Bernard A. Knapp
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237371
- eISBN:
- 9780191717208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237371.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
The search for culturally bound artefacts, architecture, and other aspects of material culture reveals little about the lives, mindsets, identities, or social concerns of prehistoric or historical ...
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The search for culturally bound artefacts, architecture, and other aspects of material culture reveals little about the lives, mindsets, identities, or social concerns of prehistoric or historical people. This chapter discusses at length the various theoretical issues that firstly provide a framework for a social interpretation of the archaeological and documentary evidence, and secondly form central themes in the book. The issues in question are: island archaeology/history, insularity, connectivity, islandscapes, islanders' social identity, ethnicity, habitus, migration, acculturation, and hybridization. Each is defined straightforwardly and then treated, first, from a general, social science perspective, and second by considering how it has been applied, or misapplied, in the field of archaeology. Numerous archaeological examples from around the world are provided to elaborate and exemplify the discussion of each issue, and to evaluate their usefulness in attempting to understand better the Mediterranean archaeological record.Less
The search for culturally bound artefacts, architecture, and other aspects of material culture reveals little about the lives, mindsets, identities, or social concerns of prehistoric or historical people. This chapter discusses at length the various theoretical issues that firstly provide a framework for a social interpretation of the archaeological and documentary evidence, and secondly form central themes in the book. The issues in question are: island archaeology/history, insularity, connectivity, islandscapes, islanders' social identity, ethnicity, habitus, migration, acculturation, and hybridization. Each is defined straightforwardly and then treated, first, from a general, social science perspective, and second by considering how it has been applied, or misapplied, in the field of archaeology. Numerous archaeological examples from around the world are provided to elaborate and exemplify the discussion of each issue, and to evaluate their usefulness in attempting to understand better the Mediterranean archaeological record.
Michael Hechter
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199247516
- eISBN:
- 9780191599460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924751X.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
One important source of national identity lies in hierarchical and segmental cultural divisions of labour. These provide a social base for nationalism among territorially concentrated groups. Some ...
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One important source of national identity lies in hierarchical and segmental cultural divisions of labour. These provide a social base for nationalism among territorially concentrated groups. Some sources of cultural divisions of labour are enumerated. Whereas it was once thought that such divisions would attenuate in the face of industrialization and efficient labour markets, this often does not happen.Less
One important source of national identity lies in hierarchical and segmental cultural divisions of labour. These provide a social base for nationalism among territorially concentrated groups. Some sources of cultural divisions of labour are enumerated. Whereas it was once thought that such divisions would attenuate in the face of industrialization and efficient labour markets, this often does not happen.
Peter J. Burke and Jan E. Stets
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195388275
- eISBN:
- 9780199943937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388275.003.0024
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
This chapter is concerned with the three different bases of identities that are present in groups, persons, and roles. It discusses the idea that there are more bases for identities than roles. The ...
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This chapter is concerned with the three different bases of identities that are present in groups, persons, and roles. It discusses the idea that there are more bases for identities than roles. The first section introduces role identities, followed by sections on social and personal identities. It then shows how all these three bases of identities can be combined.Less
This chapter is concerned with the three different bases of identities that are present in groups, persons, and roles. It discusses the idea that there are more bases for identities than roles. The first section introduces role identities, followed by sections on social and personal identities. It then shows how all these three bases of identities can be combined.
A. Bernard Knapp
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237371
- eISBN:
- 9780191717208
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237371.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This book provides a new island archaeology and island history of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Cyprus, set in its eastern Mediterranean context. By drawing out tensions between different ways of ...
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This book provides a new island archaeology and island history of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Cyprus, set in its eastern Mediterranean context. By drawing out tensions between different ways of thinking about theoretical issues such as insularity and connectivity, ethnicity, migration, and hybridization, it addresses a dynamic new field of archaeological enquiry — the social identity of prehistoric and early historic Mediterranean islanders. The archaeological record of Cyprus during the centuries between about 2700–1000 BC — including architecture, the mortuary record, pottery, figurines, seals and sealings, ivories, metalwork, and the broader Cypriot landscape — is presented. Using this material evidence, the book re‐evaluates from the postcolonial perspective of hybridization long‐standing notions about ethnicity, migration, and colonization on the island at the beginning and end of the Bronze Age, and concludes that the Cypriotes themselves provided the main impetus for social development and change on the island. By addressing directly the theoretical underpinnings of various interpretations of the material record, and by comparing and contrasting that record with all relevant documentary evidence, this book considers how a more contextualized, nuanced treatment of the motivations and practices involved in demographic movement, individual or group identification, cultural entanglement, and social change can help us to re‐present several complex aspects of the Cypriot past, and in turn bring them to bear upon Mediterranean archaeologies.Less
This book provides a new island archaeology and island history of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Cyprus, set in its eastern Mediterranean context. By drawing out tensions between different ways of thinking about theoretical issues such as insularity and connectivity, ethnicity, migration, and hybridization, it addresses a dynamic new field of archaeological enquiry — the social identity of prehistoric and early historic Mediterranean islanders. The archaeological record of Cyprus during the centuries between about 2700–1000 BC — including architecture, the mortuary record, pottery, figurines, seals and sealings, ivories, metalwork, and the broader Cypriot landscape — is presented. Using this material evidence, the book re‐evaluates from the postcolonial perspective of hybridization long‐standing notions about ethnicity, migration, and colonization on the island at the beginning and end of the Bronze Age, and concludes that the Cypriotes themselves provided the main impetus for social development and change on the island. By addressing directly the theoretical underpinnings of various interpretations of the material record, and by comparing and contrasting that record with all relevant documentary evidence, this book considers how a more contextualized, nuanced treatment of the motivations and practices involved in demographic movement, individual or group identification, cultural entanglement, and social change can help us to re‐present several complex aspects of the Cypriot past, and in turn bring them to bear upon Mediterranean archaeologies.
Korie L. Edwards
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195314243
- eISBN:
- 9780199871810
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314243.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
In a race sensitive society, how people racially identify and the salience of these identities influence their associations, including the churches they to choose to attend. This chapter explores the ...
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In a race sensitive society, how people racially identify and the salience of these identities influence their associations, including the churches they to choose to attend. This chapter explores the racial identities of interracial church attendees, and the role of racial identity for explaining who attends interracial churches.Less
In a race sensitive society, how people racially identify and the salience of these identities influence their associations, including the churches they to choose to attend. This chapter explores the racial identities of interracial church attendees, and the role of racial identity for explaining who attends interracial churches.
Daniel Lefkowitz
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195121902
- eISBN:
- 9780199788347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195121902.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter presents the purpose of the book, which is to examine Israeli national identity, looking at the ways in which it is imagined and at the ways various imaginings are deployed in the ...
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This chapter presents the purpose of the book, which is to examine Israeli national identity, looking at the ways in which it is imagined and at the ways various imaginings are deployed in the semiotics and politics of everyday life. Language is used to observe, clarify, and magnify the national, racial, ethnic, and class divisions found in Israel. The methods used in an ethnographic study in Haifa are described. An overview of the succeeding chapters is then presented.Less
This chapter presents the purpose of the book, which is to examine Israeli national identity, looking at the ways in which it is imagined and at the ways various imaginings are deployed in the semiotics and politics of everyday life. Language is used to observe, clarify, and magnify the national, racial, ethnic, and class divisions found in Israel. The methods used in an ethnographic study in Haifa are described. An overview of the succeeding chapters is then presented.
Katarzyna Hamer and Jakub Gutowski
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195385557
- eISBN:
- 9780199864669
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385557.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
Globalization has opened up the possibility of widening an individual’s sense of belonging to broader and perhaps more abstract commonalities, such as Europe or humanity. The more locally bounded ...
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Globalization has opened up the possibility of widening an individual’s sense of belonging to broader and perhaps more abstract commonalities, such as Europe or humanity. The more locally bounded identities, such as identification with one’s nation or family, coexist with broader conceptual understandings of the world as a whole. The chapter discusses whether a sense of commonality with all humanity could foster prosocial behavior. Working from the Polish context the chapter analyzes the extent to which the recent accession to the European Union has fostered wider forms of identification among Poles. The study shows that people identify more strongly with those who are close to them, such as family or friends. However, a strong correlation between prosocial behavior and identification with all humanity is found, thus confirming the chapter’s theoretical argument.Less
Globalization has opened up the possibility of widening an individual’s sense of belonging to broader and perhaps more abstract commonalities, such as Europe or humanity. The more locally bounded identities, such as identification with one’s nation or family, coexist with broader conceptual understandings of the world as a whole. The chapter discusses whether a sense of commonality with all humanity could foster prosocial behavior. Working from the Polish context the chapter analyzes the extent to which the recent accession to the European Union has fostered wider forms of identification among Poles. The study shows that people identify more strongly with those who are close to them, such as family or friends. However, a strong correlation between prosocial behavior and identification with all humanity is found, thus confirming the chapter’s theoretical argument.
Linda Martín Alcoff
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195137347
- eISBN:
- 9780199785773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195137345.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
The different positions people take on identity depend on the account one gives of identity's relation to the self, that is, the relationship between ascribed social categories and the lived ...
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The different positions people take on identity depend on the account one gives of identity's relation to the self, that is, the relationship between ascribed social categories and the lived experience of consciousness. Those who take identity to be an a priori problem assume a certain understanding of what consciousness is, or what the core of the self is, such that social ascriptions can operate only oppressively. This chapter develops the alternative to this account that aims to explain why the willful attachment to raced or sexed identities, identities created in conditions of oppression, is not necessarily pathological. It also explains how strongly felt identities can coexist with democratic politics and solidarity across difference. Most importantly, it explains how raced and sexed identities can be compatible with a plausible concept of autonomy and agency.Less
The different positions people take on identity depend on the account one gives of identity's relation to the self, that is, the relationship between ascribed social categories and the lived experience of consciousness. Those who take identity to be an a priori problem assume a certain understanding of what consciousness is, or what the core of the self is, such that social ascriptions can operate only oppressively. This chapter develops the alternative to this account that aims to explain why the willful attachment to raced or sexed identities, identities created in conditions of oppression, is not necessarily pathological. It also explains how strongly felt identities can coexist with democratic politics and solidarity across difference. Most importantly, it explains how raced and sexed identities can be compatible with a plausible concept of autonomy and agency.
Michael Hechter
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199247516
- eISBN:
- 9780191599460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924751X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Short of the grant of outright sovereignty, nationalist violence can be contained only by processes that inhibit nation formation, reduce the demand for autonomy or sovereignty among national ...
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Short of the grant of outright sovereignty, nationalist violence can be contained only by processes that inhibit nation formation, reduce the demand for autonomy or sovereignty among national minorities, and raise the costs of collective action. This chapter presents theories of group solidarity (governing the process of nation formation) and endogenous state formation (responsible for the evolution of governance units). The chapter then discusses the modernity of nationalism, the social bases of nationalist movements, and the kinds of institutions most likely to contain these movements.Less
Short of the grant of outright sovereignty, nationalist violence can be contained only by processes that inhibit nation formation, reduce the demand for autonomy or sovereignty among national minorities, and raise the costs of collective action. This chapter presents theories of group solidarity (governing the process of nation formation) and endogenous state formation (responsible for the evolution of governance units). The chapter then discusses the modernity of nationalism, the social bases of nationalist movements, and the kinds of institutions most likely to contain these movements.
West Stevens Joyce
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195121643
- eISBN:
- 9780199865383
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195121643.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter spells out the first of seven developmental domains in the adolescent trajectory to maturation. The maturational task of the Race, Ethnic, and Gender Role Commitment domain is to commit ...
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This chapter spells out the first of seven developmental domains in the adolescent trajectory to maturation. The maturational task of the Race, Ethnic, and Gender Role Commitment domain is to commit to a racial, ethnic, and gender social identity with minimal ambivalence and anxiety for a cohesive and coherent self-presentation. Singularly, this particular domain is thought to be critical in its effect on all other domains for adaptive or maladaptive social outcomes. This domain as others in subsequent chapters is systematically analyzed relative to the impingement of pertinent social ecologies such as the family, peers, school, and neighborhood.Less
This chapter spells out the first of seven developmental domains in the adolescent trajectory to maturation. The maturational task of the Race, Ethnic, and Gender Role Commitment domain is to commit to a racial, ethnic, and gender social identity with minimal ambivalence and anxiety for a cohesive and coherent self-presentation. Singularly, this particular domain is thought to be critical in its effect on all other domains for adaptive or maladaptive social outcomes. This domain as others in subsequent chapters is systematically analyzed relative to the impingement of pertinent social ecologies such as the family, peers, school, and neighborhood.
Mariam Thalos
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199855469
- eISBN:
- 9780199932788
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199855469.003.0018
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Social relations are the core of a human self. Affiliations shape our social world, and ultimately alliances are the large players on the stage of human history. In the process of forging social ...
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Social relations are the core of a human self. Affiliations shape our social world, and ultimately alliances are the large players on the stage of human history. In the process of forging social links, human beings are sometimes lucky enough to enjoy the exercise of genuine existential freedom. These axioms are at the heart of the feminist account of self and social identity presented in this essay.Less
Social relations are the core of a human self. Affiliations shape our social world, and ultimately alliances are the large players on the stage of human history. In the process of forging social links, human beings are sometimes lucky enough to enjoy the exercise of genuine existential freedom. These axioms are at the heart of the feminist account of self and social identity presented in this essay.
Linda Martín Alcoff
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195137347
- eISBN:
- 9780199785773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195137345.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter argues that there is yet a case to be made about the nature of identity and its political and epistemic implications. It is certainly not the case that the work we need to do is ...
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This chapter argues that there is yet a case to be made about the nature of identity and its political and epistemic implications. It is certainly not the case that the work we need to do is finished; there are numerous “authentic” problems of identity that need attending to, but we do not need to overcome identity as much as tounderstand it more deeply. An alternative account of identity is developed which will be used to show the inadequacy of the assumptions behind the critique of identity.Less
This chapter argues that there is yet a case to be made about the nature of identity and its political and epistemic implications. It is certainly not the case that the work we need to do is finished; there are numerous “authentic” problems of identity that need attending to, but we do not need to overcome identity as much as tounderstand it more deeply. An alternative account of identity is developed which will be used to show the inadequacy of the assumptions behind the critique of identity.
Linda Martín Alcoff
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195137347
- eISBN:
- 9780199785773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195137345.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter discusses the philosophical critique of identity. In order to understand the current aversion to cultural identity, one needs to retrace the development of the philosophical treatment of ...
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This chapter discusses the philosophical critique of identity. In order to understand the current aversion to cultural identity, one needs to retrace the development of the philosophical treatment of the self in modern, Western philosophy. Charles Taylor's Sources of the Self (1989) is the best recent attempt to do this, and the chapter begins with an overview of some of the main ideas in his philosophical history that relate to the question of identity. Based on readings of Hegel, Sartre, and other key figures, a genealogy of the philosophical critique of identity is developed, which shows that its more fundamental basis is not actually in the Western concept of rationality but in the modern Western treatments of the Other developed in the context of the European colonialism. Finally, it is shown how this legacy lives on today in some aspects of postmodern philosophy.Less
This chapter discusses the philosophical critique of identity. In order to understand the current aversion to cultural identity, one needs to retrace the development of the philosophical treatment of the self in modern, Western philosophy. Charles Taylor's Sources of the Self (1989) is the best recent attempt to do this, and the chapter begins with an overview of some of the main ideas in his philosophical history that relate to the question of identity. Based on readings of Hegel, Sartre, and other key figures, a genealogy of the philosophical critique of identity is developed, which shows that its more fundamental basis is not actually in the Western concept of rationality but in the modern Western treatments of the Other developed in the context of the European colonialism. Finally, it is shown how this legacy lives on today in some aspects of postmodern philosophy.
Frank Fischer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199282838
- eISBN:
- 9780191712487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282838.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter takes up the design of deliberative fora. It begins by introducing the influential theory of ‘empowered participatory governance’ put forward by Fung and Wright, which is seen to focus ...
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This chapter takes up the design of deliberative fora. It begins by introducing the influential theory of ‘empowered participatory governance’ put forward by Fung and Wright, which is seen to focus mainly on procedural and material factors. It argues that enabling participation requires more attention to the underlying social conditions necessary for participatory deliberation to work. Drawing on contributions from postmodern cultural politics, as well as experiences from participatory research, democratic structures and procedures are seen to offer an opening for participatory empowerment, but cannot in and of themselves ensure authentic deliberation. Deeper political and social-psychological factors related to the intersubjective aspects of participation are involved as well. The argument is illustrated through a several theoretical and practical contributions, including a more detailed analysis of the ‘People's Planning Campaign’ in Kerala, India.Less
This chapter takes up the design of deliberative fora. It begins by introducing the influential theory of ‘empowered participatory governance’ put forward by Fung and Wright, which is seen to focus mainly on procedural and material factors. It argues that enabling participation requires more attention to the underlying social conditions necessary for participatory deliberation to work. Drawing on contributions from postmodern cultural politics, as well as experiences from participatory research, democratic structures and procedures are seen to offer an opening for participatory empowerment, but cannot in and of themselves ensure authentic deliberation. Deeper political and social-psychological factors related to the intersubjective aspects of participation are involved as well. The argument is illustrated through a several theoretical and practical contributions, including a more detailed analysis of the ‘People's Planning Campaign’ in Kerala, India.
Cynthia Talbot
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195136616
- eISBN:
- 9780199834716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195136616.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
Although the caste system is thought to have dominated the society of traditional India, people who commissioned inscriptions in Kakatiya Andhra (a.d.1175–1324 ) mentioned their clan or lineage ...
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Although the caste system is thought to have dominated the society of traditional India, people who commissioned inscriptions in Kakatiya Andhra (a.d.1175–1324 ) mentioned their clan or lineage affiliation far more often than their varna. Status titles based on occupation were widely used and could vary from generation to generation within a family, demonstrating that social identities were linked to individual achievement. There were many opportunities for both travel and social mobility due to the prevalence of military activity, long distance trade, and herding. Inscriptions cast further doubt on the alleged rigidity of traditional Indian society by revealing the presence of collectives of people brought together by ties other than kinship or locality and of many women who were wealthy enough to make temple donations.Less
Although the caste system is thought to have dominated the society of traditional India, people who commissioned inscriptions in Kakatiya Andhra (a.d.1175–1324 ) mentioned their clan or lineage affiliation far more often than their varna. Status titles based on occupation were widely used and could vary from generation to generation within a family, demonstrating that social identities were linked to individual achievement. There were many opportunities for both travel and social mobility due to the prevalence of military activity, long distance trade, and herding. Inscriptions cast further doubt on the alleged rigidity of traditional Indian society by revealing the presence of collectives of people brought together by ties other than kinship or locality and of many women who were wealthy enough to make temple donations.
Tom R. Tyler
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391381
- eISBN:
- 9780199776894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391381.003.0025
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Social Psychology
This chapter examines the idea of justice from a self-control perspective. It argues that justice involves socially shared rules whose function is to facilitate people's efforts to manage social ...
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This chapter examines the idea of justice from a self-control perspective. It argues that justice involves socially shared rules whose function is to facilitate people's efforts to manage social interactions. Because of the benefits of social interactions, people want to live in social groups and cooperate with others. However, doing so requires them to recognize what constitutes a reasonable balance between doing what benefits them and doing what benefits others. Rules of social justice define that reasonable balance and, in so doing, make social life more viable. This is directly true with principles of distributive justice, which indicate who should receive what. It is indirectly true of principles of procedural justice, which define how authorities should decide who should receive what. In both cases, reliance on justice makes the functioning of relationships and groups more efficient and effective.Less
This chapter examines the idea of justice from a self-control perspective. It argues that justice involves socially shared rules whose function is to facilitate people's efforts to manage social interactions. Because of the benefits of social interactions, people want to live in social groups and cooperate with others. However, doing so requires them to recognize what constitutes a reasonable balance between doing what benefits them and doing what benefits others. Rules of social justice define that reasonable balance and, in so doing, make social life more viable. This is directly true with principles of distributive justice, which indicate who should receive what. It is indirectly true of principles of procedural justice, which define how authorities should decide who should receive what. In both cases, reliance on justice makes the functioning of relationships and groups more efficient and effective.
Mark R. Leary
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195172423
- eISBN:
- 9780199786756
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172423.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
A great deal of unhappiness in friendships, romances, family relationships, and social life can be traced to how people construe themselves in their own minds. Once people form a social identity, ...
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A great deal of unhappiness in friendships, romances, family relationships, and social life can be traced to how people construe themselves in their own minds. Once people form a social identity, they may relate to others in terms of that identity. After seeing themselves as members of a particular group, they automatically begin to perceive members of their own group differently than members of other groups, and these perceptions fuel hostility, prejudice, and aggression. Many social conflicts — whether among individuals, social groups, or nations — arise from the symbolic meaning of events for people's sense of self rather than from actual threats to people's well-being. In addition, people often fight with one another when others cast aspersions on their egos, never quite realizing that these interpersonal conflicts are about ego-threats rather than practical matters of any real significance. When people include others in their sense of self, they tend to be more accepting, trusting, and empathic.Less
A great deal of unhappiness in friendships, romances, family relationships, and social life can be traced to how people construe themselves in their own minds. Once people form a social identity, they may relate to others in terms of that identity. After seeing themselves as members of a particular group, they automatically begin to perceive members of their own group differently than members of other groups, and these perceptions fuel hostility, prejudice, and aggression. Many social conflicts — whether among individuals, social groups, or nations — arise from the symbolic meaning of events for people's sense of self rather than from actual threats to people's well-being. In addition, people often fight with one another when others cast aspersions on their egos, never quite realizing that these interpersonal conflicts are about ego-threats rather than practical matters of any real significance. When people include others in their sense of self, they tend to be more accepting, trusting, and empathic.
Irene W. Leigh
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195320664
- eISBN:
- 9780199864584
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320664.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Psychosocial literature covering theory and research on identity evolution in deaf and hard-of-hearing persons is relatively recent. This chapter presents extensive conceptual and theoretical ...
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Psychosocial literature covering theory and research on identity evolution in deaf and hard-of-hearing persons is relatively recent. This chapter presents extensive conceptual and theoretical perspectives on the formation of diverse deaf identity categories and how individuals may transition into and out of categories. The following paradigms are covered: disability, racial identity, social identity, acculturation, and narration. Supporting research and anecdotal evidence are included for each paradigm. The interface of d/Deaf/hard of hearing with core identity is examined. Related to this interface, how covert and overt deaf identities influence adjustment is also explored.Less
Psychosocial literature covering theory and research on identity evolution in deaf and hard-of-hearing persons is relatively recent. This chapter presents extensive conceptual and theoretical perspectives on the formation of diverse deaf identity categories and how individuals may transition into and out of categories. The following paradigms are covered: disability, racial identity, social identity, acculturation, and narration. Supporting research and anecdotal evidence are included for each paradigm. The interface of d/Deaf/hard of hearing with core identity is examined. Related to this interface, how covert and overt deaf identities influence adjustment is also explored.
Kenneth A. Armstrong
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199278374
- eISBN:
- 9780191594861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278374.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
It was to the ‘constitutional’ process of the Constitutional and subsequent Lisbon Treaty that many observers looked for an articulation of the EU's social identity. This chapter argues that ...
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It was to the ‘constitutional’ process of the Constitutional and subsequent Lisbon Treaty that many observers looked for an articulation of the EU's social identity. This chapter argues that constitutionalism serves as a problematic vehicle for Europeanization as evidenced by the problematic ratification process in a number of Member States. In any event, different interpretations of constitutionalism — social democratic, postnational pluralism, polyarchic — place different emphases on the relative roles of the EU and Member States in the pursuit of social solidarity. However, it is suggested that the social objectives and values of the Lisbon Treaty together with the Charter of Fundamental Rights provide the basis for the development of a common ethos of solidarity which, nonetheless, looks to domestic institutions for their articulation. The OMC can serve as an appropriate tool to mediate between the EU and national levels.Less
It was to the ‘constitutional’ process of the Constitutional and subsequent Lisbon Treaty that many observers looked for an articulation of the EU's social identity. This chapter argues that constitutionalism serves as a problematic vehicle for Europeanization as evidenced by the problematic ratification process in a number of Member States. In any event, different interpretations of constitutionalism — social democratic, postnational pluralism, polyarchic — place different emphases on the relative roles of the EU and Member States in the pursuit of social solidarity. However, it is suggested that the social objectives and values of the Lisbon Treaty together with the Charter of Fundamental Rights provide the basis for the development of a common ethos of solidarity which, nonetheless, looks to domestic institutions for their articulation. The OMC can serve as an appropriate tool to mediate between the EU and national levels.
Michael Foley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199232673
- eISBN:
- 9780191716362
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232673.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses American capitalism. Capitalism has not only become integrally related to the growth of the United States into a global industrial power, but in doing so has acquired an iconic ...
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This chapter discusses American capitalism. Capitalism has not only become integrally related to the growth of the United States into a global industrial power, but in doing so has acquired an iconic property as the generic expression of American ideas and experience. Just as capitalism has played a role in giving definition to America's social identity and historical position, so the United States has emerged as the exemplar of capitalist organization and the defining reference point by which its merits and demerits as an economic and ethical system is adjudged.Less
This chapter discusses American capitalism. Capitalism has not only become integrally related to the growth of the United States into a global industrial power, but in doing so has acquired an iconic property as the generic expression of American ideas and experience. Just as capitalism has played a role in giving definition to America's social identity and historical position, so the United States has emerged as the exemplar of capitalist organization and the defining reference point by which its merits and demerits as an economic and ethical system is adjudged.
