism favours quality over quantity, and that Europeans are less focused on accumulation and consumption than on pursuing post‐modern objectives.
Jens Alber and Neil Gilbert (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195376630
- eISBN:
- 9780199865499
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376630.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
Since the advent of the European Union, politicians have increasingly emphasized the notion of a European social model as an alternative to the American form of market capitalism, which is seen as ...
More
Since the advent of the European Union, politicians have increasingly emphasized the notion of a European social model as an alternative to the American form of market capitalism, which is seen as promoting economic growth without regard for solidarity and social progress. As this political discourse has advanced, social scientists and academic policy analysts have raised questions concerning the extent to which the EU and US social models exist outside the minds of diplomats and politicians seeking to stitch together a common identity. How much unity is there still within Europe after the Eastern enlargements have considerably increased economic and cultural diversity? To whatever extent one might discern a distinct set of commonalities that represent the core of a European approach, how different are the European characteristics of social, economic, and political life from those of America? Addressing these issues, this book systematically analyzes how much European countries and the United States have in common, and how much variation we find within the enlarged European Union in eight central spheres of socio-economic and political life: employment, equality/mobility, educational opportunity, integration of immigrants, democratic functioning, political participation, rights to welfare, and levels of public spending. Drawing on empirical analyses by US and European scholars who represent multi-disciplinary backgrounds, each of these topics is put under scrutiny. The results of this study illuminate points of convergence and divergence as seen from the perspectives of scholars from both sides of the Atlantic.Less
Since the advent of the European Union, politicians have increasingly emphasized the notion of a European social model as an alternative to the American form of market capitalism, which is seen as promoting economic growth without regard for solidarity and social progress. As this political discourse has advanced, social scientists and academic policy analysts have raised questions concerning the extent to which the EU and US social models exist outside the minds of diplomats and politicians seeking to stitch together a common identity. How much unity is there still within Europe after the Eastern enlargements have considerably increased economic and cultural diversity? To whatever extent one might discern a distinct set of commonalities that represent the core of a European approach, how different are the European characteristics of social, economic, and political life from those of America? Addressing these issues, this book systematically analyzes how much European countries and the United States have in common, and how much variation we find within the enlarged European Union in eight central spheres of socio-economic and political life: employment, equality/mobility, educational opportunity, integration of immigrants, democratic functioning, political participation, rights to welfare, and levels of public spending. Drawing on empirical analyses by US and European scholars who represent multi-disciplinary backgrounds, each of these topics is put under scrutiny. The results of this study illuminate points of convergence and divergence as seen from the perspectives of scholars from both sides of the Atlantic.
Chiara Saraceno
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195376630
- eISBN:
- 9780199865499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376630.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
The “European Social Model” (ESM) is similar to the concept of social citizenship developed by T. H. Marshall (1950). Marshall's concept embodied a vision of active as opposed to passive social ...
More
The “European Social Model” (ESM) is similar to the concept of social citizenship developed by T. H. Marshall (1950). Marshall's concept embodied a vision of active as opposed to passive social citizenship. The concept also proposed a view of social justice whereby inequality would not disappear, but at the same time would not seriously undermine the life chances of the less privileged. In the Lisbon Agenda, the EU and each individual country stressed the role of the state — and of the supranational EU state — in developing the ESM within the context of the changing world environment and global competition. This chapter first examines whether, midway through the period set for the Lisbon agenda, substantial improvements regarding the incidence of poverty and social exclusion have been made within the EU. Second, through an analysis of national minimum income support measures, it assesses whether there is a common understanding across the EU regarding the right to a minimum of resources. Third, it analyzes the degree to which EU-level policies and interventions serve to promote the development of a common approach in this area.Less
The “European Social Model” (ESM) is similar to the concept of social citizenship developed by T. H. Marshall (1950). Marshall's concept embodied a vision of active as opposed to passive social citizenship. The concept also proposed a view of social justice whereby inequality would not disappear, but at the same time would not seriously undermine the life chances of the less privileged. In the Lisbon Agenda, the EU and each individual country stressed the role of the state — and of the supranational EU state — in developing the ESM within the context of the changing world environment and global competition. This chapter first examines whether, midway through the period set for the Lisbon agenda, substantial improvements regarding the incidence of poverty and social exclusion have been made within the EU. Second, through an analysis of national minimum income support measures, it assesses whether there is a common understanding across the EU regarding the right to a minimum of resources. Third, it analyzes the degree to which EU-level policies and interventions serve to promote the development of a common approach in this area.
Patrick R. Laughlin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147918
- eISBN:
- 9781400836673
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147918.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Experimental research by social and cognitive psychologists has established that cooperative groups solve a wide range of problems better than individuals. Cooperative problem solving groups of ...
More
Experimental research by social and cognitive psychologists has established that cooperative groups solve a wide range of problems better than individuals. Cooperative problem solving groups of scientific researchers, auditors, financial analysts, air crash investigators, and forensic art experts are increasingly important in our complex and interdependent society. This comprehensive textbook presents important theories and experimental research about group problem solving. The book focuses on tasks that have demonstrably correct solutions within mathematical, logical, scientific, or verbal systems, including algebra problems, analogies, vocabulary, and logical reasoning problems. It explores basic concepts in group problem solving, social combination models, group memory, group ability and world knowledge tasks, rule induction problems, letters-to-numbers problems, evidence for positive group-to-individual transfer, and social choice theory. The conclusion proposes ten generalizations that are supported by the theory and research on group problem solving. The book is an essential resource for decision-making research in social and cognitive psychology, but also extremely relevant to multidisciplinary and multicultural problem-solving teams in organizational behavior, business administration, management, and behavioral economics.Less
Experimental research by social and cognitive psychologists has established that cooperative groups solve a wide range of problems better than individuals. Cooperative problem solving groups of scientific researchers, auditors, financial analysts, air crash investigators, and forensic art experts are increasingly important in our complex and interdependent society. This comprehensive textbook presents important theories and experimental research about group problem solving. The book focuses on tasks that have demonstrably correct solutions within mathematical, logical, scientific, or verbal systems, including algebra problems, analogies, vocabulary, and logical reasoning problems. It explores basic concepts in group problem solving, social combination models, group memory, group ability and world knowledge tasks, rule induction problems, letters-to-numbers problems, evidence for positive group-to-individual transfer, and social choice theory. The conclusion proposes ten generalizations that are supported by the theory and research on group problem solving. The book is an essential resource for decision-making research in social and cognitive psychology, but also extremely relevant to multidisciplinary and multicultural problem-solving teams in organizational behavior, business administration, management, and behavioral economics.
Iris Marion Young
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195392388
- eISBN:
- 9780199866625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392388.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter proposes an alternative conception of responsibility called the social connection model of responsibility. The social connection model finds that all those who contribute by their ...
More
This chapter proposes an alternative conception of responsibility called the social connection model of responsibility. The social connection model finds that all those who contribute by their actions to structural processes with some unjust outcomes share responsibility for the injustice. This responsibility is not primarily backward-looking, as the attribution of guilt or fault is, but rather primarily forward-looking. Being responsible in relation to structural injustice means that one has an obligation to join with others who share that responsibility in order to transform the structural processes to make their outcomes less unjust. The chapter contrasts the social connection model of responsibility with the conception usually applied in legal and moral discourse, called the liability model. While some people might think the best strategy for theorizing responsibility for structural injustice is to extend and adapt the liability model, there are problems with this approach. There are good practical as well as theoretical reasons for saying that responsibility in relation to structural injustice is a special kind of responsibility, rather than a variation on responsibility understood as guilt, blame, fault, or liability.Less
This chapter proposes an alternative conception of responsibility called the social connection model of responsibility. The social connection model finds that all those who contribute by their actions to structural processes with some unjust outcomes share responsibility for the injustice. This responsibility is not primarily backward-looking, as the attribution of guilt or fault is, but rather primarily forward-looking. Being responsible in relation to structural injustice means that one has an obligation to join with others who share that responsibility in order to transform the structural processes to make their outcomes less unjust. The chapter contrasts the social connection model of responsibility with the conception usually applied in legal and moral discourse, called the liability model. While some people might think the best strategy for theorizing responsibility for structural injustice is to extend and adapt the liability model, there are problems with this approach. There are good practical as well as theoretical reasons for saying that responsibility in relation to structural injustice is a special kind of responsibility, rather than a variation on responsibility understood as guilt, blame, fault, or liability.
Susannah B. F. Paletz and Christian D. Schunn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199753628
- eISBN:
- 9780199950027
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753628.003.0018
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology
Research in the psychology of science has typically fallen into separate, isolated subfields within psychology. This chapter examines two models that tie together social and cognitive psychological ...
More
Research in the psychology of science has typically fallen into separate, isolated subfields within psychology. This chapter examines two models that tie together social and cognitive psychological variables important in the development of innovation in multidisciplinary science teams, separately considering convergent versus divergent creative processes. The models are theoretically examined from the perspective of explicit and implicit elements. The chapter then draws on a recent study examining the moment-by-moment interplay of conflict (a social variable) and analogy (a cognitive variable) in a real-world multidisciplinary science team to examine the empirical nature of connections between social and cognitive models. While both conflict and analogies can be implicit and explicit simultaneously, the significant connections between these two variables seem to be mainly implicit, drawing on underlying knowledge structures and differences.Less
Research in the psychology of science has typically fallen into separate, isolated subfields within psychology. This chapter examines two models that tie together social and cognitive psychological variables important in the development of innovation in multidisciplinary science teams, separately considering convergent versus divergent creative processes. The models are theoretically examined from the perspective of explicit and implicit elements. The chapter then draws on a recent study examining the moment-by-moment interplay of conflict (a social variable) and analogy (a cognitive variable) in a real-world multidisciplinary science team to examine the empirical nature of connections between social and cognitive models. While both conflict and analogies can be implicit and explicit simultaneously, the significant connections between these two variables seem to be mainly implicit, drawing on underlying knowledge structures and differences.
D. Jason Slone
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195169263
- eISBN:
- 9780199835256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195169263.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter evaluates the standard social science model and postmodernist theories and methods for studying religion. It is argued that the theoretical inadequacies of the standard social science ...
More
This chapter evaluates the standard social science model and postmodernist theories and methods for studying religion. It is argued that the theoretical inadequacies of the standard social science model has limited is explanatory power. Scholars’ acceptance of problematic assumptions about knowledge, scholarship, cultures, religion and human behavior from postmodernism has hindered progress in the field.Less
This chapter evaluates the standard social science model and postmodernist theories and methods for studying religion. It is argued that the theoretical inadequacies of the standard social science model has limited is explanatory power. Scholars’ acceptance of problematic assumptions about knowledge, scholarship, cultures, religion and human behavior from postmodernism has hindered progress in the field.
Andrea Bianchi
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199844845
- eISBN:
- 9780199933501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199844845.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
Around 1970, an uprising against Frege’s doctrines was initiated by “the quartet”: Keith Donnellan, Saul Kripke, Hilary Putnam, and David Kaplan. Indeed “the quartet engendered a set of ideas...that ...
More
Around 1970, an uprising against Frege’s doctrines was initiated by “the quartet”: Keith Donnellan, Saul Kripke, Hilary Putnam, and David Kaplan. Indeed “the quartet engendered a set of ideas...that is often called ‘Millian’ or ‘direct reference’ semantics.” As a result, a new tradition in philosophy was established, called “American referential realism.” This chapter suggests that two different models of the functioning of natural language are at work within American referential realism: the psychological model of the functioning of language and the social model of the functioning of language. The chapter outlines some of the basic features of these models.Less
Around 1970, an uprising against Frege’s doctrines was initiated by “the quartet”: Keith Donnellan, Saul Kripke, Hilary Putnam, and David Kaplan. Indeed “the quartet engendered a set of ideas...that is often called ‘Millian’ or ‘direct reference’ semantics.” As a result, a new tradition in philosophy was established, called “American referential realism.” This chapter suggests that two different models of the functioning of natural language are at work within American referential realism: the psychological model of the functioning of language and the social model of the functioning of language. The chapter outlines some of the basic features of these models.
Bernard Van Praag
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226146
- eISBN:
- 9780191718595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226146.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter examines the premise that in addition to lifetime experiences, an individual's reference group will have an impact on his or her norms and behaviour. Two cases are considered. In the ...
More
This chapter examines the premise that in addition to lifetime experiences, an individual's reference group will have an impact on his or her norms and behaviour. Two cases are considered. In the first case, the person's reference group is known, such as people of the same age, education, and job type. In the second case, the person's reference group is not known beforehand, and the reference group is estimated based on the person's norms on income. The reference group is described by a social-filter model, which assigns much weight to persons who are ‘nearby’ and less to those ‘far away’, socially speaking.Less
This chapter examines the premise that in addition to lifetime experiences, an individual's reference group will have an impact on his or her norms and behaviour. Two cases are considered. In the first case, the person's reference group is known, such as people of the same age, education, and job type. In the second case, the person's reference group is not known beforehand, and the reference group is estimated based on the person's norms on income. The reference group is described by a social-filter model, which assigns much weight to persons who are ‘nearby’ and less to those ‘far away’, socially speaking.
Salvatore J. Babones (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847423207
- eISBN:
- 9781447303398
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847423207.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Public health in the early 21st century increasingly considers how social inequalities impact on individual health, moving away from the focus on how disease relates to the individual person. This ...
More
Public health in the early 21st century increasingly considers how social inequalities impact on individual health, moving away from the focus on how disease relates to the individual person. This ‘new public health’ identifies how social, economic and political factors affect the level and distribution of individual health, through their effects on individual behaviours, the social groups people belong to, the character of relationships to others and the characteristics of the societies in which people live. The rising social inequalities that can be seen in nearly every country in the world today present not just a moral danger, but a mortal danger as well. This book brings together the latest research findings from some of the most respected medical and social scientists in the world. It surveys four pathways to understanding the social determinants of health: differences in individual health behaviours; group advantage and disadvantage; psychosocial factors in individual health; and healthy and unhealthy societies, shedding light on the costs and consequences of today's high-inequality social models. This book brings together leaders in the field discussing their latest research.Less
Public health in the early 21st century increasingly considers how social inequalities impact on individual health, moving away from the focus on how disease relates to the individual person. This ‘new public health’ identifies how social, economic and political factors affect the level and distribution of individual health, through their effects on individual behaviours, the social groups people belong to, the character of relationships to others and the characteristics of the societies in which people live. The rising social inequalities that can be seen in nearly every country in the world today present not just a moral danger, but a mortal danger as well. This book brings together the latest research findings from some of the most respected medical and social scientists in the world. It surveys four pathways to understanding the social determinants of health: differences in individual health behaviours; group advantage and disadvantage; psychosocial factors in individual health; and healthy and unhealthy societies, shedding light on the costs and consequences of today's high-inequality social models. This book brings together leaders in the field discussing their latest research.
Ralph Hertwig, Urs Fischbacher, and Adrian Bruhin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195388435
- eISBN:
- 9780199950089
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388435.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The dominant behavior observed in social games such as the ultimatum game, the dictator game, and public good games violates the classical assumption in economics of purely selfish preferences. To ...
More
The dominant behavior observed in social games such as the ultimatum game, the dictator game, and public good games violates the classical assumption in economics of purely selfish preferences. To account for this behavior, economists have proposed social preference models, which introduce nonselfish motives as additional arguments and parameters in the utility function. Like classical utility models, social preference models focus on behavior at the expense of describing underlying cognitive processes, contenting themselves with being “as-if” models. This approach unnecessarily limits the models' psychological realism and forgoes the empirical benefits of describing the processes that produce behavioral outcomes. As an alternative, the chapter proposes fast and frugal classification trees. Designed to describe deliberations and decisions in the mini-ultimatum game, the trees spell out the possible cognitive processes of four distinct types of respondents. The chapter derives response-time predictions from these trees as well as from a process interpretation of an influential social preference model, the Fehr and Schmidt model of inequity aversion, and test the predictions empirically. The observed response times suggest that a substantial proportion of respondents in the mini-ultimatum game take several distinct social considerations into account and process them sequentially, consistent with the proposed classification trees. The chapter discusses the implications of these findings for theories of economic behavior.Less
The dominant behavior observed in social games such as the ultimatum game, the dictator game, and public good games violates the classical assumption in economics of purely selfish preferences. To account for this behavior, economists have proposed social preference models, which introduce nonselfish motives as additional arguments and parameters in the utility function. Like classical utility models, social preference models focus on behavior at the expense of describing underlying cognitive processes, contenting themselves with being “as-if” models. This approach unnecessarily limits the models' psychological realism and forgoes the empirical benefits of describing the processes that produce behavioral outcomes. As an alternative, the chapter proposes fast and frugal classification trees. Designed to describe deliberations and decisions in the mini-ultimatum game, the trees spell out the possible cognitive processes of four distinct types of respondents. The chapter derives response-time predictions from these trees as well as from a process interpretation of an influential social preference model, the Fehr and Schmidt model of inequity aversion, and test the predictions empirically. The observed response times suggest that a substantial proportion of respondents in the mini-ultimatum game take several distinct social considerations into account and process them sequentially, consistent with the proposed classification trees. The chapter discusses the implications of these findings for theories of economic behavior.
Robert Ervin Cramer and Robert Frank Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199735969
- eISBN:
- 9780199894529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199735969.003.0133
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Participation in conversation is reinforced by the opportunity to speak in reply. People will learn an instrumental response, the sole reinforcement for which is the deliverance of another human ...
More
Participation in conversation is reinforced by the opportunity to speak in reply. People will learn an instrumental response, the sole reinforcement for which is the deliverance of another human being from suffering. Increasing or decreasing N-opponents in a competitive situation facilitates learning an instrumental response. Attitudinal agreements are less reinforcing from a person who, as a result of the agreements, is increasingly more attractive. And a supervisor will rate a new worker’s causal agency for high productivity lower if a consistently productive worker also is present. These fascinating relationships predicted and discovered in our speaking in reply, altruism, competition, interpersonal attraction, and causal relationship detection research, respectively, illustrate the power of learning theory for illuminating social process. A great body of research with roots in the work of Thorndike and Pavlov, and in the Hull-Miller-Spence tradition, informed and guided the social psychological experiments described in this chapter.Less
Participation in conversation is reinforced by the opportunity to speak in reply. People will learn an instrumental response, the sole reinforcement for which is the deliverance of another human being from suffering. Increasing or decreasing N-opponents in a competitive situation facilitates learning an instrumental response. Attitudinal agreements are less reinforcing from a person who, as a result of the agreements, is increasingly more attractive. And a supervisor will rate a new worker’s causal agency for high productivity lower if a consistently productive worker also is present. These fascinating relationships predicted and discovered in our speaking in reply, altruism, competition, interpersonal attraction, and causal relationship detection research, respectively, illustrate the power of learning theory for illuminating social process. A great body of research with roots in the work of Thorndike and Pavlov, and in the Hull-Miller-Spence tradition, informed and guided the social psychological experiments described in this chapter.
