Kenneth A. Armstrong
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199257409
- eISBN:
- 9780191600951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925740X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Armstrong links macro structures to the micro level (individual action) by providing a critical analysis of the institutionalization of new modes of governance and their impact on civil society and ...
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Armstrong links macro structures to the micro level (individual action) by providing a critical analysis of the institutionalization of new modes of governance and their impact on civil society and democratic politics. The argument is presented with respect to a particular new mode of governance, the open method of co‐ordination (or OMC), which is seen as posing challenges for integration theories that assume that law and courts would be central to understanding EU governance. OMC does not rest on the instrumental usage of EU law to achieve its goal and triggers law‐production at the national rather than the EU level. Focussing on the application of the OMC to the fight against poverty and social exclusion, Armstrong elaborates the tension (and potential pitfalls and promise) this new mode of governance presents for EU democracy. The six sections of the chapter are: Introduction; OMC and Integration Theory; Institutional Context and Change: Systemic Discourses, Rules and Norms—an analysis of the systemic context of OMC inclusion policy; The Organizational, Procedural, and Substantive Levels of Policy Development; Mobilizing Actors—the roles of civil society actors at national/subnational and transnational levels in the OMC inclusion process; and Conclusions.Less
Armstrong links macro structures to the micro level (individual action) by providing a critical analysis of the institutionalization of new modes of governance and their impact on civil society and democratic politics. The argument is presented with respect to a particular new mode of governance, the open method of co‐ordination (or OMC), which is seen as posing challenges for integration theories that assume that law and courts would be central to understanding EU governance. OMC does not rest on the instrumental usage of EU law to achieve its goal and triggers law‐production at the national rather than the EU level. Focussing on the application of the OMC to the fight against poverty and social exclusion, Armstrong elaborates the tension (and potential pitfalls and promise) this new mode of governance presents for EU democracy. The six sections of the chapter are: Introduction; OMC and Integration Theory; Institutional Context and Change: Systemic Discourses, Rules and Norms—an analysis of the systemic context of OMC inclusion policy; The Organizational, Procedural, and Substantive Levels of Policy Development; Mobilizing Actors—the roles of civil society actors at national/subnational and transnational levels in the OMC inclusion process; and Conclusions.
Neil Gilbert
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780195140743
- eISBN:
- 9780199834921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140745.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Over the last decade of the twentieth century, policies for social protection of the unemployed in the advanced industrial world have been reformulated from the provision of income maintenance ...
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Over the last decade of the twentieth century, policies for social protection of the unemployed in the advanced industrial world have been reformulated from the provision of income maintenance (income support), to schemes for getting people back to work. This change has three connected rhetorical themes (a shift from passive to active policies; an emphasis on responsibilities over rights ; and a redefinition of objectives from income maintenance to social inclusion), which are discussed. An account is then given of experiences in the USA on the reform of public assistance. Next, the four most significant dimensions of policy change involved (restricting entrance and accelerating exit; the segmentation of participants; the introduction of contractual obligations; and the formulation of work‐oriented incentives and services) are discussed. The last part of the chapter discusses the legal aspects of implementation of work‐oriented policies, and the accompanying recommodification of labour.Less
Over the last decade of the twentieth century, policies for social protection of the unemployed in the advanced industrial world have been reformulated from the provision of income maintenance (income support), to schemes for getting people back to work. This change has three connected rhetorical themes (a shift from passive to active policies; an emphasis on responsibilities over rights ; and a redefinition of objectives from income maintenance to social inclusion), which are discussed. An account is then given of experiences in the USA on the reform of public assistance. Next, the four most significant dimensions of policy change involved (restricting entrance and accelerating exit; the segmentation of participants; the introduction of contractual obligations; and the formulation of work‐oriented incentives and services) are discussed. The last part of the chapter discusses the legal aspects of implementation of work‐oriented policies, and the accompanying recommodification of labour.
Duncan Gallie
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199271849
- eISBN:
- 9780191602733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271844.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter examines the activation programmes for unemployed people in the EU. The comparison of a group of unemployed and a group of activated people showed only small differences in terms of ...
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This chapter examines the activation programmes for unemployed people in the EU. The comparison of a group of unemployed and a group of activated people showed only small differences in terms of their inclusion in, or exclusion from several domains of society. Subsidised employment programmes for long-term unemployed people provide resources to help them realize the forms of inclusion they strive for, but at the same time confront them with unwanted exclusion.Less
This chapter examines the activation programmes for unemployed people in the EU. The comparison of a group of unemployed and a group of activated people showed only small differences in terms of their inclusion in, or exclusion from several domains of society. Subsidised employment programmes for long-term unemployed people provide resources to help them realize the forms of inclusion they strive for, but at the same time confront them with unwanted exclusion.
Mark Bell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199297849
- eISBN:
- 9780191711565
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297849.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, EU Law
This chapter examines EU policy in the field of social inclusion and considers the extent to which it reflects the objectives of combating racism and promoting ethnic equality. It focuses on the EU ...
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This chapter examines EU policy in the field of social inclusion and considers the extent to which it reflects the objectives of combating racism and promoting ethnic equality. It focuses on the EU Social Inclusion Process and how this has treated the issue of racism. It charts a growing attention to the situation of immigrants, but a loss of focus following reforms in 2006. It also examines EU policies on education and health in more depth. This includes funding programmes and new governance policy coordination processes.Less
This chapter examines EU policy in the field of social inclusion and considers the extent to which it reflects the objectives of combating racism and promoting ethnic equality. It focuses on the EU Social Inclusion Process and how this has treated the issue of racism. It charts a growing attention to the situation of immigrants, but a loss of focus following reforms in 2006. It also examines EU policies on education and health in more depth. This includes funding programmes and new governance policy coordination processes.
Mark Bell
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264911
- eISBN:
- 9780191754098
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264911.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter explores how equality is pursued, comparing two approaches. In Europe, legal responses to inequality have tended to focus on anti-discrimination legislation. This approach attempts to ...
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This chapter explores how equality is pursued, comparing two approaches. In Europe, legal responses to inequality have tended to focus on anti-discrimination legislation. This approach attempts to bring about equality by giving individuals a right to challenge discrimination through litigation before courts or other adjudicatory bodies. In contrast, the promotion of social inclusion has been more typically linked with policy-based mechanisms, not amenable to judicial enforcement. A dichotomy thus arises between two pathways for advancing equality: antidiscrimination and social inclusion. The chapter begins by reviewing in more detail the characteristics, strengths, and pitfalls of each of these two approaches. It then seeks to explore whether these approaches might be brought together and, to this end, it examines the European Social Charter, which appears to marry some of the qualities of both approaches. It is an instrument of international law, yet it has a holistic outlook on social rights and their implementation in practice. In order to make a more concrete assessment of the Charter's potential to promote equality, two discrete case studies are considered, focusing on the social situation of Travellers in Ireland and Roma in Italy.Less
This chapter explores how equality is pursued, comparing two approaches. In Europe, legal responses to inequality have tended to focus on anti-discrimination legislation. This approach attempts to bring about equality by giving individuals a right to challenge discrimination through litigation before courts or other adjudicatory bodies. In contrast, the promotion of social inclusion has been more typically linked with policy-based mechanisms, not amenable to judicial enforcement. A dichotomy thus arises between two pathways for advancing equality: antidiscrimination and social inclusion. The chapter begins by reviewing in more detail the characteristics, strengths, and pitfalls of each of these two approaches. It then seeks to explore whether these approaches might be brought together and, to this end, it examines the European Social Charter, which appears to marry some of the qualities of both approaches. It is an instrument of international law, yet it has a holistic outlook on social rights and their implementation in practice. In order to make a more concrete assessment of the Charter's potential to promote equality, two discrete case studies are considered, focusing on the social situation of Travellers in Ireland and Roma in Italy.
Amir Paz-Fuchs
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237418
- eISBN:
- 9780191717192
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237418.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law
This book examines welfare-to-work programmes in the United States and Britain, and develops a normative perspective to analyse and critique the theoretical and doctrinal justifications for ...
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This book examines welfare-to-work programmes in the United States and Britain, and develops a normative perspective to analyse and critique the theoretical and doctrinal justifications for welfare-to-work programmes. The book sheds light on the contractual paradigm that is advanced both as a new interpretation of citizenship, and as a jurisprudential mold for the configuration of the relationship between rights and responsibilities. Viewing rights as demanding responsibilities carries the threat that rights will lose their strategic role in practical reasoning. When this conceptualization is couched in social contract rhetoric that implies a continuous contract between citizens and the state, many conditions on welfare are supposedly legitimated. These include workfare, the obligation to accept any job offer, and several moral and social preconditions, based on a vague notion of reciprocity. This phenomenon has exacerbated over the last decade in social discourse in general, and in the field of welfare unemployment in particular. Following a critique of the prominence of the contractual conceptualization, the book suggests a structure of legitimate conditions on welfare benefits. This takes account of the contemporary appeal of personal responsibility, and reconciles it with the traditional fidelity that is owed to equality in the welfare state ideal. It is shown that equality's concern for the worst-off supports a recognition of a strong legal right to welfare. It concludes by showing that rather than undermining social inclusion and labour market integration, strengthening welfare rights and relaxing preconditions on entitlement would serve the very objectives that welfare-to-work programmes are supposed to advance.Less
This book examines welfare-to-work programmes in the United States and Britain, and develops a normative perspective to analyse and critique the theoretical and doctrinal justifications for welfare-to-work programmes. The book sheds light on the contractual paradigm that is advanced both as a new interpretation of citizenship, and as a jurisprudential mold for the configuration of the relationship between rights and responsibilities. Viewing rights as demanding responsibilities carries the threat that rights will lose their strategic role in practical reasoning. When this conceptualization is couched in social contract rhetoric that implies a continuous contract between citizens and the state, many conditions on welfare are supposedly legitimated. These include workfare, the obligation to accept any job offer, and several moral and social preconditions, based on a vague notion of reciprocity. This phenomenon has exacerbated over the last decade in social discourse in general, and in the field of welfare unemployment in particular. Following a critique of the prominence of the contractual conceptualization, the book suggests a structure of legitimate conditions on welfare benefits. This takes account of the contemporary appeal of personal responsibility, and reconciles it with the traditional fidelity that is owed to equality in the welfare state ideal. It is shown that equality's concern for the worst-off supports a recognition of a strong legal right to welfare. It concludes by showing that rather than undermining social inclusion and labour market integration, strengthening welfare rights and relaxing preconditions on entitlement would serve the very objectives that welfare-to-work programmes are supposed to advance.
Helmut Anheier
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199266722
- eISBN:
- 9780191601941
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266727.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Drawing upon a variety of analyses, this chapter constructs a taxonomy of competing approaches to inequality, social cohesion, and citizenship and proceeds to locate the Third Way as a hybrid ...
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Drawing upon a variety of analyses, this chapter constructs a taxonomy of competing approaches to inequality, social cohesion, and citizenship and proceeds to locate the Third Way as a hybrid approach. While the Third Way strongly embraces elements of market liberalism, it also exhibits a mixture of social democratic, communitarian, and moral authoritarian features. The Third Way approach to policies for social inclusion is traced through a discussion of the European Union’s Social Inclusion Strategy, the development of ‘workfare’ type policies, and in the specific context of new labour policies in Britain. The ambiguous consequences of such policies are examined in relation to measures of inequality, poverty, and social exclusion. The chapter concludes that the Third Way maybe more than a pragmatic compromize, but whether it maybe capable of ameliorating the dislocating social effects of a market driven economic agenda remains uncertain.Less
Drawing upon a variety of analyses, this chapter constructs a taxonomy of competing approaches to inequality, social cohesion, and citizenship and proceeds to locate the Third Way as a hybrid approach. While the Third Way strongly embraces elements of market liberalism, it also exhibits a mixture of social democratic, communitarian, and moral authoritarian features. The Third Way approach to policies for social inclusion is traced through a discussion of the European Union’s Social Inclusion Strategy, the development of ‘workfare’ type policies, and in the specific context of new labour policies in Britain. The ambiguous consequences of such policies are examined in relation to measures of inequality, poverty, and social exclusion. The chapter concludes that the Third Way maybe more than a pragmatic compromize, but whether it maybe capable of ameliorating the dislocating social effects of a market driven economic agenda remains uncertain.
Lane Kenworthy
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199591527
- eISBN:
- 9780191731389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199591527.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
If we commit to improvement in the absolute living standards of the least well-off, must we sacrifice other desirable outcomes? The comparative empirical evidence suggests not.
If we commit to improvement in the absolute living standards of the least well-off, must we sacrifice other desirable outcomes? The comparative empirical evidence suggests not.
Gøsta Esping‐Andersen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256433
- eISBN:
- 9780191599170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256438.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This is an introductory chapter to the book, and it addresses the need for a new look at the welfare state in Europe. The different sections of the chapter are: The new welfare challenge; Emerging ...
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This is an introductory chapter to the book, and it addresses the need for a new look at the welfare state in Europe. The different sections of the chapter are: The new welfare challenge; Emerging blueprints for reform; Towards a viable new European welfare architecture—the need for a more effective methodology, the principles of justice, welfare as social investment, and rethinking security in old age; The three welfare pillars —markets, families, and government; Similar challenges for different welfare regimes— the Scandinavian welfare model, the ‘liberal’ welfare model, and the continental European welfare model; From national regimes towards a European model; and Rewriting the social contract—a new family policy, a new gender contract, social inclusion through employment, the generational contract.Less
This is an introductory chapter to the book, and it addresses the need for a new look at the welfare state in Europe. The different sections of the chapter are: The new welfare challenge; Emerging blueprints for reform; Towards a viable new European welfare architecture—the need for a more effective methodology, the principles of justice, welfare as social investment, and rethinking security in old age; The three welfare pillars —markets, families, and government; Similar challenges for different welfare regimes— the Scandinavian welfare model, the ‘liberal’ welfare model, and the continental European welfare model; From national regimes towards a European model; and Rewriting the social contract—a new family policy, a new gender contract, social inclusion through employment, the generational contract.
Gøsta Esping-Andersen (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256433
- eISBN:
- 9780191599170
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256438.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Leading scholars in the field examine the highly topical issue of the future of the welfare state in Europe. They argue that welfare states need to adjust, and examine which kind of welfare ...
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Leading scholars in the field examine the highly topical issue of the future of the welfare state in Europe. They argue that welfare states need to adjust, and examine which kind of welfare architecture will further Europe's stated goal of maximum social inclusion and justice. The volume concentrates on four principal social‐policy domains: the aged and transition to retirement; the welfare issues related to profound changes in working life; the new risks and needs that arise in households and, especially, in families with children; and the challenges of creating gender equality. The analysis strongly supports the idea that open coordination of social policies in the European Union, if applied judiciously, can contribute significantly to the achievement of social justice for Europe's citizens.Less
Leading scholars in the field examine the highly topical issue of the future of the welfare state in Europe. They argue that welfare states need to adjust, and examine which kind of welfare architecture will further Europe's stated goal of maximum social inclusion and justice. The volume concentrates on four principal social‐policy domains: the aged and transition to retirement; the welfare issues related to profound changes in working life; the new risks and needs that arise in households and, especially, in families with children; and the challenges of creating gender equality. The analysis strongly supports the idea that open coordination of social policies in the European Union, if applied judiciously, can contribute significantly to the achievement of social justice for Europe's citizens.
Tony Atkinson, Bea Cantillon, Eric Marlier, and Brian Nolan
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253494
- eISBN:
- 9780191595882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253498.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
In designing indicators for use in the EU monitoring process, a great deal can be learnt from the experience of member states in their national policies to combat social exclusion. Ch. 3 reviews, ...
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In designing indicators for use in the EU monitoring process, a great deal can be learnt from the experience of member states in their national policies to combat social exclusion. Ch. 3 reviews, country by country, social indicators from a member state perspective, with the aim of illustrating the range of current practice in the use of social indicators in the field of social inclusion, rather than providing a comprehensive assessment. Member states differ in the degree to which they have embarked on strategies aimed at promoting social inclusion that already include explicit targets and indicators against which to measure the effectiveness of policy, and for this reason, the amount of space allocated to each country varies. In each case, however, the National Action Plan on Social Inclusion (NAPincl) submitted to the European Commission in June 2001 is discussed from the viewpoint of the method by which the plans were produced, their relation with previous policy formation, the use made of the seven indicators proposed by the Commission, and other indicators employed by member states that seem of wider interest, particularly where they relate to fields not covered by the Commission's indicators. The countries included in the review are Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Finland, Sweden, and the UK.Less
In designing indicators for use in the EU monitoring process, a great deal can be learnt from the experience of member states in their national policies to combat social exclusion. Ch. 3 reviews, country by country, social indicators from a member state perspective, with the aim of illustrating the range of current practice in the use of social indicators in the field of social inclusion, rather than providing a comprehensive assessment. Member states differ in the degree to which they have embarked on strategies aimed at promoting social inclusion that already include explicit targets and indicators against which to measure the effectiveness of policy, and for this reason, the amount of space allocated to each country varies. In each case, however, the National Action Plan on Social Inclusion (NAPincl) submitted to the European Commission in June 2001 is discussed from the viewpoint of the method by which the plans were produced, their relation with previous policy formation, the use made of the seven indicators proposed by the Commission, and other indicators employed by member states that seem of wider interest, particularly where they relate to fields not covered by the Commission's indicators. The countries included in the review are Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Finland, Sweden, and the UK.
Eric Marlier, Bea Cantillon, Brian Nolan, Karel Van den Bosch, and Tim Van Rie
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199860586
- eISBN:
- 9780199932948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199860586.003.0015
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Children and Families
This chapter describes the main concepts of social inclusion used by the European Commission and EU countries in the context of the social open method of coordination (OMC). The discussion aims to ...
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This chapter describes the main concepts of social inclusion used by the European Commission and EU countries in the context of the social open method of coordination (OMC). The discussion aims to bring out the value of going beyond purely income-based measures of poverty to include other dimensions, which is what the indicators adopted for monitoring the social OMC are intended to achieve. For this purpose, it draws on the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and the EU Labor Force Surveys, which provide data on most of these indicators on a comparable basis across EU member states. Some lessons, issues, and areas for development are also explored. These issues include the balance to be struck between using standards that are fixed versus standards that vary across time or countries. The core message, though, is that a multidimensional set of indicators can do justice to the complexity of the concepts involved in a much better way than can be achieved by considering only income-based measures.Less
This chapter describes the main concepts of social inclusion used by the European Commission and EU countries in the context of the social open method of coordination (OMC). The discussion aims to bring out the value of going beyond purely income-based measures of poverty to include other dimensions, which is what the indicators adopted for monitoring the social OMC are intended to achieve. For this purpose, it draws on the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and the EU Labor Force Surveys, which provide data on most of these indicators on a comparable basis across EU member states. Some lessons, issues, and areas for development are also explored. These issues include the balance to be struck between using standards that are fixed versus standards that vary across time or countries. The core message, though, is that a multidimensional set of indicators can do justice to the complexity of the concepts involved in a much better way than can be achieved by considering only income-based measures.
Duncan Gallie
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256433
- eISBN:
- 9780191599170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256438.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Three main issues are addressed in this chapter. The first section, ‘Dimensions of employment disadvantage’, points out that although the central policy orientation for enhancing social inclusion in ...
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Three main issues are addressed in this chapter. The first section, ‘Dimensions of employment disadvantage’, points out that although the central policy orientation for enhancing social inclusion in Europe is increasing the employment rate, this is at best only a partial solution, because of the restricted possibilities for social participation and ongoing learning and training that many low‐skilled jobs offer. The second section, ‘Employment disadvantage in the life course’, shows that not only does low‐skilled employment provide rather limited life opportunities but also enhances the risk of persistent labour‐market marginalization. The last section, ‘Welfare and work: the future agenda’, addresses the fact that the principal emphasis in social policy has been on tackling the risk of social exclusion after people have entered unemployment (through the application of training and incentives), whereas, a long‐term preventative programme is needed that will protect people from the risk of labour‐market marginalization by ensuring continuous skill enhancement over their working lives.Less
Three main issues are addressed in this chapter. The first section, ‘Dimensions of employment disadvantage’, points out that although the central policy orientation for enhancing social inclusion in Europe is increasing the employment rate, this is at best only a partial solution, because of the restricted possibilities for social participation and ongoing learning and training that many low‐skilled jobs offer. The second section, ‘Employment disadvantage in the life course’, shows that not only does low‐skilled employment provide rather limited life opportunities but also enhances the risk of persistent labour‐market marginalization. The last section, ‘Welfare and work: the future agenda’, addresses the fact that the principal emphasis in social policy has been on tackling the risk of social exclusion after people have entered unemployment (through the application of training and incentives), whereas, a long‐term preventative programme is needed that will protect people from the risk of labour‐market marginalization by ensuring continuous skill enhancement over their working lives.
Tony Atkinson, Bea Cantillon, Eric Marlier, and Brian Nolan
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253494
- eISBN:
- 9780191595882
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253498.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Social indicators are an important tool for evaluating a country's level of social development and for assessing the impact of policy. Such indicators are already in use in investigating poverty and ...
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Social indicators are an important tool for evaluating a country's level of social development and for assessing the impact of policy. Such indicators are already in use in investigating poverty and social exclusion in several European countries and have begun to play a significant role in advancing the social dimension of the EU as a whole. The purpose of this book is to make a scientific contribution to the development of social indicators for the purposes of European policy‐making. It considers the principles underlying the construction of policy‐relevant indicators, the definition of indicators, and the issues that arise in their implementation, including that of the statistical data required. It seeks to bring together theoretical and methodological methods in the measurement of poverty/social exclusion with the empirical practice of social policy. The experience of member states is reviewed, including an assessment of the National Action Plans on Social Inclusion submitted for the first time in June 2001 by the 15 EU governments. The key areas covered by the book are poverty, including its intensity and persistence, income inequality, non‐monetary deprivation, low educational attainment, unemployment, joblessness, poor health, poor housing and homelessness, functional illiteracy and innumeracy, and restricted social participation. In each case, the book assesses the strengths and weaknesses of different indicators relevant to social inclusion in the EU, and makes recommendations for the indicators to be employed. The book is based on a report prepared at the request of the Belgian government, as part of the Belgian presidency of the Council of the EU in the second half of 2001, and presented at a conference on ‘Indicators for Social Inclusion: Making Common EU Objectives Work’ held at Antwerp on 14–15 Sept 2001.Less
Social indicators are an important tool for evaluating a country's level of social development and for assessing the impact of policy. Such indicators are already in use in investigating poverty and social exclusion in several European countries and have begun to play a significant role in advancing the social dimension of the EU as a whole. The purpose of this book is to make a scientific contribution to the development of social indicators for the purposes of European policy‐making. It considers the principles underlying the construction of policy‐relevant indicators, the definition of indicators, and the issues that arise in their implementation, including that of the statistical data required. It seeks to bring together theoretical and methodological methods in the measurement of poverty/social exclusion with the empirical practice of social policy. The experience of member states is reviewed, including an assessment of the National Action Plans on Social Inclusion submitted for the first time in June 2001 by the 15 EU governments. The key areas covered by the book are poverty, including its intensity and persistence, income inequality, non‐monetary deprivation, low educational attainment, unemployment, joblessness, poor health, poor housing and homelessness, functional illiteracy and innumeracy, and restricted social participation. In each case, the book assesses the strengths and weaknesses of different indicators relevant to social inclusion in the EU, and makes recommendations for the indicators to be employed. The book is based on a report prepared at the request of the Belgian government, as part of the Belgian presidency of the Council of the EU in the second half of 2001, and presented at a conference on ‘Indicators for Social Inclusion: Making Common EU Objectives Work’ held at Antwerp on 14–15 Sept 2001.
Tony Atkinson, Bea Cantillon, Eric Marlier, and Brian Nolan
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253494
- eISBN:
- 9780191595882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253498.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The purpose of this book is to make a scientific contribution to the development of social indicators as part of the social agenda in the EU. It assesses the strengths and weaknesses of different ...
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The purpose of this book is to make a scientific contribution to the development of social indicators as part of the social agenda in the EU. It assesses the strengths and weaknesses of different indicators relevant to social inclusion in Europe, and their usefulness in promoting good practice by member state governments and allowing comparable assessment of social outcomes. The aim is that the book will play a role in widening public debate about the social dimension of Europe, will be of value to the social partners, to non‐governmental and grass‐roots organizations, and to the socially disadvantaged. It seeks to provide both a constructive background document at a crucial stage in the evolution of the social dimension of the EU and a reference work of continuing value. This first chapter sets the scene, providing background information about social indicators and about the development of the social agenda in the EU; in particular, it seeks to make clear both what the book tries to achieve and what it is not intended to provide. The four sections of the chapter (1) introduce social indicators, (2) look at social policy in Europe, (3) discuss the development of the European social agenda since the agreement reached by the Lisbon European Council in March 2000 that the EU should adopt for the next decade the strategic goal of becoming ‘the most competitive and dynamic knowledge‐based economy . . . with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion’, and (4) provide an outline of the structure of the book.Less
The purpose of this book is to make a scientific contribution to the development of social indicators as part of the social agenda in the EU. It assesses the strengths and weaknesses of different indicators relevant to social inclusion in Europe, and their usefulness in promoting good practice by member state governments and allowing comparable assessment of social outcomes. The aim is that the book will play a role in widening public debate about the social dimension of Europe, will be of value to the social partners, to non‐governmental and grass‐roots organizations, and to the socially disadvantaged. It seeks to provide both a constructive background document at a crucial stage in the evolution of the social dimension of the EU and a reference work of continuing value. This first chapter sets the scene, providing background information about social indicators and about the development of the social agenda in the EU; in particular, it seeks to make clear both what the book tries to achieve and what it is not intended to provide. The four sections of the chapter (1) introduce social indicators, (2) look at social policy in Europe, (3) discuss the development of the European social agenda since the agreement reached by the Lisbon European Council in March 2000 that the EU should adopt for the next decade the strategic goal of becoming ‘the most competitive and dynamic knowledge‐based economy . . . with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion’, and (4) provide an outline of the structure of the book.
Steven Brint
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691182667
- eISBN:
- 9780691184890
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691182667.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Higher Education
Today's headlines suggest that universities' power to advance knowledge and shape American society is rapidly declining. But this book's author has tracked numerous trends demonstrating their ...
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Today's headlines suggest that universities' power to advance knowledge and shape American society is rapidly declining. But this book's author has tracked numerous trends demonstrating their vitality. After a recent period that witnessed soaring student enrollment and ample research funding, the book argues that universities are in a better position than ever before. Focusing on the years 1980–2015, it details the trajectory of American universities, which was influenced by evolving standards of disciplinary professionalism, market-driven partnerships (especially with scientific and technological innovators outside the academy), and the goal of social inclusion. Conflicts arose: academic entrepreneurs, for example, flouted their campus responsibilities, and departments faced backlash over the hiring of scholars with nontraditional research agendas. Nevertheless, educators' commitments to technological innovation and social diversity prevailed and created a new dynamism. The book documents these successes along with the challenges that result from rapid change. Today, knowledge-driven industries generate almost half of US GDP, but divisions by educational level split the American political order. Students flock increasingly to fields connected to the power centers of American life and steer away from the liberal arts. And opportunities for economic mobility are expanding even as academic expectations decline. In describing how universities can meet such challenges head on, especially in improving classroom learning, the book offers not only a clear-eyed perspective on the current state of American higher education but also a pragmatically optimistic vision for the future.Less
Today's headlines suggest that universities' power to advance knowledge and shape American society is rapidly declining. But this book's author has tracked numerous trends demonstrating their vitality. After a recent period that witnessed soaring student enrollment and ample research funding, the book argues that universities are in a better position than ever before. Focusing on the years 1980–2015, it details the trajectory of American universities, which was influenced by evolving standards of disciplinary professionalism, market-driven partnerships (especially with scientific and technological innovators outside the academy), and the goal of social inclusion. Conflicts arose: academic entrepreneurs, for example, flouted their campus responsibilities, and departments faced backlash over the hiring of scholars with nontraditional research agendas. Nevertheless, educators' commitments to technological innovation and social diversity prevailed and created a new dynamism. The book documents these successes along with the challenges that result from rapid change. Today, knowledge-driven industries generate almost half of US GDP, but divisions by educational level split the American political order. Students flock increasingly to fields connected to the power centers of American life and steer away from the liberal arts. And opportunities for economic mobility are expanding even as academic expectations decline. In describing how universities can meet such challenges head on, especially in improving classroom learning, the book offers not only a clear-eyed perspective on the current state of American higher education but also a pragmatically optimistic vision for the future.
Brian Nolan and Christopher T. Whelan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199588435
- eISBN:
- 9780191731327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588435.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the development of social inclusion processes and indicators in the EU, and how the role played by non-monetary deprivation indicators in that context has evolved. In doing so, ...
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This chapter examines the development of social inclusion processes and indicators in the EU, and how the role played by non-monetary deprivation indicators in that context has evolved. In doing so, the aim is to bring out the rationale(s) underlying this development, and the analytical and practical challenged it faces. This serves to set the stage for the subsequent in-depth analysis of deprivation and the role of deprivation indicators in the rest of the book. The chapter begins with a brief review of the development of the EU's engagement with social policy, then focuses on the processes it developed around 2000 to engage more actively with poverty and social inclusion. Against this background, it considers the adoption of a set of common indicators, on the way deprivation indicators have recently been incorporated into that set of indicators, and finally how even more recently they have formed one element in the EU's 2020 poverty reduction target.Less
This chapter examines the development of social inclusion processes and indicators in the EU, and how the role played by non-monetary deprivation indicators in that context has evolved. In doing so, the aim is to bring out the rationale(s) underlying this development, and the analytical and practical challenged it faces. This serves to set the stage for the subsequent in-depth analysis of deprivation and the role of deprivation indicators in the rest of the book. The chapter begins with a brief review of the development of the EU's engagement with social policy, then focuses on the processes it developed around 2000 to engage more actively with poverty and social inclusion. Against this background, it considers the adoption of a set of common indicators, on the way deprivation indicators have recently been incorporated into that set of indicators, and finally how even more recently they have formed one element in the EU's 2020 poverty reduction target.
Steven Brint
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691182667
- eISBN:
- 9780691184890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691182667.003.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Higher Education
This chapter argues that the traditional structures and purposes of colleges and universities are intended to produce two outcomes: the expansion of knowledge, principally in the disciplines but also ...
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This chapter argues that the traditional structures and purposes of colleges and universities are intended to produce two outcomes: the expansion of knowledge, principally in the disciplines but also at their interstices, and the development of students' cognitive capacities and subject matter knowledge. The chapter shows that these objectives gave rise to two movements. One was the movement to use university research to advance economic development through the invention of new technologies with commercial potential. The other was to use colleges and universities as instruments of social inclusion, providing opportunities to members of previously marginalized groups, including women, racial—ethnic minorities, and members of the LGBTQ community. They were driven both by external parties and the great philanthropic foundations, and by campus constituencies who benefited from their advance.Less
This chapter argues that the traditional structures and purposes of colleges and universities are intended to produce two outcomes: the expansion of knowledge, principally in the disciplines but also at their interstices, and the development of students' cognitive capacities and subject matter knowledge. The chapter shows that these objectives gave rise to two movements. One was the movement to use university research to advance economic development through the invention of new technologies with commercial potential. The other was to use colleges and universities as instruments of social inclusion, providing opportunities to members of previously marginalized groups, including women, racial—ethnic minorities, and members of the LGBTQ community. They were driven both by external parties and the great philanthropic foundations, and by campus constituencies who benefited from their advance.
Tony Atkinson, Bea Cantillon, Eric Marlier, and Brian Nolan
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253494
- eISBN:
- 9780191595882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253498.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Considers indicators of health, housing and homelessness, functional illiteracy and innumeracy, access to essential services, financial precariousness, and social participation. These are all ...
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Considers indicators of health, housing and homelessness, functional illiteracy and innumeracy, access to essential services, financial precariousness, and social participation. These are all potentially important fields that are not covered by the European Commission's original proposals. In each case, the interest is in indicators relevant to social inclusion. Homelessness, e.g. is clearly a major reason for concern about social exclusion. In the case of health, however, it is not mortality as such that is of concern, but differential mortality according to socioeconomic or other characteristics, and the impact that poor health or disability has in exacerbating social exclusion.Less
Considers indicators of health, housing and homelessness, functional illiteracy and innumeracy, access to essential services, financial precariousness, and social participation. These are all potentially important fields that are not covered by the European Commission's original proposals. In each case, the interest is in indicators relevant to social inclusion. Homelessness, e.g. is clearly a major reason for concern about social exclusion. In the case of health, however, it is not mortality as such that is of concern, but differential mortality according to socioeconomic or other characteristics, and the impact that poor health or disability has in exacerbating social exclusion.
Tony Atkinson, Bea Cantillon, Eric Marlier, and Brian Nolan
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253494
- eISBN:
- 9780191595882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253498.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The end result of the investigations carried out over the last 8 chapters is a list of 33 recommendations, which are printed in bold type, scattered throughout the book, and summarized at the end of ...
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The end result of the investigations carried out over the last 8 chapters is a list of 33 recommendations, which are printed in bold type, scattered throughout the book, and summarized at the end of the book, preceding a list of the proposed social indicators. The recommendations and proposed indicators are intended as a contribution to the debate about EU policy‐making, and in this chapter, the future policy process is considered. Topics discussed include the use of indicators in National Action Plans on Social Inclusion and by the European Commission, policy and national targets, and the development of indicators and mobilizing actors.Less
The end result of the investigations carried out over the last 8 chapters is a list of 33 recommendations, which are printed in bold type, scattered throughout the book, and summarized at the end of the book, preceding a list of the proposed social indicators. The recommendations and proposed indicators are intended as a contribution to the debate about EU policy‐making, and in this chapter, the future policy process is considered. Topics discussed include the use of indicators in National Action Plans on Social Inclusion and by the European Commission, policy and national targets, and the development of indicators and mobilizing actors.
