Sabina Alkire
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199245796
- eISBN:
- 9780191600838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245797.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The sixth and seventh chapters that make up Part II of the book consist of one practical and much narrower application of the capability approach, namely, a discussion of how economic analysis ...
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The sixth and seventh chapters that make up Part II of the book consist of one practical and much narrower application of the capability approach, namely, a discussion of how economic analysis (cost‐benefit analysis) and systematic qualitative information on human impacts can be combined in order to assess the relative effectiveness of particular development activities in expanding human capabilities. This sixth chapter on assessing capability change first gives an introduction to Part II. It goes on to defend the necessity of efficiency considerations, such as those that are incorporated in cost‐benefit analysis and in project evaluation, and then looks at capability set analysis by reviewing two prominent participatory assessment methodologies that have been developed to supplement economic considerations with social data: one by the World Bank (participatory social assessment), the other as a result of US legislation governing public expenditure (social impact assessment). Both of these lack a systematic method for identifying changes valued by participants themselves and for devolving real control over a decision to the lowest level capable of making it, and this lack increases the chance of significant bias in gathering and interpreting value judgements. In response, a novel method of impact assessment is described that would complement and improve available assessment tools; the method of impact assessment represents one way in which the framework of the preceding chapters could be used.Less
The sixth and seventh chapters that make up Part II of the book consist of one practical and much narrower application of the capability approach, namely, a discussion of how economic analysis (cost‐benefit analysis) and systematic qualitative information on human impacts can be combined in order to assess the relative effectiveness of particular development activities in expanding human capabilities. This sixth chapter on assessing capability change first gives an introduction to Part II. It goes on to defend the necessity of efficiency considerations, such as those that are incorporated in cost‐benefit analysis and in project evaluation, and then looks at capability set analysis by reviewing two prominent participatory assessment methodologies that have been developed to supplement economic considerations with social data: one by the World Bank (participatory social assessment), the other as a result of US legislation governing public expenditure (social impact assessment). Both of these lack a systematic method for identifying changes valued by participants themselves and for devolving real control over a decision to the lowest level capable of making it, and this lack increases the chance of significant bias in gathering and interpreting value judgements. In response, a novel method of impact assessment is described that would complement and improve available assessment tools; the method of impact assessment represents one way in which the framework of the preceding chapters could be used.
Sarah Dadush
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199658244
- eISBN:
- 9780199949915
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658244.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter takes a look at the development and use of indicators and related reporting systems in social impact investing. It introduces the Global Impact Investment Rating System (GIIRS) and the ...
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This chapter takes a look at the development and use of indicators and related reporting systems in social impact investing. It introduces the Global Impact Investment Rating System (GIIRS) and the Impact Reporting and Investment Standards (IRIS). It then studies the concept of ‘investment impact’ indicators, which are considered as important bridging and blurring devices. This chapter also identifies the advantages and costs of this system, which include a move away from local self-expression of distinct community initiatives.Less
This chapter takes a look at the development and use of indicators and related reporting systems in social impact investing. It introduces the Global Impact Investment Rating System (GIIRS) and the Impact Reporting and Investment Standards (IRIS). It then studies the concept of ‘investment impact’ indicators, which are considered as important bridging and blurring devices. This chapter also identifies the advantages and costs of this system, which include a move away from local self-expression of distinct community initiatives.
Amy B. Rosenfeld, Debra Gordon, and Marianne Guerin‐McManus
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195125788
- eISBN:
- 9780199832927
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195125789.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter provides an overview of trends in oil development in the tropics, followed by a summary of the potential environmental and social impacts of these activities and a discussion of a range ...
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This chapter provides an overview of trends in oil development in the tropics, followed by a summary of the potential environmental and social impacts of these activities and a discussion of a range of approaches and mechanisms ‐ principally environmental but also social and financial – that can be utilized to reduce these impacts. It concludes with a series of general recommendations of ways for conservationists, governments, oil companies, development agencies, and other interested stakeholders to address these issues.Less
This chapter provides an overview of trends in oil development in the tropics, followed by a summary of the potential environmental and social impacts of these activities and a discussion of a range of approaches and mechanisms ‐ principally environmental but also social and financial – that can be utilized to reduce these impacts. It concludes with a series of general recommendations of ways for conservationists, governments, oil companies, development agencies, and other interested stakeholders to address these issues.
Robert J. Dobias and Kirk Talbott
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195125788
- eISBN:
- 9780199832927
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195125789.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses the environmental and social consideration in the development of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) road network. The authors offer ideas for improving the balance between road ...
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This chapter discusses the environmental and social consideration in the development of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) road network. The authors offer ideas for improving the balance between road development and socioenvironmental prioritiesLess
This chapter discusses the environmental and social consideration in the development of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) road network. The authors offer ideas for improving the balance between road development and socioenvironmental priorities
Lester M. Salamon
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199357543
- eISBN:
- 9780199381425
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357543.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is ...
More
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is increasingly clear that new models for financing and promoting social and environmental objectives have become urgently needed. Fortunately, a significant revolution appears to be underway on the frontiers of philanthropy that is providing at least a partial, though still embryonic, response to this dilemma. The heart of this revolution is a massive explosion in the instruments and institutions being deployed to mobilize private resources, and particularly private investment capital, in support of social and environmental objectives. This chapter provides a broad overview of these new actors and tools, identifies the factors giving rise to them, examines the major barriers impeding their full development, and outlines a set of steps needed to improve their effectiveness and extend their reach.Less
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is increasingly clear that new models for financing and promoting social and environmental objectives have become urgently needed. Fortunately, a significant revolution appears to be underway on the frontiers of philanthropy that is providing at least a partial, though still embryonic, response to this dilemma. The heart of this revolution is a massive explosion in the instruments and institutions being deployed to mobilize private resources, and particularly private investment capital, in support of social and environmental objectives. This chapter provides a broad overview of these new actors and tools, identifies the factors giving rise to them, examines the major barriers impeding their full development, and outlines a set of steps needed to improve their effectiveness and extend their reach.
Jay Wiggan
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447337904
- eISBN:
- 9781447337959
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447337904.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Social Impact Investing (SII) is a mechanism by which governments seek to access and mobilise the resources of private for-profit and philanthropic capital to finance a range of social policies. SII ...
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Social Impact Investing (SII) is a mechanism by which governments seek to access and mobilise the resources of private for-profit and philanthropic capital to finance a range of social policies. SII is used increasingly but remains relatively under-examined conceptually, empirically and particularly geographically. This chapter explores the ways in which SII represents a distinctive process of extensive financialisation that creates new financialised market space within social welfare programmes. In doing so, the chapter examines how SII forges new financial chains of value that transform geographically rooted ‘problem’ populations and welfare delivery into investable products linked to distant mobile national and global financial market actors. Through this spatially transformative financial shift, it is argued that the SII starting point of finance capital for welfare provision instead results in appropriating additional public resources for finance capitalLess
Social Impact Investing (SII) is a mechanism by which governments seek to access and mobilise the resources of private for-profit and philanthropic capital to finance a range of social policies. SII is used increasingly but remains relatively under-examined conceptually, empirically and particularly geographically. This chapter explores the ways in which SII represents a distinctive process of extensive financialisation that creates new financialised market space within social welfare programmes. In doing so, the chapter examines how SII forges new financial chains of value that transform geographically rooted ‘problem’ populations and welfare delivery into investable products linked to distant mobile national and global financial market actors. Through this spatially transformative financial shift, it is argued that the SII starting point of finance capital for welfare provision instead results in appropriating additional public resources for finance capital
Tim Quinlan and Alan Whiteside
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237401
- eISBN:
- 9780191723957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237401.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
In early 2003, an outbreak of a new disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused panic around the world. When the disease was finally brought under control and the costs were totalled, ...
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In early 2003, an outbreak of a new disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused panic around the world. When the disease was finally brought under control and the costs were totalled, SARS had claimed 321 lives in twenty-six countries. The estimated cost to the global economy was between US$40 billion and US$140 billion. In contrast, HIV has been recognized for more than twenty years. Since the epidemic began, more than sixty million people have been infected and twenty million died. The HIV pandemic has not been brought under control, and the toll continues to mount. Yet, this disease has not had the level of global, social, and economic response that SARS had. This chapter explains why this is the case, by first looking at the social and economic impacts of the pandemic.Less
In early 2003, an outbreak of a new disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused panic around the world. When the disease was finally brought under control and the costs were totalled, SARS had claimed 321 lives in twenty-six countries. The estimated cost to the global economy was between US$40 billion and US$140 billion. In contrast, HIV has been recognized for more than twenty years. Since the epidemic began, more than sixty million people have been infected and twenty million died. The HIV pandemic has not been brought under control, and the toll continues to mount. Yet, this disease has not had the level of global, social, and economic response that SARS had. This chapter explains why this is the case, by first looking at the social and economic impacts of the pandemic.
Lester M. Salamon
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199357543
- eISBN:
- 9780199381425
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357543.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health, and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is ...
More
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health, and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is increasingly clear that new models for financing and promoting social and environmental objectives have become urgently needed. Fortunately, a significant revolution appears to be underway on the frontiers of philanthropy and social investing that is providing at least a partial response to this dilemma. This book examines the new actors and new tools that form the heart of this revolution and shows how they are reshaping the efforts being made to address major social and environmental problems throughout the world. After an introductory overview, the book proceeds in three parts to provide a comprehensive analysis of the many new institutions that have surfaced to channel not only philanthropic, but also private investment capital, into social and environmental problem-solving, the new tools and instruments these institutions are utilizing to carry out this task,the challenges that these actors and tools still confront, and the steps that are needed to overcome these challenges and achieve the maximize the impact that these actors and tools can have. The result is a powerful guide to developments that hold the promise of bringing significant new resources into efforts to solve the world’s problems of poverty, ill-health, and environmental degradation; of unleashing new energies and new sources of ingenuity for social and environmental problem-solving; of democratizing giving and social engagement; and of generating new hope in an otherwise dismal scenario of lagging resources and resolve.Less
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health, and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is increasingly clear that new models for financing and promoting social and environmental objectives have become urgently needed. Fortunately, a significant revolution appears to be underway on the frontiers of philanthropy and social investing that is providing at least a partial response to this dilemma. This book examines the new actors and new tools that form the heart of this revolution and shows how they are reshaping the efforts being made to address major social and environmental problems throughout the world. After an introductory overview, the book proceeds in three parts to provide a comprehensive analysis of the many new institutions that have surfaced to channel not only philanthropic, but also private investment capital, into social and environmental problem-solving, the new tools and instruments these institutions are utilizing to carry out this task,the challenges that these actors and tools still confront, and the steps that are needed to overcome these challenges and achieve the maximize the impact that these actors and tools can have. The result is a powerful guide to developments that hold the promise of bringing significant new resources into efforts to solve the world’s problems of poverty, ill-health, and environmental degradation; of unleashing new energies and new sources of ingenuity for social and environmental problem-solving; of democratizing giving and social engagement; and of generating new hope in an otherwise dismal scenario of lagging resources and resolve.
Alex Nicholls, Rob Paton, and Jed Emerson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- December 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198703761
- eISBN:
- 9780191773013
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703761.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
Social finance is now a multibillion dollar market that encompasses ethical investment (including finance for green businesses), community investment to support economic development in deprived ...
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Social finance is now a multibillion dollar market that encompasses ethical investment (including finance for green businesses), community investment to support economic development in deprived areas, ‘impact investing’, investment in developing countries, co-operative and mutual finance, along with a wide range of initiatives in the financing of philanthropic ventures, not-for-profits and social enterprises, new approaches to the funding of public services, ‘crowdfunding’, microfinance, and much else besides. It is a rapidly advancing area of practice, policy, and research, but remains an under-institutionalized field marked by emerging institutions and practices, sharply competing views, disparate professional outlooks, new financial instruments, great excitement and, often, more questions than answers. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the phenomenon.Less
Social finance is now a multibillion dollar market that encompasses ethical investment (including finance for green businesses), community investment to support economic development in deprived areas, ‘impact investing’, investment in developing countries, co-operative and mutual finance, along with a wide range of initiatives in the financing of philanthropic ventures, not-for-profits and social enterprises, new approaches to the funding of public services, ‘crowdfunding’, microfinance, and much else besides. It is a rapidly advancing area of practice, policy, and research, but remains an under-institutionalized field marked by emerging institutions and practices, sharply competing views, disparate professional outlooks, new financial instruments, great excitement and, often, more questions than answers. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the phenomenon.
Robert Kraut, Malcolm Brynin, and Sara Kiesler
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195312805
- eISBN:
- 9780199847730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195312805.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
In the twentieth century, new information technology has the potential to influence the lives of ordinary citizens as much as it has influenced business, education, and government. The majority of ...
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In the twentieth century, new information technology has the potential to influence the lives of ordinary citizens as much as it has influenced business, education, and government. The majority of individuals and households are using personal computers, the Internet, and mobile telephones. This book is about the potential effect of these new technologies, as they enter our homes and our daily lives, to change the range of activities we pursue, the way we perform old activities, our relationships with other people, and our personal and economic welfare. This chapter introduces the main themes of the book, describing the social impact of the new technologies, personal welfare outcomes, and the theoretical framework for understanding the social impact of technology.Less
In the twentieth century, new information technology has the potential to influence the lives of ordinary citizens as much as it has influenced business, education, and government. The majority of individuals and households are using personal computers, the Internet, and mobile telephones. This book is about the potential effect of these new technologies, as they enter our homes and our daily lives, to change the range of activities we pursue, the way we perform old activities, our relationships with other people, and our personal and economic welfare. This chapter introduces the main themes of the book, describing the social impact of the new technologies, personal welfare outcomes, and the theoretical framework for understanding the social impact of technology.
Alex Nicholls, Nadia von Jacobi, Enrica Chiappero-Martinetti, and Georg Mildenberger
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198830511
- eISBN:
- 9780191868702
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198830511.003.0015
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter addresses key questions in terms of the evaluation of the impact of social innovation processes. After reviewing the existing approaches to capturing impact, the chapter presents a new ...
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This chapter addresses key questions in terms of the evaluation of the impact of social innovation processes. After reviewing the existing approaches to capturing impact, the chapter presents a new Critical Issues Framework for social impact measurement to inform the development of the most appropriate and accurate evaluative space for data collection and analysis. As such it advocates standardization in the process of developing social impact indicators and methodologies, rather than in the metrics and units of analysis themselves. This framework is related to the three elements of the Social Grid in so far as they shape normative models of social impact measurement that entrench marginalization and limit stakeholder voice. Moreover, particular attention is paid to issues around capturing changes in human capabilities and how this relates to beneficiary empowerment and voice. The chapter, thus, offers a framework for optimizing impact measurement processes and systems.Less
This chapter addresses key questions in terms of the evaluation of the impact of social innovation processes. After reviewing the existing approaches to capturing impact, the chapter presents a new Critical Issues Framework for social impact measurement to inform the development of the most appropriate and accurate evaluative space for data collection and analysis. As such it advocates standardization in the process of developing social impact indicators and methodologies, rather than in the metrics and units of analysis themselves. This framework is related to the three elements of the Social Grid in so far as they shape normative models of social impact measurement that entrench marginalization and limit stakeholder voice. Moreover, particular attention is paid to issues around capturing changes in human capabilities and how this relates to beneficiary empowerment and voice. The chapter, thus, offers a framework for optimizing impact measurement processes and systems.
Alex Nicholls, Jeremy Nicholls, and Rob Paton
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- December 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198703761
- eISBN:
- 9780191773013
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703761.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
The chapter opens by providing a definition of ‘social impact’ and then sets out some of the current debates and issues concerning how to measure it. Next it highlights the distinctive features of ...
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The chapter opens by providing a definition of ‘social impact’ and then sets out some of the current debates and issues concerning how to measure it. Next it highlights the distinctive features of social finance in terms of the implications these have for metrics aimed at informing capital allocation decisions. Then the chapter introduces a critical issues framework that poses a series of questions to help orient and inform choices regarding the large number of available metrics for capturing social value creation and organizational performance. This leads to a discussion of the measurement methodologies relevant to social impact and an overview of the specific metrics and rating schemes now being offered for use in relation to social finance. The chapter then develops a contingency model to suggest the sorts of contexts in which social impact measurement (in its various forms) will and will not be appropriate.Less
The chapter opens by providing a definition of ‘social impact’ and then sets out some of the current debates and issues concerning how to measure it. Next it highlights the distinctive features of social finance in terms of the implications these have for metrics aimed at informing capital allocation decisions. Then the chapter introduces a critical issues framework that poses a series of questions to help orient and inform choices regarding the large number of available metrics for capturing social value creation and organizational performance. This leads to a discussion of the measurement methodologies relevant to social impact and an overview of the specific metrics and rating schemes now being offered for use in relation to social finance. The chapter then develops a contingency model to suggest the sorts of contexts in which social impact measurement (in its various forms) will and will not be appropriate.
Alex Nicholls and Rod Schwartz
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199357543
- eISBN:
- 9780199381425
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357543.003.0021
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on the crucial demand side of the emerging social-impact investment market, the issue of “deal flow,” or limited availability of social-purpose organizations of various types ...
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This chapter focuses on the crucial demand side of the emerging social-impact investment market, the issue of “deal flow,” or limited availability of social-purpose organizations of various types with the scale and sophistication to access complex social-impact investment resources either on their own or with the assistance of a variety of intermediaries. The chapter outlines the structure and dynamics of the demand side of the social-impact investment market, critiques some of the recent attempts to assess demand, suggests how to quantify the scope and trajectories of this side of the market, and reflects on key issues and barriers going forward.Less
This chapter focuses on the crucial demand side of the emerging social-impact investment market, the issue of “deal flow,” or limited availability of social-purpose organizations of various types with the scale and sophistication to access complex social-impact investment resources either on their own or with the assistance of a variety of intermediaries. The chapter outlines the structure and dynamics of the demand side of the social-impact investment market, critiques some of the recent attempts to assess demand, suggests how to quantify the scope and trajectories of this side of the market, and reflects on key issues and barriers going forward.
Irina Shklovski, Sara Kiesler, and Robert Kraut
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195312805
- eISBN:
- 9780199847730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195312805.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
One of the central questions animating much social-science research on the social impact of new technology is the specific effect it has on social relationships. This chapter provides a quantitative ...
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One of the central questions animating much social-science research on the social impact of new technology is the specific effect it has on social relationships. This chapter provides a quantitative literature review, a meta-analysis, of 16 empirical studies investigating the association of Internet use with measures of social activity. Collectively, the data show little influence of Internet use on social activities. Effect sizes were generally small and inconsistent. However, research methods make a difference in the conclusions one draws. The results depend both on the type of social relationship analysed (family versus friend) and the type of research method deployed (cross-sectional versus panel surveys). For instance, studies using panels indicate that Internet use increases social interaction with friends more than interaction in other types of relationships.Less
One of the central questions animating much social-science research on the social impact of new technology is the specific effect it has on social relationships. This chapter provides a quantitative literature review, a meta-analysis, of 16 empirical studies investigating the association of Internet use with measures of social activity. Collectively, the data show little influence of Internet use on social activities. Effect sizes were generally small and inconsistent. However, research methods make a difference in the conclusions one draws. The results depend both on the type of social relationship analysed (family versus friend) and the type of research method deployed (cross-sectional versus panel surveys). For instance, studies using panels indicate that Internet use increases social interaction with friends more than interaction in other types of relationships.
R. A. HOUSTON
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207870
- eISBN:
- 9780191677830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207870.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter looks at some of the patterns within recorded cases of mental illness or incapacity. It discusses the contingencies which caused both men ...
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This chapter looks at some of the patterns within recorded cases of mental illness or incapacity. It discusses the contingencies which caused both men and women formally to be classified as lunatic or idiot. It also explores the nature of mental disability, its documented geographical distribution, and the impact of madness on the society.Less
This chapter looks at some of the patterns within recorded cases of mental illness or incapacity. It discusses the contingencies which caused both men and women formally to be classified as lunatic or idiot. It also explores the nature of mental disability, its documented geographical distribution, and the impact of madness on the society.
Lester M. Salamon
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- June 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199376520
- eISBN:
- 9780199377633
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199376520.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health, and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is ...
More
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health, and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is increasingly clear that new models for financing and promoting social and environmental objectives have become urgently needed. Fortunately, a significant revolution appears to be underway on the frontiers of philanthropy that is providing at least a partial response to this dilemma. The heart of this revolution is a massive explosion in the instruments and institutions being deployed to mobilize private resources, particularly private investment capital, in support of social and environmental objectives. This volume provides a broad overview of these new actors and tools, identifies the factors giving rise to them, examines the major barriers impeding their full development, and outlines a set of steps needed to improve their effectiveness and extend their reach. In the process, it serves as a basic introduction to a companion volume edited by Lester M. Salamon entitled New Frontiers of Philanthropy that examines these new actors and tools in greater depth.Less
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health, and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is increasingly clear that new models for financing and promoting social and environmental objectives have become urgently needed. Fortunately, a significant revolution appears to be underway on the frontiers of philanthropy that is providing at least a partial response to this dilemma. The heart of this revolution is a massive explosion in the instruments and institutions being deployed to mobilize private resources, particularly private investment capital, in support of social and environmental objectives. This volume provides a broad overview of these new actors and tools, identifies the factors giving rise to them, examines the major barriers impeding their full development, and outlines a set of steps needed to improve their effectiveness and extend their reach. In the process, it serves as a basic introduction to a companion volume edited by Lester M. Salamon entitled New Frontiers of Philanthropy that examines these new actors and tools in greater depth.
Alex Nicholls and Daniel Edmiston
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198830511
- eISBN:
- 9780191868702
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198830511.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter explores in detail the evolution of social impact bonds (SIBs) in the United Kingdom as an example of social policy as social innovation. Specifically, it presents new analysis of three ...
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This chapter explores in detail the evolution of social impact bonds (SIBs) in the United Kingdom as an example of social policy as social innovation. Specifically, it presents new analysis of three empirical cases in the United Kingdom. The chapter examines some key claims made by policy actors concerning SIBs as social innovation and welfare reform, specifically that they offer improved outcomes by means of innovating hybrid collaboration. The relevance of such claims in the context of addressing sites of marginalization is also discussed with reference to theoretical approaches from the Social Grid model.Less
This chapter explores in detail the evolution of social impact bonds (SIBs) in the United Kingdom as an example of social policy as social innovation. Specifically, it presents new analysis of three empirical cases in the United Kingdom. The chapter examines some key claims made by policy actors concerning SIBs as social innovation and welfare reform, specifically that they offer improved outcomes by means of innovating hybrid collaboration. The relevance of such claims in the context of addressing sites of marginalization is also discussed with reference to theoretical approaches from the Social Grid model.
Maximilian Martin
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199357543
- eISBN:
- 9780199381425
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357543.003.0023
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter identifies and analyzes four main shifts in emphasis that will influence the next decades of global philanthropy: from social entrepreneurship to synthetic social business; from ...
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This chapter identifies and analyzes four main shifts in emphasis that will influence the next decades of global philanthropy: from social entrepreneurship to synthetic social business; from microfinance to inclusive financial services; grant-based development assistance to base-of-the-pyramid investment; and from relational grantmaking to monetizing savings.Less
This chapter identifies and analyzes four main shifts in emphasis that will influence the next decades of global philanthropy: from social entrepreneurship to synthetic social business; from microfinance to inclusive financial services; grant-based development assistance to base-of-the-pyramid investment; and from relational grantmaking to monetizing savings.
Georgia Levenson Keohane
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231178020
- eISBN:
- 9780231541664
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231178020.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility
examine whether some of the place-based investment strategies, like the Community Reinvestment Act and the Low Income Housing Tax Credit—which have unlocked billions of dollars in private capital for ...
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examine whether some of the place-based investment strategies, like the Community Reinvestment Act and the Low Income Housing Tax Credit—which have unlocked billions of dollars in private capital for real estate, affordable housing and enterprise development—lend themselves to more people-centric services. We look at innovations in financial inclusion and asset building, approaches intended to create wealth for the poor, often by simply connecting them to resources they are already eligible for, like the Earned Income Tax Credit. We also investigate the U.S. experience with social impact bonds (SIBs), pay-for-success contracts between local government, nonprofit service providers, and private investors whose capital underwrites preventive services. The idea is that if the interventions succeed, the investors will be repaid out of the social savings. The SIB industry is still new in the US and the track record is mixed. However, the larger lessons about good governance, evidence-based policy-making, and blended capital are relevant for innovative finance in U.S. communities for a growing set of capital investments that fuse the place and people lenses. Like development projects that link affordable housing with community health centers. In this paradigm, mobility is critical to economic opportunity, and investments in physical and social infrastructure are mutually reinforcing.Less
examine whether some of the place-based investment strategies, like the Community Reinvestment Act and the Low Income Housing Tax Credit—which have unlocked billions of dollars in private capital for real estate, affordable housing and enterprise development—lend themselves to more people-centric services. We look at innovations in financial inclusion and asset building, approaches intended to create wealth for the poor, often by simply connecting them to resources they are already eligible for, like the Earned Income Tax Credit. We also investigate the U.S. experience with social impact bonds (SIBs), pay-for-success contracts between local government, nonprofit service providers, and private investors whose capital underwrites preventive services. The idea is that if the interventions succeed, the investors will be repaid out of the social savings. The SIB industry is still new in the US and the track record is mixed. However, the larger lessons about good governance, evidence-based policy-making, and blended capital are relevant for innovative finance in U.S. communities for a growing set of capital investments that fuse the place and people lenses. Like development projects that link affordable housing with community health centers. In this paradigm, mobility is critical to economic opportunity, and investments in physical and social infrastructure are mutually reinforcing.
Kevin Albertson, Chris Fox, Chris O'Leary, and Gary Painter
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447340706
- eISBN:
- 9781447340744
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447340706.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Over recent years there has been increasing interest in ‘Payment by Results’ (PbR) — Pay for Success (PFS) or outcomes-based funding in the US — as a model for outcomes-based commissioning in the ...
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Over recent years there has been increasing interest in ‘Payment by Results’ (PbR) — Pay for Success (PFS) or outcomes-based funding in the US — as a model for outcomes-based commissioning in the public sector. Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) — Pay for Success financing in the US — are a class of PbR where the finance needed to make the contract work is provided by private finance, rather than the service provider. This short book asks whether and under what circumstances PbR/PFS and SIBs/PSBs are an efficient way to unlock new capital investment and advance social goods. It considers whether PbR/PFS and SIBs/Pay for Success financing drive efficiency and innovation in the delivery of social outcomes, and whether attempts to reconcile corporate profits and social goods may lead to perverse incentives and inefficiency. It also analyses the impact of PbR and SIBs on not-for-profit and smaller players in the market for social outcomes.Less
Over recent years there has been increasing interest in ‘Payment by Results’ (PbR) — Pay for Success (PFS) or outcomes-based funding in the US — as a model for outcomes-based commissioning in the public sector. Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) — Pay for Success financing in the US — are a class of PbR where the finance needed to make the contract work is provided by private finance, rather than the service provider. This short book asks whether and under what circumstances PbR/PFS and SIBs/PSBs are an efficient way to unlock new capital investment and advance social goods. It considers whether PbR/PFS and SIBs/Pay for Success financing drive efficiency and innovation in the delivery of social outcomes, and whether attempts to reconcile corporate profits and social goods may lead to perverse incentives and inefficiency. It also analyses the impact of PbR and SIBs on not-for-profit and smaller players in the market for social outcomes.
