Roberto Rona and Susan Chinn
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192629197
- eISBN:
- 9780191723612
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192629197.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The National Study of Health and Growth (NSHG) was a surveillance system of growth in primary school children of England and Scotland from 1972 to 1994. The system included a representative sample ...
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The National Study of Health and Growth (NSHG) was a surveillance system of growth in primary school children of England and Scotland from 1972 to 1994. The system included a representative sample and an inner city sample. The study was valuable for assessing the possible impact of food welfare policy and social factors on nutritional status, mainly assessed in terms of height. The NSHG was the first study to document an increase in child obesity in the United Kingdom. Although the principal aim of the NHSG was to monitor nutritional status, the study was influential in assessing trends in respiratory illness, especially asthma, and in reporting on the risk factors of obesity, cholesterol levels, blood pressure and physical fitness, and other health complaints such as food intolerance, enuresis, and sleep disturbances. The NSGH was successful in maintaining a high response rate throughout its existence.Less
The National Study of Health and Growth (NSHG) was a surveillance system of growth in primary school children of England and Scotland from 1972 to 1994. The system included a representative sample and an inner city sample. The study was valuable for assessing the possible impact of food welfare policy and social factors on nutritional status, mainly assessed in terms of height. The NSHG was the first study to document an increase in child obesity in the United Kingdom. Although the principal aim of the NHSG was to monitor nutritional status, the study was influential in assessing trends in respiratory illness, especially asthma, and in reporting on the risk factors of obesity, cholesterol levels, blood pressure and physical fitness, and other health complaints such as food intolerance, enuresis, and sleep disturbances. The NSGH was successful in maintaining a high response rate throughout its existence.
Richard A. Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter examines the recent rise in the use of antidepressant medications as well as the growing emphasis on biomedical explanations for depression. The chapter presents the history of ...
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This chapter examines the recent rise in the use of antidepressant medications as well as the growing emphasis on biomedical explanations for depression. The chapter presents the history of antidepressant medications and changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual as well as an analysis of the shift in the treatment of depression from psychotherapy to drugs. The author provides an overview of evidence for social factors in the origin of depression and argues that social models of depression have been marginalized by the dominance of biomedical discourse and practices. The chapter looks at the gaps in current scientific understanding of what constitutes effective treatment for depression. The chapter also discusses implications for depression treatment that considers the broader social environment and that acknowledges the effects of life stress and trauma.Less
This chapter examines the recent rise in the use of antidepressant medications as well as the growing emphasis on biomedical explanations for depression. The chapter presents the history of antidepressant medications and changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual as well as an analysis of the shift in the treatment of depression from psychotherapy to drugs. The author provides an overview of evidence for social factors in the origin of depression and argues that social models of depression have been marginalized by the dominance of biomedical discourse and practices. The chapter looks at the gaps in current scientific understanding of what constitutes effective treatment for depression. The chapter also discusses implications for depression treatment that considers the broader social environment and that acknowledges the effects of life stress and trauma.
Joanna L. Grossman and Lawrence M. Friedman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149820
- eISBN:
- 9781400839773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149820.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
This chapter describes the adventures—and the decline and fall—of the doctrine of common-law marriage in the twentieth century. A common-law marriage was an informal, but perfectly legal, marriage. ...
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This chapter describes the adventures—and the decline and fall—of the doctrine of common-law marriage in the twentieth century. A common-law marriage was an informal, but perfectly legal, marriage. If a man and woman agreed with each other to be husband and wife, then, from that moment on, they were husband and wife, without a marriage license, a judge or clergyman, witnesses, or anything else. A series of court decisions, in the first half of the nineteenth century, established the doctrine in most of the states. The chapter looks at the social factors which led to the decline of the common-law marriage.Less
This chapter describes the adventures—and the decline and fall—of the doctrine of common-law marriage in the twentieth century. A common-law marriage was an informal, but perfectly legal, marriage. If a man and woman agreed with each other to be husband and wife, then, from that moment on, they were husband and wife, without a marriage license, a judge or clergyman, witnesses, or anything else. A series of court decisions, in the first half of the nineteenth century, established the doctrine in most of the states. The chapter looks at the social factors which led to the decline of the common-law marriage.
Marcos Cueto
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157382
- eISBN:
- 9781400846801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157382.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines the recent cycle of malaria elimination and control efforts and to raise some questions about the future of global health. It discusses policy changes that occurred against the ...
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This chapter examines the recent cycle of malaria elimination and control efforts and to raise some questions about the future of global health. It discusses policy changes that occurred against the background of the slow but steady growth of a killer that is second in its global impact only to tuberculosis. Despite a general decline in malaria morbidity during the 1960s and 1970s, especially in semitropical and temperate climate zones, the number of cases and deaths increased in the following years. Among the social factors that explain malaria's increase in the developing world were floods of refugees fleeing civil wars and famine, the marked precariousness of medical systems during a period of structural adjustment, and the growing number of unemployed rural people moving to previously uncultivated lands where infection rates were higher and medical care was scarce.Less
This chapter examines the recent cycle of malaria elimination and control efforts and to raise some questions about the future of global health. It discusses policy changes that occurred against the background of the slow but steady growth of a killer that is second in its global impact only to tuberculosis. Despite a general decline in malaria morbidity during the 1960s and 1970s, especially in semitropical and temperate climate zones, the number of cases and deaths increased in the following years. Among the social factors that explain malaria's increase in the developing world were floods of refugees fleeing civil wars and famine, the marked precariousness of medical systems during a period of structural adjustment, and the growing number of unemployed rural people moving to previously uncultivated lands where infection rates were higher and medical care was scarce.
Diana Kuh, Yoav Ben Shlomo, and Susser Ezra (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198578154
- eISBN:
- 9780191724039
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198578154.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The field of life course epidemiology has expanded rapidly since this book was first published. The purpose of this field is to study how biological and social factors during gestation, childhood, ...
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The field of life course epidemiology has expanded rapidly since this book was first published. The purpose of this field is to study how biological and social factors during gestation, childhood, adolescence, and earlier adult life independently, cumulatively, and interactively influence later life health and disease. Contributors to this edition capture the excitement of the developing field and assess the latest evidence regarding sources of risk to health across the life course and across generations. The chapters on life course influences on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, blood pressure, respiratory disease, and cancer have been updated and extended. New chapters on life course influences on obesity, biological ageing, and neuropsychiatric disorders have been added. Life course explanations for disease trends and for socioeconomic differentials in disease risk are given more attention in this edition, reflecting recent developments in the field. The section on policy implications has been expanded, assessing the role of interventions to improve childhood social circumstances, as well as interventions to improve early growth. Emerging new research themes and the theoretical and methodological challenges facing life course epidemiology are highlighted.Less
The field of life course epidemiology has expanded rapidly since this book was first published. The purpose of this field is to study how biological and social factors during gestation, childhood, adolescence, and earlier adult life independently, cumulatively, and interactively influence later life health and disease. Contributors to this edition capture the excitement of the developing field and assess the latest evidence regarding sources of risk to health across the life course and across generations. The chapters on life course influences on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, blood pressure, respiratory disease, and cancer have been updated and extended. New chapters on life course influences on obesity, biological ageing, and neuropsychiatric disorders have been added. Life course explanations for disease trends and for socioeconomic differentials in disease risk are given more attention in this edition, reflecting recent developments in the field. The section on policy implications has been expanded, assessing the role of interventions to improve childhood social circumstances, as well as interventions to improve early growth. Emerging new research themes and the theoretical and methodological challenges facing life course epidemiology are highlighted.
Michael Suk-Young Chwe
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691162447
- eISBN:
- 9781400851331
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691162447.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines Jane Austen's competing models of human behavior that also offers important insights into strategic thinking. One competing model focuses on people's emotions, which Austen ...
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This chapter examines Jane Austen's competing models of human behavior that also offers important insights into strategic thinking. One competing model focuses on people's emotions, which Austen acknowledges can cause bad decisions. For example, the jealous Caroline Bingley remarks to Mr. Darcy that Elizabeth's eyes have “a sharp, shrewish look,” but this only makes him reply that Elizabeth is “one of the handsomest women of my acquaintance.” Influenced by emotion, Miss Bingley does not think her plan through and it backfires. Emotions can affect people's choices, but people can strategically manage their emotions as well. The chapter proceeds by discussing Austen's other competing models dealing with instincts, habits, rules or principles, ideology, intoxication, constraints, and social factors like envy and decorum.Less
This chapter examines Jane Austen's competing models of human behavior that also offers important insights into strategic thinking. One competing model focuses on people's emotions, which Austen acknowledges can cause bad decisions. For example, the jealous Caroline Bingley remarks to Mr. Darcy that Elizabeth's eyes have “a sharp, shrewish look,” but this only makes him reply that Elizabeth is “one of the handsomest women of my acquaintance.” Influenced by emotion, Miss Bingley does not think her plan through and it backfires. Emotions can affect people's choices, but people can strategically manage their emotions as well. The chapter proceeds by discussing Austen's other competing models dealing with instincts, habits, rules or principles, ideology, intoxication, constraints, and social factors like envy and decorum.
Carl N. Degler
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195077070
- eISBN:
- 9780199853991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195077070.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
This chapter examines the shift in the study of nature towards the issue of social and environmental factors. This shift led to the abandonment of the sexual explanations for differences in human ...
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This chapter examines the shift in the study of nature towards the issue of social and environmental factors. This shift led to the abandonment of the sexual explanations for differences in human behavior. This chapter cites studies concerning the relation between feeblemindedness and criminality. It suggests even though the concept of human instincts had come under serious criticism in the early 1920s, almost the precise opposite was true of the idea that human races and ethnic groups differed in mental abilities.Less
This chapter examines the shift in the study of nature towards the issue of social and environmental factors. This shift led to the abandonment of the sexual explanations for differences in human behavior. This chapter cites studies concerning the relation between feeblemindedness and criminality. It suggests even though the concept of human instincts had come under serious criticism in the early 1920s, almost the precise opposite was true of the idea that human races and ethnic groups differed in mental abilities.
Michael Marmot and Richard G. Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198565895
- eISBN:
- 9780191723988
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565895.003.13
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter focuses on the social determinants of physical and mental health and disability among older people. It begins by reviewing research on social and economic inequalities in health in older ...
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This chapter focuses on the social determinants of physical and mental health and disability among older people. It begins by reviewing research on social and economic inequalities in health in older ages, concluding that much of the work on inequalities in older age has focused on documenting differences rather than testing theories as to what the generative mechanisms may be. It then discusses several of the specific social determinants that may contribute to these inequalities, either as aspects of socio-economic position or as mediators on the pathway between socio-economic position and health.Less
This chapter focuses on the social determinants of physical and mental health and disability among older people. It begins by reviewing research on social and economic inequalities in health in older ages, concluding that much of the work on inequalities in older age has focused on documenting differences rather than testing theories as to what the generative mechanisms may be. It then discusses several of the specific social determinants that may contribute to these inequalities, either as aspects of socio-economic position or as mediators on the pathway between socio-economic position and health.
Debbie A. Lawlor, Shah Ebrahim, and George Davey Smith
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192632890
- eISBN:
- 9780191723629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632890.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter shows that the main classical cardiovascular risk factors have the same effects in women as they do in men and preventive treatments that lower risk factors—antihypertensive drugs, ...
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This chapter shows that the main classical cardiovascular risk factors have the same effects in women as they do in men and preventive treatments that lower risk factors—antihypertensive drugs, aspirin, and cholesterol lowering drugs—work equally well in both sexes. Diabetes and the insulin resistance syndrome may confer greater risk to women than men. Women may be protected from coronary heart disease by a number of interacting factors including a more favourable fat distribution, a less adverse response to dietary saturated fats, and endogenous oestrogens. Low birthweight, poor infant nutrition, and accelerated postnatal growth are all associated with CHD and stroke risk in both women and men.Less
This chapter shows that the main classical cardiovascular risk factors have the same effects in women as they do in men and preventive treatments that lower risk factors—antihypertensive drugs, aspirin, and cholesterol lowering drugs—work equally well in both sexes. Diabetes and the insulin resistance syndrome may confer greater risk to women than men. Women may be protected from coronary heart disease by a number of interacting factors including a more favourable fat distribution, a less adverse response to dietary saturated fats, and endogenous oestrogens. Low birthweight, poor infant nutrition, and accelerated postnatal growth are all associated with CHD and stroke risk in both women and men.
Sanford C. Goldberg
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199593248
- eISBN:
- 9780191594625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593248.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, General
The Introduction explains the idea behind the book: the fact that we rely on others for so much of what we know about the world should prompt a reconsideration of the individualistic orientation of ...
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The Introduction explains the idea behind the book: the fact that we rely on others for so much of what we know about the world should prompt a reconsideration of the individualistic orientation of traditional epistemology. The Introduction outlines the chapters in the book.The book's main contention, the Introduction explains, is that, such is our epistemic reliance on others, that the reliability of at least some of our beliefs is affected by irreducibly social factors.Less
The Introduction explains the idea behind the book: the fact that we rely on others for so much of what we know about the world should prompt a reconsideration of the individualistic orientation of traditional epistemology. The Introduction outlines the chapters in the book.The book's main contention, the Introduction explains, is that, such is our epistemic reliance on others, that the reliability of at least some of our beliefs is affected by irreducibly social factors.
Roberto J. Rona and Susan Chinn
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192629197
- eISBN:
- 9780191723612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192629197.003.0006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
One of the important aims of the study was to assess the factors which influenced height and height gain. These assessments were carried out in two separate samples: the representative and the ...
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One of the important aims of the study was to assess the factors which influenced height and height gain. These assessments were carried out in two separate samples: the representative and the inner-city samples. Ethnic background, birthweight, and parents' height were the most important factors associated with height. Children from Afro–Caribbean origin were the tallest regardless of social background, and children originating in the Indian subcontinent the smallest. Social factors made less of a contribution to the height of children. Among these factors, number of children in the family, maternal age at delivery, and maternal employment were associated with height, but their effect sizes were moderate or small. Father's social class was only weakly, if at all, associated with height. No consistent association between social factors and height gain could be found.Less
One of the important aims of the study was to assess the factors which influenced height and height gain. These assessments were carried out in two separate samples: the representative and the inner-city samples. Ethnic background, birthweight, and parents' height were the most important factors associated with height. Children from Afro–Caribbean origin were the tallest regardless of social background, and children originating in the Indian subcontinent the smallest. Social factors made less of a contribution to the height of children. Among these factors, number of children in the family, maternal age at delivery, and maternal employment were associated with height, but their effect sizes were moderate or small. Father's social class was only weakly, if at all, associated with height. No consistent association between social factors and height gain could be found.
Joan R. Gundersen
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195112436
- eISBN:
- 9780199854271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195112436.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter explores the crucial period between 1700–75 during which women's social contacts moved from an integrated circle of family, neighbors, servants, slaves, and mistresses to a dual system. ...
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This chapter explores the crucial period between 1700–75 during which women's social contacts moved from an integrated circle of family, neighbors, servants, slaves, and mistresses to a dual system. Many women developed more extended networks shaped by class lines, while continuing to participate in a set of local contacts that transcended class and race. Because the traditional sources of friendship studies—letters and diaries—are a product of the transformation under study, such materials are available only for the latter part of the period. This study has sought glimpses of women's lives as they began to invest female friendships with new meaning. This transformation is generational, and involves both social and economic factors. Most surprisingly, the evidence suggests that the factors historians often consider isolating—illiteracy, childbirth, and housework—could generate social contacts, and continued to do so for women who were not part of the elite.Less
This chapter explores the crucial period between 1700–75 during which women's social contacts moved from an integrated circle of family, neighbors, servants, slaves, and mistresses to a dual system. Many women developed more extended networks shaped by class lines, while continuing to participate in a set of local contacts that transcended class and race. Because the traditional sources of friendship studies—letters and diaries—are a product of the transformation under study, such materials are available only for the latter part of the period. This study has sought glimpses of women's lives as they began to invest female friendships with new meaning. This transformation is generational, and involves both social and economic factors. Most surprisingly, the evidence suggests that the factors historians often consider isolating—illiteracy, childbirth, and housework—could generate social contacts, and continued to do so for women who were not part of the elite.
Simona Giordano
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199269747
- eISBN:
- 9780191603129
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199269742.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Eating disorders are found nearly exclusively in Western countries, and mainly affect women. This chapter explores the social issues around eating disorders. It attempts to explain why the majority ...
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Eating disorders are found nearly exclusively in Western countries, and mainly affect women. This chapter explores the social issues around eating disorders. It attempts to explain why the majority of sufferers is represented by women, and explores the social changes that seem to have contributed to the appearance of the syndrome. It reviews clinical literature, which shows that the unrealistic aesthetic expectations of women, combined with the change in the role of the woman in contemporary society, have contributed to the genesis of eating disorders.Less
Eating disorders are found nearly exclusively in Western countries, and mainly affect women. This chapter explores the social issues around eating disorders. It attempts to explain why the majority of sufferers is represented by women, and explores the social changes that seem to have contributed to the appearance of the syndrome. It reviews clinical literature, which shows that the unrealistic aesthetic expectations of women, combined with the change in the role of the woman in contemporary society, have contributed to the genesis of eating disorders.
Robert Wuthnow
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195096514
- eISBN:
- 9780199853380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195096514.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
One of the most surprising features of American religion in the 20th century has been the survival of fundamentalism. Indeed, it might almost be appropriate to say that this has been one of the ...
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One of the most surprising features of American religion in the 20th century has been the survival of fundamentalism. Indeed, it might almost be appropriate to say that this has been one of the defining elements of the religious mosaic in this period. What are the social and cultural factors empowering it? Will these factors continue to perpetuate it as a significant expression of religious belief in the 21st century? To address these questions, this chapter suggests a broad sensitizing framework that seeks to make sense of the sources of Christian fundamentalism without taking a reductionistic stance toward the phenomenon being explained. In other words, it wants to distance itself from much in the sociological tradition that would try to account for Christian fundamentalism by demonstrating it to be a reflection of social factors somehow more basic or foundational, such as the struggle between social classes or the authority relations of sovereign groups.Less
One of the most surprising features of American religion in the 20th century has been the survival of fundamentalism. Indeed, it might almost be appropriate to say that this has been one of the defining elements of the religious mosaic in this period. What are the social and cultural factors empowering it? Will these factors continue to perpetuate it as a significant expression of religious belief in the 21st century? To address these questions, this chapter suggests a broad sensitizing framework that seeks to make sense of the sources of Christian fundamentalism without taking a reductionistic stance toward the phenomenon being explained. In other words, it wants to distance itself from much in the sociological tradition that would try to account for Christian fundamentalism by demonstrating it to be a reflection of social factors somehow more basic or foundational, such as the struggle between social classes or the authority relations of sovereign groups.
Michael Marmot and Richard G. Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198565895
- eISBN:
- 9780191723988
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565895.003.15
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the complex relationship between social determinants, sexual behaviour, and sexual health. It focuses on patterns of sexual health and behaviour in Britain in the context of ...
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This chapter discusses the complex relationship between social determinants, sexual behaviour, and sexual health. It focuses on patterns of sexual health and behaviour in Britain in the context of changing social and economic conditions of the 20th century, and of the emergence of HIV in its closing decades. It then contrasts the contemporary impact of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Britain with that in low-income countries where social and economic determinants interact with behavioural and biological factors to fuel the continuing spread of HIV, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.Less
This chapter discusses the complex relationship between social determinants, sexual behaviour, and sexual health. It focuses on patterns of sexual health and behaviour in Britain in the context of changing social and economic conditions of the 20th century, and of the emergence of HIV in its closing decades. It then contrasts the contemporary impact of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Britain with that in low-income countries where social and economic determinants interact with behavioural and biological factors to fuel the continuing spread of HIV, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
Virginia Carrieri-Kohlman
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198530039
- eISBN:
- 9780191730450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530039.003.0011
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
The most recent definition of dyspnoea refers to the symptom as a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that involves qualitatively distinct sensations which vary in intensity. This recent ...
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The most recent definition of dyspnoea refers to the symptom as a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that involves qualitatively distinct sensations which vary in intensity. This recent definition asserts that dyspnoea is influenced by social and physiological factors resulting in physiological and behavioural responses. This new definition also acknowledges the methods and strategies that modulate the symptom beyond the physiological domain. It supports methods that target the cognitive, emotional, sensory, and behavioural dimensions of dyspnoea. This chapter discusses the non-pharmacological strategies of addressing dyspnoea. To understand the other dimensions of dyspnoea, it begins with the symptom-perception models of dyspnoea, its affective dimension, and the cognitive-behavioural perspective behind the symptom. The strategies discussed include: physiological, cognitive-behavioural, distraction, and attention strategies. The chapter also considers the different non-pharmacological strategies that may be adapted in the different phases of the patient's illness.Less
The most recent definition of dyspnoea refers to the symptom as a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that involves qualitatively distinct sensations which vary in intensity. This recent definition asserts that dyspnoea is influenced by social and physiological factors resulting in physiological and behavioural responses. This new definition also acknowledges the methods and strategies that modulate the symptom beyond the physiological domain. It supports methods that target the cognitive, emotional, sensory, and behavioural dimensions of dyspnoea. This chapter discusses the non-pharmacological strategies of addressing dyspnoea. To understand the other dimensions of dyspnoea, it begins with the symptom-perception models of dyspnoea, its affective dimension, and the cognitive-behavioural perspective behind the symptom. The strategies discussed include: physiological, cognitive-behavioural, distraction, and attention strategies. The chapter also considers the different non-pharmacological strategies that may be adapted in the different phases of the patient's illness.
Beth A. Hennessey
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195147308
- eISBN:
- 9780199893720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195147308.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Although there has been a long history of viewing creativity from an individualist perspective, a number of scholars have recently emphasized the important role of social factors in creativity. It is ...
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Although there has been a long history of viewing creativity from an individualist perspective, a number of scholars have recently emphasized the important role of social factors in creativity. It is now recognized that family experiences, classroom climate, corporate cultures and national cultures can influence creativity. This chapter evaluates this social perspective of creativity from the vantage point of the intrinsic motivation theory of creativity. It appears that conditions which limit feelings of autonomy limit the extent to which individuals are motivated for creativity. External pressures or rewards, or a controlling environment, are typically associated with low levels of intrinsic motivation. It is shown that that under some conditions, external incentives can have positive effects on creativity. It argues that we need to consider carefully individual differences, culture, and the interpersonal context, in understanding how to enhance both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for creative behavior.Less
Although there has been a long history of viewing creativity from an individualist perspective, a number of scholars have recently emphasized the important role of social factors in creativity. It is now recognized that family experiences, classroom climate, corporate cultures and national cultures can influence creativity. This chapter evaluates this social perspective of creativity from the vantage point of the intrinsic motivation theory of creativity. It appears that conditions which limit feelings of autonomy limit the extent to which individuals are motivated for creativity. External pressures or rewards, or a controlling environment, are typically associated with low levels of intrinsic motivation. It is shown that that under some conditions, external incentives can have positive effects on creativity. It argues that we need to consider carefully individual differences, culture, and the interpersonal context, in understanding how to enhance both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for creative behavior.
Barbara Maughan
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192632890
- eISBN:
- 9780191723629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632890.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Biological, psychological, and social factors contribute to risk for depressive disorders. Understanding how they combine, their relative salience at different stages in the life course, and why ...
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Biological, psychological, and social factors contribute to risk for depressive disorders. Understanding how they combine, their relative salience at different stages in the life course, and why women are at such markedly increased risk constitute significant challenges for research. This chapter provides an overview of recent evidence on these three related themes. It begins by sketching in epidemiological findings on changing rates and gender ratios in depressive disorders from childhood to older age, highlighting the periods when women's increased vulnerability first emerges, and when it appears to decline. It then examines the main domains of risk for depressive conditions, exploring how far men and women differ in exposure or susceptibility to risks that affect both sexes, or whether some gender-specific risks may be involved. Throughout, it highlights the differing pathways through which individual vulnerabilities, childhood adversities and later stressors have been argued to combine in the genesis of depression.Less
Biological, psychological, and social factors contribute to risk for depressive disorders. Understanding how they combine, their relative salience at different stages in the life course, and why women are at such markedly increased risk constitute significant challenges for research. This chapter provides an overview of recent evidence on these three related themes. It begins by sketching in epidemiological findings on changing rates and gender ratios in depressive disorders from childhood to older age, highlighting the periods when women's increased vulnerability first emerges, and when it appears to decline. It then examines the main domains of risk for depressive conditions, exploring how far men and women differ in exposure or susceptibility to risks that affect both sexes, or whether some gender-specific risks may be involved. Throughout, it highlights the differing pathways through which individual vulnerabilities, childhood adversities and later stressors have been argued to combine in the genesis of depression.
Peter Trudgill
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198723813
- eISBN:
- 9780191791154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
One of the bases of historical linguistics is the uniformitarian principle: knowledge of processes that operated in the past can be inferred by observing ongoing processes in the present. This leads ...
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One of the bases of historical linguistics is the uniformitarian principle: knowledge of processes that operated in the past can be inferred by observing ongoing processes in the present. This leads us to the methodological principle of using the present to explain the past. This chapter presents a sociolinguistic-typological perspective which investigates the extent to which it is possible to produce sociolinguistic explanations for linguistic structures. Insofar as the characteristics of individual languages are due to the nature of the human language faculty, there cannot be any questioning of the uniformitarian principle. But what if some of the characteristics of individual languages are due to social factors? Then the common faculty of the human mind will produce different types of structure in different societies at different moments in history. So the linguistic present might not altogether be like the linguistic past; and the methodology of using-the-present-to-explain-the-past could be less useful the further back in time we go.Less
One of the bases of historical linguistics is the uniformitarian principle: knowledge of processes that operated in the past can be inferred by observing ongoing processes in the present. This leads us to the methodological principle of using the present to explain the past. This chapter presents a sociolinguistic-typological perspective which investigates the extent to which it is possible to produce sociolinguistic explanations for linguistic structures. Insofar as the characteristics of individual languages are due to the nature of the human language faculty, there cannot be any questioning of the uniformitarian principle. But what if some of the characteristics of individual languages are due to social factors? Then the common faculty of the human mind will produce different types of structure in different societies at different moments in history. So the linguistic present might not altogether be like the linguistic past; and the methodology of using-the-present-to-explain-the-past could be less useful the further back in time we go.
Sudhir Chandra
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195695731
- eISBN:
- 9780199080311
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195695731.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This book discusses the case of Dadaji Bhikaji against Rukhmabai, his twenty-two year old wife. Dadaji filed the suit against his spouse when, after eleven years, she refused to live with him as per ...
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This book discusses the case of Dadaji Bhikaji against Rukhmabai, his twenty-two year old wife. Dadaji filed the suit against his spouse when, after eleven years, she refused to live with him as per the Hindu marriage law. The book looks at all aspects of the lawsuit, including the reactions of the people towards the argument of Pinhey and Rukhmabai’s defiance in consenting to live with her husband. It looks at the role of the British during the court proceedings and highlights some details of Rukhmabai’s life that could reveal some psycho-social factors that gave her the strength to rebel. It is important to note that this book is written using a radical-feminist stance.Less
This book discusses the case of Dadaji Bhikaji against Rukhmabai, his twenty-two year old wife. Dadaji filed the suit against his spouse when, after eleven years, she refused to live with him as per the Hindu marriage law. The book looks at all aspects of the lawsuit, including the reactions of the people towards the argument of Pinhey and Rukhmabai’s defiance in consenting to live with her husband. It looks at the role of the British during the court proceedings and highlights some details of Rukhmabai’s life that could reveal some psycho-social factors that gave her the strength to rebel. It is important to note that this book is written using a radical-feminist stance.
