Meir Yaish
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Engages with the long lasting debate in sociology concerning the consequences of industrialization process for social mobility. It is argued that Israeli society provides one of the most adequate ...
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Engages with the long lasting debate in sociology concerning the consequences of industrialization process for social mobility. It is argued that Israeli society provides one of the most adequate tests of this thesis. In this context, then, the analysis in this chapter is guided by two main questions: (1) has equality of opportunity in Israeli mobility increased over time, (2) has the mobility process in Israeli society become more meritocratic over time. The analysis in this chapter is based on data from two nationally representative surveys that were tailored to the study of social mobility–the 1974 and the 1991 Israeli mobility surveys. It is shown that Israelis (men and women alike) experience high level of social mobility and fluidity–but with little temporal variations. It is also shown that while the Israeli stratification system has some meritocratic components, these did not gain in strength over time. Thus it is concluded that, in the Israeli context, social mobility, and the industrialization process do not go hand in hand.Less
Engages with the long lasting debate in sociology concerning the consequences of industrialization process for social mobility. It is argued that Israeli society provides one of the most adequate tests of this thesis. In this context, then, the analysis in this chapter is guided by two main questions: (1) has equality of opportunity in Israeli mobility increased over time, (2) has the mobility process in Israeli society become more meritocratic over time. The analysis in this chapter is based on data from two nationally representative surveys that were tailored to the study of social mobility–the 1974 and the 1991 Israeli mobility surveys. It is shown that Israelis (men and women alike) experience high level of social mobility and fluidity–but with little temporal variations. It is also shown that while the Israeli stratification system has some meritocratic components, these did not gain in strength over time. Thus it is concluded that, in the Israeli context, social mobility, and the industrialization process do not go hand in hand.
Walter Müller and Reinhard Pollak
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of intergenerational mobility in West Germany pursuing both a period and a cohort perspective. Concerning the evolution of social fluidity in the ...
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Provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of intergenerational mobility in West Germany pursuing both a period and a cohort perspective. Concerning the evolution of social fluidity in the period from 1976 to 1999 we find indications of a slight, yet not statistically significant, trend towards more social fluidity. A clear and significant increase of social fluidity, however, is found when analysing the mobility patterns of cohorts born between 1920 and 1969. The increase in social fluidity is most probably due to declining class inequalities in educational attainment. The chapter also elaborates the impact on mobility patterns of the turbulent political, social, and economic history of twentieth-century Germany that probably explains the difference between the findings of the period and cohort perspectives.Less
Provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of intergenerational mobility in West Germany pursuing both a period and a cohort perspective. Concerning the evolution of social fluidity in the period from 1976 to 1999 we find indications of a slight, yet not statistically significant, trend towards more social fluidity. A clear and significant increase of social fluidity, however, is found when analysing the mobility patterns of cohorts born between 1920 and 1969. The increase in social fluidity is most probably due to declining class inequalities in educational attainment. The chapter also elaborates the impact on mobility patterns of the turbulent political, social, and economic history of twentieth-century Germany that probably explains the difference between the findings of the period and cohort perspectives.
Péter Róbert and Erzsébet Bukodi
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Investigates temporal changes in Hungarian mobility patterns. Large-scale data sets of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, collected between 1973 and 2000 are used for this purpose. In addition ...
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Investigates temporal changes in Hungarian mobility patterns. Large-scale data sets of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, collected between 1973 and 2000 are used for this purpose. In addition to descriptive statistics, log-linear and log-multiplicative models are fitted to the data in order to investigate trends of temporal changes. Descriptive results indicate that the restructuring of the class distribution slowed down in the 1980s in comparison to the 1970s but it increased again in the 1990s. Observed mobility rates turned out to be relatively high but data does not indicate an increase in the openness of the Hungarian society. For relative mobility rates, the hypothesis of constant social fluidity cannot be rejected for Hungary. Though an increase in social fluidity did occur between 1973 and 1983, it levelled off between 1983 and 1992, and it reversed between 1992 and 2000.Less
Investigates temporal changes in Hungarian mobility patterns. Large-scale data sets of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, collected between 1973 and 2000 are used for this purpose. In addition to descriptive statistics, log-linear and log-multiplicative models are fitted to the data in order to investigate trends of temporal changes. Descriptive results indicate that the restructuring of the class distribution slowed down in the 1980s in comparison to the 1970s but it increased again in the 1990s. Observed mobility rates turned out to be relatively high but data does not indicate an increase in the openness of the Hungarian society. For relative mobility rates, the hypothesis of constant social fluidity cannot be rejected for Hungary. Though an increase in social fluidity did occur between 1973 and 1983, it levelled off between 1983 and 1992, and it reversed between 1992 and 2000.
Maurizio Pisati and Antonio Schizzerotto
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Analyses changes in the Italian social mobility regime over the period 1985 to 1997. First, it is shown that both men’s and women’s absolute rates of mobility have remained substantially stable ...
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Analyses changes in the Italian social mobility regime over the period 1985 to 1997. First, it is shown that both men’s and women’s absolute rates of mobility have remained substantially stable during the period under analysis. Some changes did occur in relative mobility changes: on the one hand, the strength of the barriers separating the urban manual and non-manual classes has increased somewhat; on the other hand, the degree of viscosity of agricultural classes has considerably decreased. Overall, these two changes have brought about a slight increase in the degree of fluidity of the Italian society.Less
Analyses changes in the Italian social mobility regime over the period 1985 to 1997. First, it is shown that both men’s and women’s absolute rates of mobility have remained substantially stable during the period under analysis. Some changes did occur in relative mobility changes: on the one hand, the strength of the barriers separating the urban manual and non-manual classes has increased somewhat; on the other hand, the degree of viscosity of agricultural classes has considerably decreased. Overall, these two changes have brought about a slight increase in the degree of fluidity of the Italian society.
Jan O. Jonsson
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Social structural change has meant that ‘higher’ social classes–primarily, the service classes–have increased in numbers during the last 25 years in Sweden, while the working class has decreased. ...
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Social structural change has meant that ‘higher’ social classes–primarily, the service classes–have increased in numbers during the last 25 years in Sweden, while the working class has decreased. Total social mobility between generations has, however, changed rather little. The only trend that can be discerned is that the share of vertical to non-vertical moves has increased over time, particularly that women’s upward mobility has increased. Relative social mobility, or social fluidity, has not changed overall for men, though the advantage to an upper service class origin appears to have diminished somewhat. For women, however, there is increasing social fluidity across the board. This increase took place at the end of the 1980s and stabilized thereafter. One plausible process behind this is a decreasing association between class of origin and educational attainment, probably acting through cohort replacement.Less
Social structural change has meant that ‘higher’ social classes–primarily, the service classes–have increased in numbers during the last 25 years in Sweden, while the working class has decreased. Total social mobility between generations has, however, changed rather little. The only trend that can be discerned is that the share of vertical to non-vertical moves has increased over time, particularly that women’s upward mobility has increased. Relative social mobility, or social fluidity, has not changed overall for men, though the advantage to an upper service class origin appears to have diminished somewhat. For women, however, there is increasing social fluidity across the board. This increase took place at the end of the 1980s and stabilized thereafter. One plausible process behind this is a decreasing association between class of origin and educational attainment, probably acting through cohort replacement.
John H. Goldthorpe
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Analyses trends in intergenerational class mobility in Britain between the early 1970s and the early 1990s on the basis of data from the General Household Survey. Over this period there was little ...
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Analyses trends in intergenerational class mobility in Britain between the early 1970s and the early 1990s on the basis of data from the General Household Survey. Over this period there was little change in total mobility rates. Rates of upward mobility, if anything, fell while rates of downward mobility rose–in contrast to the situation in the middle decades of the twentieth century when rising rates of upward mobility were the salient feature. However, there is continuity in that relative rates of mobility, indicating the level of social fluidity, remain little altered. Education plays a major part in mediating class mobility but its influence is now tending to decrease rather than increase, and individuals’ class origins still have a significant independent effect on their class destinations.Less
Analyses trends in intergenerational class mobility in Britain between the early 1970s and the early 1990s on the basis of data from the General Household Survey. Over this period there was little change in total mobility rates. Rates of upward mobility, if anything, fell while rates of downward mobility rose–in contrast to the situation in the middle decades of the twentieth century when rising rates of upward mobility were the salient feature. However, there is continuity in that relative rates of mobility, indicating the level of social fluidity, remain little altered. Education plays a major part in mediating class mobility but its influence is now tending to decrease rather than increase, and individuals’ class origins still have a significant independent effect on their class destinations.
Kristen Ringdal
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter, based on four surveys covering the period from 1973 to 1995, focuses on changes in the Norwegian class structure, and on trends in absolute as well as in relative social mobility. The ...
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This chapter, based on four surveys covering the period from 1973 to 1995, focuses on changes in the Norwegian class structure, and on trends in absolute as well as in relative social mobility. The access to rewarded positions in Norway has become easier for all due to the expansion of the service class in the period studied. The pervasive sex segregation in work does, however, show few signs of weakening: women are still concentrated in the lower service class and in routine non-manual work. The analysis of both absolute and relative social mobility shows that, despite educational expansion, privileged social background is still important in Norway, although this study points to a weakening of the vertical barriers to social mobility between 1973 and 1995.Less
This chapter, based on four surveys covering the period from 1973 to 1995, focuses on changes in the Norwegian class structure, and on trends in absolute as well as in relative social mobility. The access to rewarded positions in Norway has become easier for all due to the expansion of the service class in the period studied. The pervasive sex segregation in work does, however, show few signs of weakening: women are still concentrated in the lower service class and in routine non-manual work. The analysis of both absolute and relative social mobility shows that, despite educational expansion, privileged social background is still important in Norway, although this study points to a weakening of the vertical barriers to social mobility between 1973 and 1995.
Bogdan W. Mach
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Detailed 1972–1988–1994 comparisons of intergenerational mobility in Poland reveal significant gender differences. Instances of upward movement increase over time among women, but remain stable among ...
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Detailed 1972–1988–1994 comparisons of intergenerational mobility in Poland reveal significant gender differences. Instances of upward movement increase over time among women, but remain stable among men. No temporal change is the general trend in male relative mobility, while a clear tendency towards increasing fluidity characterizes its female patterns. Although in terms of the core model of Erikson and Goldthorpe, Polish mobility patterns move closer and closer to the West European ‘core’ for men as well as for women, gender differences exist in the specific effects included in the model: a strengthening of hierarchy effects is more characteristic of men, whereas a decline in inheritance effects is more characteristic of women. This consistent pattern of gender differences is difficult to interpret systematically in the context of macro-structural developments taking place in Poland in the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s, and invites further research on the detailed effects of educational differentials.Less
Detailed 1972–1988–1994 comparisons of intergenerational mobility in Poland reveal significant gender differences. Instances of upward movement increase over time among women, but remain stable among men. No temporal change is the general trend in male relative mobility, while a clear tendency towards increasing fluidity characterizes its female patterns. Although in terms of the core model of Erikson and Goldthorpe, Polish mobility patterns move closer and closer to the West European ‘core’ for men as well as for women, gender differences exist in the specific effects included in the model: a strengthening of hierarchy effects is more characteristic of men, whereas a decline in inheritance effects is more characteristic of women. This consistent pattern of gender differences is difficult to interpret systematically in the context of macro-structural developments taking place in Poland in the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s, and invites further research on the detailed effects of educational differentials.
Richard Breen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Outlines the objectives and layout of the volume; discusses the main theories that have guided empirical research on intergenerational social mobility and the findings of this research; and explains ...
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Outlines the objectives and layout of the volume; discusses the main theories that have guided empirical research on intergenerational social mobility and the findings of this research; and explains the main concepts and instruments (such as the class schema) that are used in the book.Less
Outlines the objectives and layout of the volume; discusses the main theories that have guided empirical research on intergenerational social mobility and the findings of this research; and explains the main concepts and instruments (such as the class schema) that are used in the book.
Harry B. G. Ganzeboom and Ruud Luijkx
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The Netherlands has moved from being a comparatively closed society in the 1950s towards a relatively open one around 2000. Analysing occupational class mobility for men and for women in the labour ...
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The Netherlands has moved from being a comparatively closed society in the 1950s towards a relatively open one around 2000. Analysing occupational class mobility for men and for women in the labour force between 1970 and 1999 on the basis of 35 surveys, a clear downward trend in total social reproduction is found for men (–1.6% per year) and for women (–1.1%). No convincing evidence of a trend reversal has been found. This general trend towards more social fluidity is also replicated in the partial analysis, where the trends towards more openness do not only apply to the ascriptive parts of the status attainment patterns (fathers promoting their children’s educational and occupational outcomes directly), but also to the achievement part (the partial association between education and occupation). The last finding contradicts common theories. A possible explanation is that, over time, educational credentials have lost some of their discriminatory power.Less
The Netherlands has moved from being a comparatively closed society in the 1950s towards a relatively open one around 2000. Analysing occupational class mobility for men and for women in the labour force between 1970 and 1999 on the basis of 35 surveys, a clear downward trend in total social reproduction is found for men (–1.6% per year) and for women (–1.1%). No convincing evidence of a trend reversal has been found. This general trend towards more social fluidity is also replicated in the partial analysis, where the trends towards more openness do not only apply to the ascriptive parts of the status attainment patterns (fathers promoting their children’s educational and occupational outcomes directly), but also to the achievement part (the partial association between education and occupation). The last finding contradicts common theories. A possible explanation is that, over time, educational credentials have lost some of their discriminatory power.
Gordon Marshall, Adam Swift, and Stephen Roberts
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292401
- eISBN:
- 9780191684913
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292401.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
What is the relation between social class and social justice? This is currently a matter of public as well as academic controversy. While nobody would deny that the distribution of rewards in ...
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What is the relation between social class and social justice? This is currently a matter of public as well as academic controversy. While nobody would deny that the distribution of rewards in industrial societies is unequal, there is sharp disagreement about whether this inequality can be justified. Some see existing patterns of social mobility as evidence of inequality of opportunity. Others regard them as meritocratic, simply reflecting the distribution of abilities among the population. This book brings together recent developments in normative thinking about social justice with recent empirical findings about educational attainment and social mobility. The book deals in detail with issues of class and justice.Less
What is the relation between social class and social justice? This is currently a matter of public as well as academic controversy. While nobody would deny that the distribution of rewards in industrial societies is unequal, there is sharp disagreement about whether this inequality can be justified. Some see existing patterns of social mobility as evidence of inequality of opportunity. Others regard them as meritocratic, simply reflecting the distribution of abilities among the population. This book brings together recent developments in normative thinking about social justice with recent empirical findings about educational attainment and social mobility. The book deals in detail with issues of class and justice.
Carlos Antonio and Costa Ribeiro
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199732166
- eISBN:
- 9780199866144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732166.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter presents empirical analyses of inequalities of opportunity for social mobility in Brazil. It conducts three types of analyses. First, it describes the intergenerational mobility between ...
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This chapter presents empirical analyses of inequalities of opportunity for social mobility in Brazil. It conducts three types of analyses. First, it describes the intergenerational mobility between the parents' class or class of origin and the class of destination of whites, pardos, and blacks. The intent here is to verify what has a greater influence on the inequality of opportunities for ascensional mobility: the class of origin or skin color. Next, it provides a decomposition of such mobility, taking as an intermediary point the educational level achieved. Education is one of the most important factors of social ascension: without educational qualifications, one cannot, for instance, occupy professional positions, and thereby obtain relatively more comfortable life conditions. The inequality of educational opportunities is analyzed to verify the weight of class origin and skin color upon the chances of completing different educational levels. Finally, the chapter analyzes the likelihood that mobility opportunities will favor the more privileged classes, according to an individual's educational level, class origin, and skin color. This three-stage analysis enables the disclosure of the main barriers to social mobility, and also an evaluation of the combination of race and class of origin that inhibit such mobility.Less
This chapter presents empirical analyses of inequalities of opportunity for social mobility in Brazil. It conducts three types of analyses. First, it describes the intergenerational mobility between the parents' class or class of origin and the class of destination of whites, pardos, and blacks. The intent here is to verify what has a greater influence on the inequality of opportunities for ascensional mobility: the class of origin or skin color. Next, it provides a decomposition of such mobility, taking as an intermediary point the educational level achieved. Education is one of the most important factors of social ascension: without educational qualifications, one cannot, for instance, occupy professional positions, and thereby obtain relatively more comfortable life conditions. The inequality of educational opportunities is analyzed to verify the weight of class origin and skin color upon the chances of completing different educational levels. Finally, the chapter analyzes the likelihood that mobility opportunities will favor the more privileged classes, according to an individual's educational level, class origin, and skin color. This three-stage analysis enables the disclosure of the main barriers to social mobility, and also an evaluation of the combination of race and class of origin that inhibit such mobility.
Gordon Marshall, Adam Swift, and Stephen Roberts
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292401
- eISBN:
- 9780191684913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292401.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines the social mobility patterns found in eleven contemporary industrialized societies including Great Britain using the Goldthorpe class schema. It finds that substantial absolute ...
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This chapter examines the social mobility patterns found in eleven contemporary industrialized societies including Great Britain using the Goldthorpe class schema. It finds that substantial absolute rates of upward and downward mobility coexist alongside relative class mobility chances which have remained largely unchanged for twenty years. Class boundaries appear to be neither more nor less permeable now than in the preceding decades and sectoral shifts towards non-manual work have created additional ‘room at the top’. However, this was not accompanied by greater equality in opportunities to reach the top from social origins embodying different degrees of class advantage.Less
This chapter examines the social mobility patterns found in eleven contemporary industrialized societies including Great Britain using the Goldthorpe class schema. It finds that substantial absolute rates of upward and downward mobility coexist alongside relative class mobility chances which have remained largely unchanged for twenty years. Class boundaries appear to be neither more nor less permeable now than in the preceding decades and sectoral shifts towards non-manual work have created additional ‘room at the top’. However, this was not accompanied by greater equality in opportunities to reach the top from social origins embodying different degrees of class advantage.
John Hills
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199276646
- eISBN:
- 9780191601644
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199276641.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Presents evidence on income dynamics, using data from longitudinal surveys that track what has happened to the same people over time. Discusses what such information can tell us, and why it might be ...
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Presents evidence on income dynamics, using data from longitudinal surveys that track what has happened to the same people over time. Discusses what such information can tell us, and why it might be useful in formulating policy. Looks at the extent of income mobility in the UK during the 1990s and presents evidence on movements in and out of poverty. It looks across the distribution at the overall patterns that these data reveal for the trajectories that people’s incomes follow over time. Presents evidence on whether income mobility has been changing over time, and at how income and earnings mobility in the UK compare with other countries. The final section looks at longer-term links between generations.Less
Presents evidence on income dynamics, using data from longitudinal surveys that track what has happened to the same people over time. Discusses what such information can tell us, and why it might be useful in formulating policy. Looks at the extent of income mobility in the UK during the 1990s and presents evidence on movements in and out of poverty. It looks across the distribution at the overall patterns that these data reveal for the trajectories that people’s incomes follow over time. Presents evidence on whether income mobility has been changing over time, and at how income and earnings mobility in the UK compare with other countries. The final section looks at longer-term links between generations.
Mike Savage
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199587650
- eISBN:
- 9780191740626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587650.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter examines how the interview could be claimed for an emerging sociology, as a means of generating distinctive kinds of ‘ordinary’ knowledge. It illustrates how interviews were removed from ...
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This chapter examines how the interview could be claimed for an emerging sociology, as a means of generating distinctive kinds of ‘ordinary’ knowledge. It illustrates how interviews were removed from the distinctively psychoanalytic and therapeutic domain in which they had originated, and were deployed in collaboration with literary narratives in order to provide ‘melodramas of social mobility’. The chapter shows how research associated initially with the Tavistock Institute allowed a different kind of social science to take shape and traces how Elizabeth Bott helped to shape this new social science, and in the process displaced concerns with personality and morality that had been fundamental to earlier social science.Less
This chapter examines how the interview could be claimed for an emerging sociology, as a means of generating distinctive kinds of ‘ordinary’ knowledge. It illustrates how interviews were removed from the distinctively psychoanalytic and therapeutic domain in which they had originated, and were deployed in collaboration with literary narratives in order to provide ‘melodramas of social mobility’. The chapter shows how research associated initially with the Tavistock Institute allowed a different kind of social science to take shape and traces how Elizabeth Bott helped to shape this new social science, and in the process displaced concerns with personality and morality that had been fundamental to earlier social science.
John R. Patterson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198140887
- eISBN:
- 9780191712166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198140887.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter discusses the resources of the cities, and the cities’ relationship with benefactors, in the context of the phenomenon of social mobility in the cities of Italy, both below and above the ...
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This chapter discusses the resources of the cities, and the cities’ relationship with benefactors, in the context of the phenomenon of social mobility in the cities of Italy, both below and above the local ordo decurionum (city council), as members of the local aristocracies advanced into the equestrian order and the senate, and were in turn replaced in civic life by men from lower social echelons, often the sons of freedmen. An examination of the career of the emperor Vespasian shows how social mobility worked in the case of one Italian family. The chapter examines the impact of mobility of this kind on the cities and their territories, and the strategies the cities devised to counteract the impact of the advancement of the traditional local elites, by appointing civic patrons, cultivating affluent families, and widening participation in civic affairs to involve the upwardly mobile, who often served as Augustales and took on roles in the collegia (popular associations).Less
This chapter discusses the resources of the cities, and the cities’ relationship with benefactors, in the context of the phenomenon of social mobility in the cities of Italy, both below and above the local ordo decurionum (city council), as members of the local aristocracies advanced into the equestrian order and the senate, and were in turn replaced in civic life by men from lower social echelons, often the sons of freedmen. An examination of the career of the emperor Vespasian shows how social mobility worked in the case of one Italian family. The chapter examines the impact of mobility of this kind on the cities and their territories, and the strategies the cities devised to counteract the impact of the advancement of the traditional local elites, by appointing civic patrons, cultivating affluent families, and widening participation in civic affairs to involve the upwardly mobile, who often served as Augustales and took on roles in the collegia (popular associations).
Florian R. Hertel and Fabian T. Pfeffer
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781503610163
- eISBN:
- 9781503611153
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503610163.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter investigates intergenerational class mobility in the U.S. during the twentieth century. It describes absolute and relative mobility trends and explores the role of educational expansion ...
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This chapter investigates intergenerational class mobility in the U.S. during the twentieth century. It describes absolute and relative mobility trends and explores the role of educational expansion in shaping them. Analyses are based on data from several nationally representative surveys (GSS, OCG-II, SIPP, and PSID). As a consequence of massive occupational and educational upgrading, upward mobility increased over most of the century. The role of education in contributing to absolute class mobility changed across time: Class gaps in education as well as class returns to education equalized initially, but became more polarized among recent cohorts. Relative mobility trends differed by gender: After an initial surge in fluidity for both, mobility chances remained stable for women but increased further for men. Rising fluidity among men is mostly due to increasing college graduation rates (i.e., the compositional effect), whereas educational trends contribute little to understanding the stability of women’s mobility chances.Less
This chapter investigates intergenerational class mobility in the U.S. during the twentieth century. It describes absolute and relative mobility trends and explores the role of educational expansion in shaping them. Analyses are based on data from several nationally representative surveys (GSS, OCG-II, SIPP, and PSID). As a consequence of massive occupational and educational upgrading, upward mobility increased over most of the century. The role of education in contributing to absolute class mobility changed across time: Class gaps in education as well as class returns to education equalized initially, but became more polarized among recent cohorts. Relative mobility trends differed by gender: After an initial surge in fluidity for both, mobility chances remained stable for women but increased further for men. Rising fluidity among men is mostly due to increasing college graduation rates (i.e., the compositional effect), whereas educational trends contribute little to understanding the stability of women’s mobility chances.
Richard Breen and Walter Müller
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781503610163
- eISBN:
- 9781503611153
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503610163.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
Summarizing the findings of the country chapters, this chapter addresses the question: How did intergenerational social mobility change over cohorts born in the first two-thirds of the twentieth ...
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Summarizing the findings of the country chapters, this chapter addresses the question: How did intergenerational social mobility change over cohorts born in the first two-thirds of the twentieth century? What role, if any, did education play in this? As education expanded, its association to class origins weakened, especially among earlier-born cohorts—a strong indication that growing education equalization may have been important in increasing social fluidity. There is also a strong link between upward mobility and social fluidity, the former mostly driven by the expansion of higher-level white-collar jobs. Educational expansion, equalization, and rapid structural change in the US and European economies all contributed to greater social fluidity among people born before the middle of the century. For people born later, rates of downward mobility have increased: however, despite the lack of further educational equalization and less-pronounced structural change, social fluidity has remained unchanged.Less
Summarizing the findings of the country chapters, this chapter addresses the question: How did intergenerational social mobility change over cohorts born in the first two-thirds of the twentieth century? What role, if any, did education play in this? As education expanded, its association to class origins weakened, especially among earlier-born cohorts—a strong indication that growing education equalization may have been important in increasing social fluidity. There is also a strong link between upward mobility and social fluidity, the former mostly driven by the expansion of higher-level white-collar jobs. Educational expansion, equalization, and rapid structural change in the US and European economies all contributed to greater social fluidity among people born before the middle of the century. For people born later, rates of downward mobility have increased: however, despite the lack of further educational equalization and less-pronounced structural change, social fluidity has remained unchanged.
Andrew Sanders
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183549
- eISBN:
- 9780191674068
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183549.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This book considers the extent to which Dickens and his work reflects the vibrant novelty of the middle third of the 19th century, an age in which the modern world was shaped and determined. It looks ...
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This book considers the extent to which Dickens and his work reflects the vibrant novelty of the middle third of the 19th century, an age in which the modern world was shaped and determined. It looks at the culture from which Dickens sprang — a mechanized and increasingly urbanized culture — and it sees his rootlessness and restlessness as symptomatic of what was essentially new: the period's political and technological enterprise; its urbanization; its new definitions of social class and social mobility; and, finally, its dynamic sense of distinction from the preceding age. Although his fiction was rooted in traditions established and evolved in the 18th century, Dickens was uniquely equipped to remould the English novel into a new and flexible fictional form, as a direct response to the social, urban, and political challenges of his time.Less
This book considers the extent to which Dickens and his work reflects the vibrant novelty of the middle third of the 19th century, an age in which the modern world was shaped and determined. It looks at the culture from which Dickens sprang — a mechanized and increasingly urbanized culture — and it sees his rootlessness and restlessness as symptomatic of what was essentially new: the period's political and technological enterprise; its urbanization; its new definitions of social class and social mobility; and, finally, its dynamic sense of distinction from the preceding age. Although his fiction was rooted in traditions established and evolved in the 18th century, Dickens was uniquely equipped to remould the English novel into a new and flexible fictional form, as a direct response to the social, urban, and political challenges of his time.
West Stevens Joyce
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195121643
- eISBN:
- 9780199865383
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195121643.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter begins by noting the difference between the ascribed and achieve statuses of adulthood. It then explores the inextricable connection of particular opportunity pathways, such as education ...
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This chapter begins by noting the difference between the ascribed and achieve statuses of adulthood. It then explores the inextricable connection of particular opportunity pathways, such as education and employment to adulthood preparation. Civic responsibilities are given careful consideration and are viewed as being of great import in adulthood preparation. In this regard, the limitations of poverty stricken communities are examined.Less
This chapter begins by noting the difference between the ascribed and achieve statuses of adulthood. It then explores the inextricable connection of particular opportunity pathways, such as education and employment to adulthood preparation. Civic responsibilities are given careful consideration and are viewed as being of great import in adulthood preparation. In this regard, the limitations of poverty stricken communities are examined.
