Iris Marion Young
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297550
- eISBN:
- 9780191716751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297556.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Critics of a politics of difference have misidentified these social movements as asserting an identity politics of recognition. Most of these movements are better understood as resisting unjust ...
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Critics of a politics of difference have misidentified these social movements as asserting an identity politics of recognition. Most of these movements are better understood as resisting unjust structural inequalities. Inclusive democratic process involves paying specific attention to group differences in order to transform preferences and maximize social knowledge.Less
Critics of a politics of difference have misidentified these social movements as asserting an identity politics of recognition. Most of these movements are better understood as resisting unjust structural inequalities. Inclusive democratic process involves paying specific attention to group differences in order to transform preferences and maximize social knowledge.
Massimo Paoli
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199263233
- eISBN:
- 9780191718847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263233.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter argues that the strategic control over the technological and commercial evolution of complicated multi-technological platforms (families of products) calls for a deep control of the ...
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This chapter argues that the strategic control over the technological and commercial evolution of complicated multi-technological platforms (families of products) calls for a deep control of the processes of systems integration. The chapter aims to define the key elements of the cognitive nature of the process of systems integration, and provides an epistemological reflection on personal and social knowledge. It is argued that the meta-process of systems integration is first of all integration of knowledge: a process of processes that require a powerful control of knowledge development.Less
This chapter argues that the strategic control over the technological and commercial evolution of complicated multi-technological platforms (families of products) calls for a deep control of the processes of systems integration. The chapter aims to define the key elements of the cognitive nature of the process of systems integration, and provides an epistemological reflection on personal and social knowledge. It is argued that the meta-process of systems integration is first of all integration of knowledge: a process of processes that require a powerful control of knowledge development.
José Medina
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199929023
- eISBN:
- 9780199301522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199929023.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter elucidates the relationship between responsible agency and knowledge. I argue that responsible agency requires only minimal self-knowledge that need not include explanatory knowledge of ...
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This chapter elucidates the relationship between responsible agency and knowledge. I argue that responsible agency requires only minimal self-knowledge that need not include explanatory knowledge of the mental causation of one’s actions. I argue that responsible agency also requires minimal social knowledge of others and minimal empirical knowledge of the world. I subsume these epistemic implications of responsible agency under what I call the thesis of cognitive minimums: the requirement that one be minimally knowledgeable about one’s mind, the social world, and the empirical world. Focusing on the cognitive minimums of self-knowledge and social knowledge, I argue that there are different ways in which we may partake in shared culpable ignorance about non-mainstream subjects, groups, and experiences, and I begin to develop an account of shared responsibility with respect to epistemic justice for the correction of blind spots and social insensitivities associated with racism and (hetero)sexism.Less
This chapter elucidates the relationship between responsible agency and knowledge. I argue that responsible agency requires only minimal self-knowledge that need not include explanatory knowledge of the mental causation of one’s actions. I argue that responsible agency also requires minimal social knowledge of others and minimal empirical knowledge of the world. I subsume these epistemic implications of responsible agency under what I call the thesis of cognitive minimums: the requirement that one be minimally knowledgeable about one’s mind, the social world, and the empirical world. Focusing on the cognitive minimums of self-knowledge and social knowledge, I argue that there are different ways in which we may partake in shared culpable ignorance about non-mainstream subjects, groups, and experiences, and I begin to develop an account of shared responsibility with respect to epistemic justice for the correction of blind spots and social insensitivities associated with racism and (hetero)sexism.
J.‐C. Spender
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296041
- eISBN:
- 9780191596070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296045.003.0018
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Sketches a consistent knowledge‐based theory of the firm where geography matters so that organizational knowledge must then also have a spatial dimension. The author differentiates four types of ...
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Sketches a consistent knowledge‐based theory of the firm where geography matters so that organizational knowledge must then also have a spatial dimension. The author differentiates four types of knowledge (objectified, conscious, automatic, and collective) by employing the dichotomies of explicit/implicit, and individual/social knowledge. The argument that rents arising from knowledge differences, rather than those arising from efficiency differences, are at the heart of competitive advantage allows the association of each type of knowledge with a particular type of rent. All firms are described as containing all four types of knowledge that have been differentiated, although the principal reason for the existence of firms is said to be the rents that accrue from activity‐based learning. This neatly identifies implicit and social knowledge (i.e. collective knowledge), as the key type for firms; it follows that this type of knowledge can best be created in dense, cluster‐like environments with ample opportunity for direct interaction, and successful, new industrial districts (regional clusters) are offered as good illustrations of this argument; other types of knowledge have other geographical implications for firms.Less
Sketches a consistent knowledge‐based theory of the firm where geography matters so that organizational knowledge must then also have a spatial dimension. The author differentiates four types of knowledge (objectified, conscious, automatic, and collective) by employing the dichotomies of explicit/implicit, and individual/social knowledge. The argument that rents arising from knowledge differences, rather than those arising from efficiency differences, are at the heart of competitive advantage allows the association of each type of knowledge with a particular type of rent. All firms are described as containing all four types of knowledge that have been differentiated, although the principal reason for the existence of firms is said to be the rents that accrue from activity‐based learning. This neatly identifies implicit and social knowledge (i.e. collective knowledge), as the key type for firms; it follows that this type of knowledge can best be created in dense, cluster‐like environments with ample opportunity for direct interaction, and successful, new industrial districts (regional clusters) are offered as good illustrations of this argument; other types of knowledge have other geographical implications for firms.
John O. McGinnis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151021
- eISBN:
- 9781400845453
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151021.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter outlines a theory of a central function of social governance and an important function of democracy—assessing consequences of social policy—that underlies the need to create social ...
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This chapter outlines a theory of a central function of social governance and an important function of democracy—assessing consequences of social policy—that underlies the need to create social knowledge. It argues that democracies work more effectively when basic social knowledge is more widely shared, because at election time citizens must rely on information to assess whether the proposed policies of their leaders are broadly sound. Modern information technology can facilitate acquiring social knowledge by reducing information costs. Reducing information costs has four large advantages for social decision making. Among these is that reducing information costs can create more knowledge about public policy and reduce the cost of accessing knowledge. Another advantage is that reducing information costs better enables citizens to organize around encompassing interests that many of them have in common, such as good education and economic growth.Less
This chapter outlines a theory of a central function of social governance and an important function of democracy—assessing consequences of social policy—that underlies the need to create social knowledge. It argues that democracies work more effectively when basic social knowledge is more widely shared, because at election time citizens must rely on information to assess whether the proposed policies of their leaders are broadly sound. Modern information technology can facilitate acquiring social knowledge by reducing information costs. Reducing information costs has four large advantages for social decision making. Among these is that reducing information costs can create more knowledge about public policy and reduce the cost of accessing knowledge. Another advantage is that reducing information costs better enables citizens to organize around encompassing interests that many of them have in common, such as good education and economic growth.
Jonathan Kvanvig
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577477
- eISBN:
- 9780191595189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577477.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Language
The Swamping Problem is one of the central problems in the new value-driven approach to epistemology that has arisen recently. It arises from the fact that value isn't always additive, so if you ...
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The Swamping Problem is one of the central problems in the new value-driven approach to epistemology that has arisen recently. It arises from the fact that value isn't always additive, so if you begin with something valuable (true belief) and add a further valuable thing (justification), there is no guarantee that the combination is more valuable. The usual target of such concerns is reliabilism, but such concerns plague approaches that are more conscious of value concerns as well, such as functional accounts that aim at an account of knowledge in terms of its social significance as a marker of dependable sources of information. Here this chapter investigates the fundamental nature of the problem and several recent attempts to provide an escape route from the problem, concluding that none of them succeed.Less
The Swamping Problem is one of the central problems in the new value-driven approach to epistemology that has arisen recently. It arises from the fact that value isn't always additive, so if you begin with something valuable (true belief) and add a further valuable thing (justification), there is no guarantee that the combination is more valuable. The usual target of such concerns is reliabilism, but such concerns plague approaches that are more conscious of value concerns as well, such as functional accounts that aim at an account of knowledge in terms of its social significance as a marker of dependable sources of information. Here this chapter investigates the fundamental nature of the problem and several recent attempts to provide an escape route from the problem, concluding that none of them succeed.
John O. McGinnis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151021
- eISBN:
- 9781400845453
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151021.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This concluding chapter shows that our current need to enhance social knowledge is but the latest stage in the long history of exploiting technological progress to improve governance. From ancient ...
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This concluding chapter shows that our current need to enhance social knowledge is but the latest stage in the long history of exploiting technological progress to improve governance. From ancient Athens, to Britain on the cusp of the industrial age, to the founding of our own republic, successful societies have navigated the turbulences of technological change by creating better mechanisms to gather information about the social world and to translate it into wise decisions. This history underscores the fact that improving information about consequences in politics is an incremental process. The recognition that previous societies have succeeded in enriching social deliberation should give us confidence that we too can seize the opportunities to begin to transform our political life.Less
This concluding chapter shows that our current need to enhance social knowledge is but the latest stage in the long history of exploiting technological progress to improve governance. From ancient Athens, to Britain on the cusp of the industrial age, to the founding of our own republic, successful societies have navigated the turbulences of technological change by creating better mechanisms to gather information about the social world and to translate it into wise decisions. This history underscores the fact that improving information about consequences in politics is an incremental process. The recognition that previous societies have succeeded in enriching social deliberation should give us confidence that we too can seize the opportunities to begin to transform our political life.
Louise Barrett and Drew Rendall
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195326598
- eISBN:
- 9780199864904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326598.003.0028
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology, Evolutionary Psychology
This chapter presents an alternative view to the notion that complex social behaviors in primates require complex brain processes. It argues that social behavior in primates may be mediated by ...
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This chapter presents an alternative view to the notion that complex social behaviors in primates require complex brain processes. It argues that social behavior in primates may be mediated by relatively simple rules that use the structure of the social environment as a scaffold. This is in opposition to the notion that social knowledge must be explicitly represented by specialized neural circuits. The complexity of the social environment is, in essence, an emergent property of these simple rules of social engagement.Less
This chapter presents an alternative view to the notion that complex social behaviors in primates require complex brain processes. It argues that social behavior in primates may be mediated by relatively simple rules that use the structure of the social environment as a scaffold. This is in opposition to the notion that social knowledge must be explicitly represented by specialized neural circuits. The complexity of the social environment is, in essence, an emergent property of these simple rules of social engagement.
Lynne M. Healy and Rosemary J. Link (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195333619
- eISBN:
- 9780199918195
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333619.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
Global knowledge is increasingly essential for all aspects of social work. Today's professionals respond to concerns including permeable borders, the upheavals of war, displaced workers, natural ...
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Global knowledge is increasingly essential for all aspects of social work. Today's professionals respond to concerns including permeable borders, the upheavals of war, displaced workers, natural disasters, international adoption, and human trafficking. Everywhere, social workers work with service users and colleagues from diverse cultures and countries. Globally relevant concepts such as human rights, development, and inclusion offer new perspectives to enhance policy and practice and facilitate the international exchange of ideas. This collection of seventy-three chapters confirms the integral and necessary nature of international social work knowledge to all areas of practice, policy, and research. Chapters systematically map the key issues, organizations, competencies, training and research needs, and ethical guidelines central to international social work practice today, emphasizing the linkages among social work, development, and human rights practice. In-depth country case studies and policy examples encourage readers to understand how their practice in social work touches on international issues, regardless of whether the work is done at home or abroad.Less
Global knowledge is increasingly essential for all aspects of social work. Today's professionals respond to concerns including permeable borders, the upheavals of war, displaced workers, natural disasters, international adoption, and human trafficking. Everywhere, social workers work with service users and colleagues from diverse cultures and countries. Globally relevant concepts such as human rights, development, and inclusion offer new perspectives to enhance policy and practice and facilitate the international exchange of ideas. This collection of seventy-three chapters confirms the integral and necessary nature of international social work knowledge to all areas of practice, policy, and research. Chapters systematically map the key issues, organizations, competencies, training and research needs, and ethical guidelines central to international social work practice today, emphasizing the linkages among social work, development, and human rights practice. In-depth country case studies and policy examples encourage readers to understand how their practice in social work touches on international issues, regardless of whether the work is done at home or abroad.
Georg Von Krogh, Kazuo Ichijo, and Ikujiro Nonaka
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195126167
- eISBN:
- 9780199848720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195126167.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
Because conversation happens to be the most common and natural of human activities, companies usually undervalue the fact that good conversation channels within the company may aid in an ...
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Because conversation happens to be the most common and natural of human activities, companies usually undervalue the fact that good conversation channels within the company may aid in an organization's operations, especially in terms of managerial discussions that concern the dissemination of knowledge. Within an organization, good conversation is believed to be the cradle of social knowledge that would include such essential matters as individual knowledge and the trade of ideas, among others. Good conversation within a microcommunity enable the sharing of tacit knowledge because of its ability to facilitate the exchange of beliefs, thoughts, and perspectives among the members of the organization. Managing conversations would not only entail the sharing of tacit knowledge, but it would also affect several other aspects of the process of knowledge creation.Less
Because conversation happens to be the most common and natural of human activities, companies usually undervalue the fact that good conversation channels within the company may aid in an organization's operations, especially in terms of managerial discussions that concern the dissemination of knowledge. Within an organization, good conversation is believed to be the cradle of social knowledge that would include such essential matters as individual knowledge and the trade of ideas, among others. Good conversation within a microcommunity enable the sharing of tacit knowledge because of its ability to facilitate the exchange of beliefs, thoughts, and perspectives among the members of the organization. Managing conversations would not only entail the sharing of tacit knowledge, but it would also affect several other aspects of the process of knowledge creation.
John O. McGinnis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151021
- eISBN:
- 9781400845453
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151021.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Successful democracies throughout history have used the technology of their time to gather information for better governance. Our challenge is no different today, but it is more urgent because the ...
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Successful democracies throughout history have used the technology of their time to gather information for better governance. Our challenge is no different today, but it is more urgent because the accelerating pace of technological change creates potentially enormous dangers as well as benefits. This book shows how to adapt democracy to new information technologies that can enhance political decision making and enable us to navigate the social rapids ahead. This book demonstrates how these new technologies combine to address a problem as old as democracy itself—how to help citizens better evaluate the consequences of their political choices. As society became more complex in the nineteenth century, social planning became a top-down enterprise delegated to experts and bureaucrats. Today, technology increasingly permits information to bubble up from below and filter through more dispersed and competitive sources. The book explains how to use fast-evolving information technologies to more effectively analyze past public policy, bring unprecedented intensity of scrutiny to current policy proposals, and more accurately predict the results of future policy. But he argues that we can do so only if government keeps pace with technological change. For instance, it must revive federalism to permit different jurisdictions to test different policies so that their results can be evaluated, and it must legalize information markets to permit people to bet on what the consequences of a policy will be even before that policy is implemented. This book reveals how we can achieve a democracy that is informed by expertise and social-scientific knowledge while shedding the arrogance and insularity of a technocracy.Less
Successful democracies throughout history have used the technology of their time to gather information for better governance. Our challenge is no different today, but it is more urgent because the accelerating pace of technological change creates potentially enormous dangers as well as benefits. This book shows how to adapt democracy to new information technologies that can enhance political decision making and enable us to navigate the social rapids ahead. This book demonstrates how these new technologies combine to address a problem as old as democracy itself—how to help citizens better evaluate the consequences of their political choices. As society became more complex in the nineteenth century, social planning became a top-down enterprise delegated to experts and bureaucrats. Today, technology increasingly permits information to bubble up from below and filter through more dispersed and competitive sources. The book explains how to use fast-evolving information technologies to more effectively analyze past public policy, bring unprecedented intensity of scrutiny to current policy proposals, and more accurately predict the results of future policy. But he argues that we can do so only if government keeps pace with technological change. For instance, it must revive federalism to permit different jurisdictions to test different policies so that their results can be evaluated, and it must legalize information markets to permit people to bet on what the consequences of a policy will be even before that policy is implemented. This book reveals how we can achieve a democracy that is informed by expertise and social-scientific knowledge while shedding the arrogance and insularity of a technocracy.
Sally Haslanger
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199892631
- eISBN:
- 9780199980055
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199892631.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
If social facts are constituted by a kind of social consensus, then those whose beliefs conform to the consensus seem to have knowledge. But how, then, can ideology critique gain an epistemic grip? ...
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If social facts are constituted by a kind of social consensus, then those whose beliefs conform to the consensus seem to have knowledge. But how, then, can ideology critique gain an epistemic grip? The chapter developes this puzzle and consider whether recent relativist strategies in philosophy of language provide resources to show how social beliefs can be true relative to a milieu, and yet allow genuine disagreement between milieus.Less
If social facts are constituted by a kind of social consensus, then those whose beliefs conform to the consensus seem to have knowledge. But how, then, can ideology critique gain an epistemic grip? The chapter developes this puzzle and consider whether recent relativist strategies in philosophy of language provide resources to show how social beliefs can be true relative to a milieu, and yet allow genuine disagreement between milieus.
Kerri L. Johnson, Frank E. Pollick, and Lawrie S. McKay
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195333176
- eISBN:
- 9780199864324
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333176.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Vision, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter sheds light on how the once-clear distinctions between the visual and social approaches to social categorization of the human body have begun to blur. First, it reviews findings from ...
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This chapter sheds light on how the once-clear distinctions between the visual and social approaches to social categorization of the human body have begun to blur. First, it reviews findings from classic studies of biological motion perception that bear directly on domains that social psychologists care deeply about—the perception of social categories, identities, and psychological states. It then describes two ways in which these basic patterns are constrained by social psychological processes. It reviews evidence that social category knowledge constrains the interpretation and evaluation of dynamic body motion for evaluative social judgments. Then, it presents data highlighting how knowledge structures(i.e., stereotypes)can bias one's basic perception of the human body in motion.Less
This chapter sheds light on how the once-clear distinctions between the visual and social approaches to social categorization of the human body have begun to blur. First, it reviews findings from classic studies of biological motion perception that bear directly on domains that social psychologists care deeply about—the perception of social categories, identities, and psychological states. It then describes two ways in which these basic patterns are constrained by social psychological processes. It reviews evidence that social category knowledge constrains the interpretation and evaluation of dynamic body motion for evaluative social judgments. Then, it presents data highlighting how knowledge structures(i.e., stereotypes)can bias one's basic perception of the human body in motion.
John O. McGinnis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151021
- eISBN:
- 9781400845453
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151021.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter discusses how democracy can adopt reforms, including those based on new information technology, to combat bias more effectively. These include reinforcing majority rule and ...
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This chapter discusses how democracy can adopt reforms, including those based on new information technology, to combat bias more effectively. These include reinforcing majority rule and representation, earmarks, term limits, and education reform. It argues that society has now accumulated knowledge about more subtle yet pervasive biases—from biased assimilation, to knowledge falsification, to status quo bias. We should use this developing social knowledge to create better mechanisms of constraint against bias and thereby make new information about substantive policy more effective for democratic updating. An age of technological acceleration can less afford bias than previous ages, because its speed of social change may make mistakes less easily correctable.Less
This chapter discusses how democracy can adopt reforms, including those based on new information technology, to combat bias more effectively. These include reinforcing majority rule and representation, earmarks, term limits, and education reform. It argues that society has now accumulated knowledge about more subtle yet pervasive biases—from biased assimilation, to knowledge falsification, to status quo bias. We should use this developing social knowledge to create better mechanisms of constraint against bias and thereby make new information about substantive policy more effective for democratic updating. An age of technological acceleration can less afford bias than previous ages, because its speed of social change may make mistakes less easily correctable.
Elaine Leong
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226583495
- eISBN:
- 9780226583525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226583525.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Centered on the notebooks of Archdale Palmer (1610–73) and the Somerset-based Bennett family, this chapter presents a general overview of patterns of recipe collecting: adopting “starter” collections ...
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Centered on the notebooks of Archdale Palmer (1610–73) and the Somerset-based Bennett family, this chapter presents a general overview of patterns of recipe collecting: adopting “starter” collections and gathering single recipes. The chapter shows that many families cultivated local social relationships and used them to extend their treasuries of recipes. It situates the gathering and writing down of recipe knowledge alongside a range of social practices from forming alliances to giving gifts. Thus, it demonstrates that manuscript recipe collections had a dual role: on one hand as repositories of recipe knowledge and on the other as ledgers recording social ties, credits, and debts. Social structures, local networks and alliances shaped recipe knowledge in crucial ways, from information access to record keeping to practices of trying and testing.Less
Centered on the notebooks of Archdale Palmer (1610–73) and the Somerset-based Bennett family, this chapter presents a general overview of patterns of recipe collecting: adopting “starter” collections and gathering single recipes. The chapter shows that many families cultivated local social relationships and used them to extend their treasuries of recipes. It situates the gathering and writing down of recipe knowledge alongside a range of social practices from forming alliances to giving gifts. Thus, it demonstrates that manuscript recipe collections had a dual role: on one hand as repositories of recipe knowledge and on the other as ledgers recording social ties, credits, and debts. Social structures, local networks and alliances shaped recipe knowledge in crucial ways, from information access to record keeping to practices of trying and testing.
Alex Preda
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226679310
- eISBN:
- 9780226679334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226679334.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter engages in a sociological reflection upon the relationship between finance and the “spirit of capitalism.” While focusing the analysis on a restricted set of major accounts of the ...
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This chapter engages in a sociological reflection upon the relationship between finance and the “spirit of capitalism.” While focusing the analysis on a restricted set of major accounts of the capitalist order, it argues that they have a double character: conceptual and observational. Sociological conceptualizations of finance process observations of stock exchanges and of investors, observations which cannot be entirely separated from the broader representational system which mediates between the stock exchange and the society at large. Therefore such conceptualizations can be seen as a seismograph of the boundary shifts taking place, but also as an effort at comprehending the ties between modern society and one of its major institutionsLess
This chapter engages in a sociological reflection upon the relationship between finance and the “spirit of capitalism.” While focusing the analysis on a restricted set of major accounts of the capitalist order, it argues that they have a double character: conceptual and observational. Sociological conceptualizations of finance process observations of stock exchanges and of investors, observations which cannot be entirely separated from the broader representational system which mediates between the stock exchange and the society at large. Therefore such conceptualizations can be seen as a seismograph of the boundary shifts taking place, but also as an effort at comprehending the ties between modern society and one of its major institutions
Neil J. Smelser and John S. Reed
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780520273566
- eISBN:
- 9780520954144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520273566.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter is the first of two on the “bigger picture” of the general relations between social-science knowledge and the larger society. It deals with the sources of societal demands for such ...
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This chapter is the first of two on the “bigger picture” of the general relations between social-science knowledge and the larger society. It deals with the sources of societal demands for such knowledge. A number of longer-term cultural changes—including religious, philosophical, and scientific changes—that made it possible for social objectification and institutionalized inquiry to become established. It also deals with the many “revolutions” over the past 250 years that increased social complexity and social instability, along with demands for understanding these phenomena. These kinds of change have continued to produce increasing numbers of “social problems” demanding societal attention and understanding. The authors introduce an account of the dynamics by which social problems are produced, recognized, and attacked, an account that differs from received positivistic approaches. Finally, they explore the implications of the proposition that social-science knowledge is forever “chasing” and trying to “catch up with” social problems, and how this process shapes the development of that knowledge.Less
This chapter is the first of two on the “bigger picture” of the general relations between social-science knowledge and the larger society. It deals with the sources of societal demands for such knowledge. A number of longer-term cultural changes—including religious, philosophical, and scientific changes—that made it possible for social objectification and institutionalized inquiry to become established. It also deals with the many “revolutions” over the past 250 years that increased social complexity and social instability, along with demands for understanding these phenomena. These kinds of change have continued to produce increasing numbers of “social problems” demanding societal attention and understanding. The authors introduce an account of the dynamics by which social problems are produced, recognized, and attacked, an account that differs from received positivistic approaches. Finally, they explore the implications of the proposition that social-science knowledge is forever “chasing” and trying to “catch up with” social problems, and how this process shapes the development of that knowledge.
HELEN BARR
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198112426
- eISBN:
- 9780191707865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198112426.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This chapter argues that the narrative strategies and diction of Mum and the Sothsegger and The Boke of Cupide possess religious commentary because they form part of a language code whose social ...
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This chapter argues that the narrative strategies and diction of Mum and the Sothsegger and The Boke of Cupide possess religious commentary because they form part of a language code whose social significance would have been registered by audiences familiar with the ways that religious discussion was framed. It discusses that both The Boke of Cupide and Mum and the Sothsegger were written at a time in which the emergence of Lollardy generated new forms of religious writing with distinctive tropes, vocabulary, and cohesions. It clarifies that authors and audiences of texts written during the emergence and suppression of Lollardy shared assumptions about the cultural significance of certain linguistic signs in accordance with their advocacy of, or simply familiarity with, the particular form of social knowledge constituted by Wycliffism.Less
This chapter argues that the narrative strategies and diction of Mum and the Sothsegger and The Boke of Cupide possess religious commentary because they form part of a language code whose social significance would have been registered by audiences familiar with the ways that religious discussion was framed. It discusses that both The Boke of Cupide and Mum and the Sothsegger were written at a time in which the emergence of Lollardy generated new forms of religious writing with distinctive tropes, vocabulary, and cohesions. It clarifies that authors and audiences of texts written during the emergence and suppression of Lollardy shared assumptions about the cultural significance of certain linguistic signs in accordance with their advocacy of, or simply familiarity with, the particular form of social knowledge constituted by Wycliffism.
Elaine Leong
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226583495
- eISBN:
- 9780226583525
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226583525.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Early modern English men and women were fascinated by recipes. Across the country, people of all ranks enthusiastically collected, exchanged, and experimented with medical and cookery instructions. ...
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Early modern English men and women were fascinated by recipes. Across the country, people of all ranks enthusiastically collected, exchanged, and experimented with medical and cookery instructions. They sent recipes in letters, borrowed handwritten books of family recipes, and consulted popular printed medical and culinary books. Recipes and Everyday Knowledge is the first major study of knowledge production and transfer in early modern households. It places the production and circulation of recipes at the heart of “household science”—quotidian investigations of the natural world—and situates these practices in larger and current conversations in gender and cultural history, the history of the book and archives and the history of science, medicine and technology. Household recipe knowledge was made through continual, repeated, and collective trying, making, reading, and writing. And recipe trials were one of the main ways householders gained deeper understandings of sickness, health and the human body, and the natural and material worlds. Recipes were also social knowledge. Recipes and recipe books were gifted between friends, viewed as family treasures, and passed down from generation to generation. By recovering the knowledge activities of householders—masters, servants, husbands and wives—this project recasts current narratives of early modern science through elucidating the very spaces and contexts in which famous experimental philosophers worked and, crucially, by extending the parameters of natural inquiry.Less
Early modern English men and women were fascinated by recipes. Across the country, people of all ranks enthusiastically collected, exchanged, and experimented with medical and cookery instructions. They sent recipes in letters, borrowed handwritten books of family recipes, and consulted popular printed medical and culinary books. Recipes and Everyday Knowledge is the first major study of knowledge production and transfer in early modern households. It places the production and circulation of recipes at the heart of “household science”—quotidian investigations of the natural world—and situates these practices in larger and current conversations in gender and cultural history, the history of the book and archives and the history of science, medicine and technology. Household recipe knowledge was made through continual, repeated, and collective trying, making, reading, and writing. And recipe trials were one of the main ways householders gained deeper understandings of sickness, health and the human body, and the natural and material worlds. Recipes were also social knowledge. Recipes and recipe books were gifted between friends, viewed as family treasures, and passed down from generation to generation. By recovering the knowledge activities of householders—masters, servants, husbands and wives—this project recasts current narratives of early modern science through elucidating the very spaces and contexts in which famous experimental philosophers worked and, crucially, by extending the parameters of natural inquiry.
Tim Milnes
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198812739
- eISBN:
- 9780191850523
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198812739.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature
This chapter argues that trust and testimony acquire a significance in the work of Hume and his contemporaries that belies the relatively scant (and in Hume’s case, ambivalent) attention they devote ...
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This chapter argues that trust and testimony acquire a significance in the work of Hume and his contemporaries that belies the relatively scant (and in Hume’s case, ambivalent) attention they devote to the subjects. Following Annette Baier, Steven Shapin, Martin Hollis, Guido Möllering, and John Hardwig, it suggests that trust, being fundamentally non-rational and social, is antithetical to the Cartesian picture of a lucid, private rationality. By enshrining trust as epistemologically constitutive, the Humean picture of communicative intelligence emerges as identifiably anti-Jacobin, the antitype of Rousseau’s picture of civic virtue as based upon transparency, perfect sympathy, and reason. The chapter proceeds to explore the ways in which the conflict between instrumental reason and trust that continues to exercise philosophers and economists today has its roots in the work of Hume, Reid, Smith, and other thinkers from this period.Less
This chapter argues that trust and testimony acquire a significance in the work of Hume and his contemporaries that belies the relatively scant (and in Hume’s case, ambivalent) attention they devote to the subjects. Following Annette Baier, Steven Shapin, Martin Hollis, Guido Möllering, and John Hardwig, it suggests that trust, being fundamentally non-rational and social, is antithetical to the Cartesian picture of a lucid, private rationality. By enshrining trust as epistemologically constitutive, the Humean picture of communicative intelligence emerges as identifiably anti-Jacobin, the antitype of Rousseau’s picture of civic virtue as based upon transparency, perfect sympathy, and reason. The chapter proceeds to explore the ways in which the conflict between instrumental reason and trust that continues to exercise philosophers and economists today has its roots in the work of Hume, Reid, Smith, and other thinkers from this period.
