Raimo Tuomela
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195313390
- eISBN:
- 9780199870929
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313390.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
A detailed account of social institutions in force is presented. Social institutions are regarded as special collectively constructed social practices that are normatively governed—in part by ...
More
A detailed account of social institutions in force is presented. Social institutions are regarded as special collectively constructed social practices that are normatively governed—in part by constitutive norms. At bottom, institutions are group-level phenomena accountable in terms of the we-mode. However, in actual life, institutional activities normally also include I-mode activities that accordingly can be said to have colonized the realm of we-mode institutional action. Institutional practices or items in them centrally have a special institutional status—including a conceptual, social, normative component. It is shown that the we-mode, collectivity, sociality (in a constructivist sense), and institutionality go together.Less
A detailed account of social institutions in force is presented. Social institutions are regarded as special collectively constructed social practices that are normatively governed—in part by constitutive norms. At bottom, institutions are group-level phenomena accountable in terms of the we-mode. However, in actual life, institutional activities normally also include I-mode activities that accordingly can be said to have colonized the realm of we-mode institutional action. Institutional practices or items in them centrally have a special institutional status—including a conceptual, social, normative component. It is shown that the we-mode, collectivity, sociality (in a constructivist sense), and institutionality go together.
Masayuki Tanimoto
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198292746
- eISBN:
- 9780191603891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292740.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter provides an introduction to the book and relates the succeeding chapters to theoretical and comparative issues in the English-language literature. It presents an overview of author’s ...
More
This chapter provides an introduction to the book and relates the succeeding chapters to theoretical and comparative issues in the English-language literature. It presents an overview of author’s research on the rural weaving industry. After showing comparative quantitative data on the weight of small businesses, the chapter shows the development of the rural weaving industry up to the 1920s, discussing the functions of the putting-out system combined with peasant household strategy. The role of economic and social institutions together with the economy of the industrial district is also discussed, based on this case study addressing the recent scholarship of Japanese economic history. This particular pattern of development is conceptualized as ‘indigenous development’, and its implications are considered within the context of comparative economic development.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to the book and relates the succeeding chapters to theoretical and comparative issues in the English-language literature. It presents an overview of author’s research on the rural weaving industry. After showing comparative quantitative data on the weight of small businesses, the chapter shows the development of the rural weaving industry up to the 1920s, discussing the functions of the putting-out system combined with peasant household strategy. The role of economic and social institutions together with the economy of the industrial district is also discussed, based on this case study addressing the recent scholarship of Japanese economic history. This particular pattern of development is conceptualized as ‘indigenous development’, and its implications are considered within the context of comparative economic development.
Veena Das
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077404
- eISBN:
- 9780199081172
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077404.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
Hindu caste and ritual are two features of the Hindu society that are discussed in Structure and Cognition. The book presents a thorough analysis of two Sanskrit texts, the Dharmaranya Purana and the ...
More
Hindu caste and ritual are two features of the Hindu society that are discussed in Structure and Cognition. The book presents a thorough analysis of two Sanskrit texts, the Dharmaranya Purana and the Grihya Sutra of Gobhila; the former contains information on Hindu castes, while the latter contains information on Hindu rituals. The discussions try to show that Sanskrit texts—which are not normally used to study Indian social institutions—may also be used to study different features of Hindu social life. It introduces topics such as jatis and the categories of the Brahman, sanyasi, and king, and studies the issue of the sacred and the profane. It also considers the differences between the Chaturvedi Brahmans and Trivedi Brahmans, and narrates several myths found in the Dharmaranya Purana. The book also contains discussions on the right and left and the basic categorization of space that is used in Hindu rituals.Less
Hindu caste and ritual are two features of the Hindu society that are discussed in Structure and Cognition. The book presents a thorough analysis of two Sanskrit texts, the Dharmaranya Purana and the Grihya Sutra of Gobhila; the former contains information on Hindu castes, while the latter contains information on Hindu rituals. The discussions try to show that Sanskrit texts—which are not normally used to study Indian social institutions—may also be used to study different features of Hindu social life. It introduces topics such as jatis and the categories of the Brahman, sanyasi, and king, and studies the issue of the sacred and the profane. It also considers the differences between the Chaturvedi Brahmans and Trivedi Brahmans, and narrates several myths found in the Dharmaranya Purana. The book also contains discussions on the right and left and the basic categorization of space that is used in Hindu rituals.
Sara Roy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159676
- eISBN:
- 9781400848942
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159676.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter introduces some of the major social and economic institutions that existed in the territories during the Oslo period—types, roles, services, target audiences served (clientele), ...
More
This chapter introduces some of the major social and economic institutions that existed in the territories during the Oslo period—types, roles, services, target audiences served (clientele), organizational structure, legal status, and funding sources. It explores the social agenda that the Islamists had during the Oslo period and attempts to examine what constituted “Islamic authenticity” during that time and whether that aligns with the various widely held assumptions about Hamas and the Islamists. In doing this, the chapter illustrates a descriptive account of the Islamist social institutions in Palestine and their characteristic features, including some ethnographic data on individual organizations, the people who work in them, and those who seek their services.Less
This chapter introduces some of the major social and economic institutions that existed in the territories during the Oslo period—types, roles, services, target audiences served (clientele), organizational structure, legal status, and funding sources. It explores the social agenda that the Islamists had during the Oslo period and attempts to examine what constituted “Islamic authenticity” during that time and whether that aligns with the various widely held assumptions about Hamas and the Islamists. In doing this, the chapter illustrates a descriptive account of the Islamist social institutions in Palestine and their characteristic features, including some ethnographic data on individual organizations, the people who work in them, and those who seek their services.
Raimo Tuomela
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195313390
- eISBN:
- 9780199870929
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313390.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
The intuitive starting point of the book is the distinction between thinking and acting as a private person versus as a group member. People may view things from their own personal viewpoint and base ...
More
The intuitive starting point of the book is the distinction between thinking and acting as a private person versus as a group member. People may view things from their own personal viewpoint and base their thinking and acting on this “I-perspective”. They can then be said to operate as private persons, in the I-mode, even when they are engaged in social action with others. Alternatively, they may adopt the perspective of their social group and view things from a full “we-perspective”, that is, from the group's point of view that is constituted and shared by its members. Then they can be said to operate in the we-mode. The most central thesis of the book is that collective intentionality is an essential ingredient in sociality and that especially we-mode collective intentionality is important. Social life and social institutions cannot be properly understood or explained in terms of I-mode concepts only, and in certain respects the we-mode can even be seen as primary when compared to the I-mode.The book develops a systematic theory of sociality giving special emphasis on phenomena of collective intentionality, such as joint intentions, collective commitment, collective action, and group beliefs. The theory is used to investigate such topics as social institutions, cooperation, cultural evolution, and group responsibility. We-mode intentionality is compared with various forms of I-mode intentionality, and it is argued that the we-mode is irreducible to the I-mode. Yet the present book defends a naturalistic view of the social world. Accordingly, it is argued that the we-mode is an adaptation based on the co-evolution of genetic and cultural factors.The present book offers new ideas and conceptual tools for philosophers and social scientists interested in the conceptual and philosophical foundations of social theorizing.Less
The intuitive starting point of the book is the distinction between thinking and acting as a private person versus as a group member. People may view things from their own personal viewpoint and base their thinking and acting on this “I-perspective”. They can then be said to operate as private persons, in the I-mode, even when they are engaged in social action with others. Alternatively, they may adopt the perspective of their social group and view things from a full “we-perspective”, that is, from the group's point of view that is constituted and shared by its members. Then they can be said to operate in the we-mode. The most central thesis of the book is that collective intentionality is an essential ingredient in sociality and that especially we-mode collective intentionality is important. Social life and social institutions cannot be properly understood or explained in terms of I-mode concepts only, and in certain respects the we-mode can even be seen as primary when compared to the I-mode.
The book develops a systematic theory of sociality giving special emphasis on phenomena of collective intentionality, such as joint intentions, collective commitment, collective action, and group beliefs. The theory is used to investigate such topics as social institutions, cooperation, cultural evolution, and group responsibility. We-mode intentionality is compared with various forms of I-mode intentionality, and it is argued that the we-mode is irreducible to the I-mode. Yet the present book defends a naturalistic view of the social world. Accordingly, it is argued that the we-mode is an adaptation based on the co-evolution of genetic and cultural factors.
The present book offers new ideas and conceptual tools for philosophers and social scientists interested in the conceptual and philosophical foundations of social theorizing.
Sara Roy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159676
- eISBN:
- 9781400848942
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159676.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter examines the Islamic Resistance Movement or Hamas, which was established at the beginning of the first Palestinian uprising in December 1987. This analysis of Hamas focuses on its social ...
More
This chapter examines the Islamic Resistance Movement or Hamas, which was established at the beginning of the first Palestinian uprising in December 1987. This analysis of Hamas focuses on its social dimensions and on the relationship between its social and political sectors, primarily in the Gaza Strip, where the Islamist movement in Palestine is most concentrated. The chapter also explores the ways in which Islamic political institutions interact with and/or influence social institutions and vice versa, the nature of Islamic social and political mobilization in Palestine and the links between them, the changing nature of Islamically legitimized action in the public and political spheres, and the slowly emerging secularization of religious discourse as a way of adapting to existing social and political realities.Less
This chapter examines the Islamic Resistance Movement or Hamas, which was established at the beginning of the first Palestinian uprising in December 1987. This analysis of Hamas focuses on its social dimensions and on the relationship between its social and political sectors, primarily in the Gaza Strip, where the Islamist movement in Palestine is most concentrated. The chapter also explores the ways in which Islamic political institutions interact with and/or influence social institutions and vice versa, the nature of Islamic social and political mobilization in Palestine and the links between them, the changing nature of Islamically legitimized action in the public and political spheres, and the slowly emerging secularization of religious discourse as a way of adapting to existing social and political realities.
Frederick Neuhouser
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199542673
- eISBN:
- 9780191715402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542673.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter seeks to determine what solutions might exist to the numerous problems that amour-propre imposes on human existence. The first section discusses Rousseau's account of how good social and ...
More
This chapter seeks to determine what solutions might exist to the numerous problems that amour-propre imposes on human existence. The first section discusses Rousseau's account of how good social and political institutions can hold the development of inflamed amour-propre in check. The second section examines how the same end is achieved by Emile's domestic education.Less
This chapter seeks to determine what solutions might exist to the numerous problems that amour-propre imposes on human existence. The first section discusses Rousseau's account of how good social and political institutions can hold the development of inflamed amour-propre in check. The second section examines how the same end is achieved by Emile's domestic education.
Michael O. Emerson and George Yancey
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199742684
- eISBN:
- 9780199943388
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742684.003.0015
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
It is a simple, but often overlooked fact: a solution to improving race relations in the United States has to be accepted by both majority- and minority-group members. Solutions that fail to achieve ...
More
It is a simple, but often overlooked fact: a solution to improving race relations in the United States has to be accepted by both majority- and minority-group members. Solutions that fail to achieve a sufficient level of support from all groups simply cannot be successfully implemented or sustained. For this reason, we must assess multiracial social institutions that have addressed the interests of both majority- and minority-group members. This chapter first looks at the contact hypothesis to identify multiracial social institutions that allow us to learn how individuals of different races have confronted racial hostility and racial alienation. It then discusses research on these specific social institutions and what lessons can be gleaned from them. To be specific, these multiracial institutions hold promise for helping us construct a more holistic solution to racial inequality, division, and alienation. The chapter examines the promise of interracial contact, fears connected to interracial contact, and how productive interracial contact can be sustained.Less
It is a simple, but often overlooked fact: a solution to improving race relations in the United States has to be accepted by both majority- and minority-group members. Solutions that fail to achieve a sufficient level of support from all groups simply cannot be successfully implemented or sustained. For this reason, we must assess multiracial social institutions that have addressed the interests of both majority- and minority-group members. This chapter first looks at the contact hypothesis to identify multiracial social institutions that allow us to learn how individuals of different races have confronted racial hostility and racial alienation. It then discusses research on these specific social institutions and what lessons can be gleaned from them. To be specific, these multiracial institutions hold promise for helping us construct a more holistic solution to racial inequality, division, and alienation. The chapter examines the promise of interracial contact, fears connected to interracial contact, and how productive interracial contact can be sustained.
Sara Roy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159676
- eISBN:
- 9781400848942
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159676.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter explores the evolution and role of Islamist social institutions in Gaza, beginning with the reformist work and philosophy of the Muslim Brotherhood and continuing through the first ...
More
This chapter explores the evolution and role of Islamist social institutions in Gaza, beginning with the reformist work and philosophy of the Muslim Brotherhood and continuing through the first Intifada and the Oslo period. Emphasis is given to the primary role of the social sector (e.g., the Islamist institutions' contribution to community development, order, stability, and civic engagement); the political role and meaning of Islamist social work; and the impact of institutional work on grassroots development, community cohesion, and civism. There is no doubt that the Muslim Brotherhood has long used social institutions to spread its ideas and increase its influence. The Muslim Brotherhood's success was tied in large part to the fact that, until the first Intifada in 1987, the Brethren largely refrained from violent resistance against the occupation.Less
This chapter explores the evolution and role of Islamist social institutions in Gaza, beginning with the reformist work and philosophy of the Muslim Brotherhood and continuing through the first Intifada and the Oslo period. Emphasis is given to the primary role of the social sector (e.g., the Islamist institutions' contribution to community development, order, stability, and civic engagement); the political role and meaning of Islamist social work; and the impact of institutional work on grassroots development, community cohesion, and civism. There is no doubt that the Muslim Brotherhood has long used social institutions to spread its ideas and increase its influence. The Muslim Brotherhood's success was tied in large part to the fact that, until the first Intifada in 1987, the Brethren largely refrained from violent resistance against the occupation.
Russell Hardin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199232567
- eISBN:
- 9780191715976
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232567.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter explores Hume's moral theory. Topics discussed include Hume's claim that utility pleases, morality is a natural phenomenon arising from human psychology, the limited role of reason, ...
More
This chapter explores Hume's moral theory. Topics discussed include Hume's claim that utility pleases, morality is a natural phenomenon arising from human psychology, the limited role of reason, sympathy and moral sentiments as two important terms of art in Hume's moral and political theory, mirroring, natural and artificial virtues, and Hume's argument that social institutions are largely unplanned, they are products of social evolution.Less
This chapter explores Hume's moral theory. Topics discussed include Hume's claim that utility pleases, morality is a natural phenomenon arising from human psychology, the limited role of reason, sympathy and moral sentiments as two important terms of art in Hume's moral and political theory, mirroring, natural and artificial virtues, and Hume's argument that social institutions are largely unplanned, they are products of social evolution.
Paul Weirich
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195388381
- eISBN:
- 9780199866700
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388381.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
A theory of collective rationality identifies collective acts that are evaluable for rationality and formulates principles for their evaluation. This book argues that a group's act is evaluable for ...
More
A theory of collective rationality identifies collective acts that are evaluable for rationality and formulates principles for their evaluation. This book argues that a group's act is evaluable for rationality if it is the product of acts its members freely and fully control. It also argues that such an act is collectively rational if the acts of the group's members are rational. Efficiency is a goal of collective rationality, but not a requirement, except in cases where conditions are ideal for joint action and agents have rationally prepared for coordination. A theory of collective rationality also yields principles concerning solutions to games. One principle requires that a solution constitute an equilibrium among the incentives of the agents in the game. In a cooperative game some agents are coalitions of individuals, and it may be impossible for all agents to pursue all incentives. Because rationality is attainable, the appropriate equilibrium‐standard for cooperative games requires pursuit of an incentive only if it provides a sufficient reason to act. The book's theory of collective rationality supports an attainable equilibrium‐standard for solutions to cooperative games and shows that its realization follows from individuals' rational acts. This book's theory of collective rationality contributes to philosophical projects such as contractarian ethics and to practical projects such as the design of social institutions.Less
A theory of collective rationality identifies collective acts that are evaluable for rationality and formulates principles for their evaluation. This book argues that a group's act is evaluable for rationality if it is the product of acts its members freely and fully control. It also argues that such an act is collectively rational if the acts of the group's members are rational. Efficiency is a goal of collective rationality, but not a requirement, except in cases where conditions are ideal for joint action and agents have rationally prepared for coordination. A theory of collective rationality also yields principles concerning solutions to games. One principle requires that a solution constitute an equilibrium among the incentives of the agents in the game. In a cooperative game some agents are coalitions of individuals, and it may be impossible for all agents to pursue all incentives. Because rationality is attainable, the appropriate equilibrium‐standard for cooperative games requires pursuit of an incentive only if it provides a sufficient reason to act. The book's theory of collective rationality supports an attainable equilibrium‐standard for solutions to cooperative games and shows that its realization follows from individuals' rational acts. This book's theory of collective rationality contributes to philosophical projects such as contractarian ethics and to practical projects such as the design of social institutions.
Sandra F. Joireman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199782482
- eISBN:
- 9780199897209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199782482.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Statute law and the property rights that are actually enforced in common law Africa often diverge. Property rights are tied to authority structures, and in Africa both property and authority ...
More
Statute law and the property rights that are actually enforced in common law Africa often diverge. Property rights are tied to authority structures, and in Africa both property and authority structures are contested. Early theoretical perspectives on property, those of Locke, Rousseau, and Proudhon, understood the inherent political nature of property rights. Yet, this linking of property and authority is often lacking in contemporary analyses of property and development. The last half of the chapter discusses contemporary theory on property rights and the “fallacy of legalism.” A brief overview of the variety of property rights enforcement mechanisms we see in Africa is presented, along with a set of criteria by which we might evaluate social institutions.Less
Statute law and the property rights that are actually enforced in common law Africa often diverge. Property rights are tied to authority structures, and in Africa both property and authority structures are contested. Early theoretical perspectives on property, those of Locke, Rousseau, and Proudhon, understood the inherent political nature of property rights. Yet, this linking of property and authority is often lacking in contemporary analyses of property and development. The last half of the chapter discusses contemporary theory on property rights and the “fallacy of legalism.” A brief overview of the variety of property rights enforcement mechanisms we see in Africa is presented, along with a set of criteria by which we might evaluate social institutions.
Raimo Tuomela
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195313390
- eISBN:
- 9780199870929
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313390.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter briefly introduces the central concepts of the theory developed in the book. Thus collective intentionality and the accompanying “we-perspective” both in the full, we-mode sense and in ...
More
This chapter briefly introduces the central concepts of the theory developed in the book. Thus collective intentionality and the accompanying “we-perspective” both in the full, we-mode sense and in the “private”, I-mode sense are introduced. A preliminary survey of the contents of the chapters is given and the most central theses, twelve of them, of the theory are presented in this introduction.Less
This chapter briefly introduces the central concepts of the theory developed in the book. Thus collective intentionality and the accompanying “we-perspective” both in the full, we-mode sense and in the “private”, I-mode sense are introduced. A preliminary survey of the contents of the chapters is given and the most central theses, twelve of them, of the theory are presented in this introduction.
Yuri Levada
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263136
- eISBN:
- 9780191734922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263136.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Trust is closely related to other social concepts such as hope, expectations, loyalty, charismatic authority, rational considerations, and the mass imagination. Recently, ‘trust’ and a related ...
More
Trust is closely related to other social concepts such as hope, expectations, loyalty, charismatic authority, rational considerations, and the mass imagination. Recently, ‘trust’ and a related concept, ‘social capital’, have become the subject of special interest in Russia and other post-Communist countries. Under the Soviet regime it was forbidden to conduct proper nationwide surveys of public opinion. But even if opinion surveys had been allowed, the researcher would have found it impossible to obtain any measures of public trust or distrust with respect to state institutions or leaders. In the mass mind, such terms as ‘public opinion’ did not exist. This chapter examines the problem of trust in public opinion in Russia. It compares the indices of trust in Russian social institutions (president, political parties, army, courts, church, media, etc.) with those in the United States. The chapter also summarizes the results of a survey that explored Russians' degree of trust in various countries of the world.Less
Trust is closely related to other social concepts such as hope, expectations, loyalty, charismatic authority, rational considerations, and the mass imagination. Recently, ‘trust’ and a related concept, ‘social capital’, have become the subject of special interest in Russia and other post-Communist countries. Under the Soviet regime it was forbidden to conduct proper nationwide surveys of public opinion. But even if opinion surveys had been allowed, the researcher would have found it impossible to obtain any measures of public trust or distrust with respect to state institutions or leaders. In the mass mind, such terms as ‘public opinion’ did not exist. This chapter examines the problem of trust in public opinion in Russia. It compares the indices of trust in Russian social institutions (president, political parties, army, courts, church, media, etc.) with those in the United States. The chapter also summarizes the results of a survey that explored Russians' degree of trust in various countries of the world.
Sara Roy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159676
- eISBN:
- 9781400848942
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159676.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter evaluates the political impact on the Islamist movement and its social institutions of the following: the second Intifada, Israel's 2005 “disengagement” from Gaza, Hamas' 2006 electoral ...
More
This chapter evaluates the political impact on the Islamist movement and its social institutions of the following: the second Intifada, Israel's 2005 “disengagement” from Gaza, Hamas' 2006 electoral victory, the subsequent international boycott of the Hamas-led government, and Hamas' June 2007 military takeover of Gaza. Particular consideration is given to how the role of social institutions changed after the second Intifada and after the 2006 elections. The chapter also shows how in the almost two decades since the Oslo process began, the quality of life in Palestine has declined markedly. The political, economic, and social possibilities of the past—both real and illusory—have since disappeared.Less
This chapter evaluates the political impact on the Islamist movement and its social institutions of the following: the second Intifada, Israel's 2005 “disengagement” from Gaza, Hamas' 2006 electoral victory, the subsequent international boycott of the Hamas-led government, and Hamas' June 2007 military takeover of Gaza. Particular consideration is given to how the role of social institutions changed after the second Intifada and after the 2006 elections. The chapter also shows how in the almost two decades since the Oslo process began, the quality of life in Palestine has declined markedly. The political, economic, and social possibilities of the past—both real and illusory—have since disappeared.
Paul Weirich
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195388381
- eISBN:
- 9780199866700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388381.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This book's theory of collective rationality forms part of a unified theory of rationality that includes general principles applying to individuals and groups alike. The theory's principles make ...
More
This book's theory of collective rationality forms part of a unified theory of rationality that includes general principles applying to individuals and groups alike. The theory's principles make decision theory a foundation for game theory and make the theory of noncooperative games a foundation for the theory of cooperative games. The theory of collective rationality has many applications in philosophy. It evaluates social contracts and also social institutions such as the law and economic markets. A good social institution creates a context in which individuals acting rationally achieve goals of collective rationality such as efficiency. Rational individuals achieve a strategic equilibrium in market transactions. This type of equilibrium differs from a competitive equilibrium and constitutes a new type of market stability.Less
This book's theory of collective rationality forms part of a unified theory of rationality that includes general principles applying to individuals and groups alike. The theory's principles make decision theory a foundation for game theory and make the theory of noncooperative games a foundation for the theory of cooperative games. The theory of collective rationality has many applications in philosophy. It evaluates social contracts and also social institutions such as the law and economic markets. A good social institution creates a context in which individuals acting rationally achieve goals of collective rationality such as efficiency. Rational individuals achieve a strategic equilibrium in market transactions. This type of equilibrium differs from a competitive equilibrium and constitutes a new type of market stability.
Marilyn Friedman
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195138504
- eISBN:
- 9780199785902
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195138503.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Women have historically been prevented from living autonomously by systematic injustice, subordination, and oppression. The lingering effects of these practices have prompted many feminists to view ...
More
Women have historically been prevented from living autonomously by systematic injustice, subordination, and oppression. The lingering effects of these practices have prompted many feminists to view autonomy with suspicion. This book defends the ideal of feminist autonomy. The book proposes that behavior is autonomous if it accords with the wants, cares, values, or commitments that the actor has reaffirmed and is able to sustain in the face of opposition. By this account, autonomy is socially grounded yet also individualizing and sometimes socially disruptive, qualities that can be ultimately advantageous for women. The book applies the concept of autonomy to domains of special interest to women. It defends the importance of autonomy in romantic love, considers how social institutions should respond to women who choose to remain in abusive relationships, and argues that liberal societies should tolerate minority cultural practices that violate women's rights so long as the women in question have chosen autonomously to live according to those practices.Less
Women have historically been prevented from living autonomously by systematic injustice, subordination, and oppression. The lingering effects of these practices have prompted many feminists to view autonomy with suspicion. This book defends the ideal of feminist autonomy. The book proposes that behavior is autonomous if it accords with the wants, cares, values, or commitments that the actor has reaffirmed and is able to sustain in the face of opposition. By this account, autonomy is socially grounded yet also individualizing and sometimes socially disruptive, qualities that can be ultimately advantageous for women. The book applies the concept of autonomy to domains of special interest to women. It defends the importance of autonomy in romantic love, considers how social institutions should respond to women who choose to remain in abusive relationships, and argues that liberal societies should tolerate minority cultural practices that violate women's rights so long as the women in question have chosen autonomously to live according to those practices.
Bill Jordan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420800
- eISBN:
- 9781447304210
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420800.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
Research on well-being reveals the significance of personal relationships, trust and participation to sustain quality of life, yet it is the economic model that remains the dominant basis for ...
More
Research on well-being reveals the significance of personal relationships, trust and participation to sustain quality of life, yet it is the economic model that remains the dominant basis for political and social institutions and policy. This book presents a new analysis of well-being in terms of social value, and outlines how it could be incorporated into public policy decisions. It argues that the grandiose attempt to maximise welfare and regulate social relations through contract, in line with the economic theory of information and incentives, is counterproductive for well-being. Instead, both the quality of personal experience and the restraints necessary for a convivial collective life would be better served by a focus on cultures and institutions.Less
Research on well-being reveals the significance of personal relationships, trust and participation to sustain quality of life, yet it is the economic model that remains the dominant basis for political and social institutions and policy. This book presents a new analysis of well-being in terms of social value, and outlines how it could be incorporated into public policy decisions. It argues that the grandiose attempt to maximise welfare and regulate social relations through contract, in line with the economic theory of information and incentives, is counterproductive for well-being. Instead, both the quality of personal experience and the restraints necessary for a convivial collective life would be better served by a focus on cultures and institutions.
MARCUS GEORGE SINGER
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198250210
- eISBN:
- 9780191681264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198250210.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter focuses on the ethical and valuational questions associated with social institutions, and distinguishes institutions from associations and ...
More
This chapter focuses on the ethical and valuational questions associated with social institutions, and distinguishes institutions from associations and organizations. It addresses the question of whether the principles and standards applicable to moral judgements of actions (either tokens or types) and of persons — call them individual principles — are also applicable, or applicable with only minor changes, to the judgement and critique and evaluation of institutions and practices. This is not the sole question of institutional ethics, but it is a main one.Less
This chapter focuses on the ethical and valuational questions associated with social institutions, and distinguishes institutions from associations and organizations. It addresses the question of whether the principles and standards applicable to moral judgements of actions (either tokens or types) and of persons — call them individual principles — are also applicable, or applicable with only minor changes, to the judgement and critique and evaluation of institutions and practices. This is not the sole question of institutional ethics, but it is a main one.
Robert Boyd and Peter J. Richerson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262195805
- eISBN:
- 9780262272353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262195805.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Social institutions are the laws, informal rules, and conventions that give durable structure to social interactions within a population. Such institutions are typically not designed consciously, are ...
More
Social institutions are the laws, informal rules, and conventions that give durable structure to social interactions within a population. Such institutions are typically not designed consciously, are heritable at the population level, are frequently but not always group beneficial, and are often symbolically marked. Conceptualizing social institutions as one of multiple possible stable cultural equilibrium allows a straightforward explanation of their properties. The evolution of institutions is partly driven by both the deliberate and intuitive decisions of individuals and collectivities. The innate components of human psychology coevolved in response to a culturally evolved, institutional environment and reflect a prosocial tendency of choices we make about institutional forms.Less
Social institutions are the laws, informal rules, and conventions that give durable structure to social interactions within a population. Such institutions are typically not designed consciously, are heritable at the population level, are frequently but not always group beneficial, and are often symbolically marked. Conceptualizing social institutions as one of multiple possible stable cultural equilibrium allows a straightforward explanation of their properties. The evolution of institutions is partly driven by both the deliberate and intuitive decisions of individuals and collectivities. The innate components of human psychology coevolved in response to a culturally evolved, institutional environment and reflect a prosocial tendency of choices we make about institutional forms.
