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This chapter considers the pathways to becoming an artistic social entrepreneur. Previous research on social entrepreneurs has emphasized the impact of one's stock of human, social, and cultural capital on one's mobilization of requisite resources for launching and sustaining a social enterprise. Less sociological attention has been given to the influence of career-biographical factors, such as family, religion, education, and pivotal career turning points that may inspire and compel one to become a social entrepreneur and to envision and shape one's social enterprise, let alone an artistic social enterprise. The profiles of four artistic social entrepreneurs in this chapter illustrate how their strategic and risk orientations and career pathways shape the social enterprises they envision and influence their assumption and enactment of their roles as artist activists.

A key question about the developments chronicled in this book is whether they represent a flash in the pan or a durable trend in the financing of social-purpose activity. To assess this, the chapter examines the factors driving these developments. More particularly, it identifies a set of both “supply” and “demand” factors propelling the new developments and concludes that there are substantial reasons to believe the developments have significant staying power.

The availability of ethnic blocs is a prerequisite for the success of an ethnic party. This chapter illustrates how Dalits’ historical social mobilization weakens bloc voting. Dalit social movements generate mobilizers and mobilization symbols that increase competition for Dalit votes at the locality-level, lower the utility of caste for differentiating among parties, shift the emphasis to material goods over symbolic goods, and split Dalit voters’ party preferences. Non-movement states were denied these electoral effects of Dalit social mobilization and hence preserved the possibility of bloc voting. The chapter concludes by reconsidering some of the explanations for ethnic party success.

This chapter describes how social enterprise founders and investors can use financial instruments to credibly signal their double-bottom-line commitments to each other. Its main example is a contingent convertible debt instrument that would constrain both investors and entrepreneurs from unilaterally abandoning social mission in favor of profit. The instrument’s low yield and long term would reassure entrepreneurs by screening in only investors willing to sacrifice profit for social mission for a considerable period. Conversion rights triggered on the sale of founders’ equity would allow investors to trust founders not to sell out. In an IPO or sale before the instrument’s maturity, founders would lose a significant share of any profit to debtholders unless these lenders agreed to its terms. Through this example and others, the chapter shows how social entrepreneurs and impact investors can craft sophisticated financial instruments to overcome the trust deficit that would otherwise keep them apart.

Through a literature review of economic development strategies and unintended negative consequences, including social entrepreneurship projects, this chapter on “Displacement: A Typology to Inform Social Entrepreneurs” categorizes and explains displacement induced by development projects. The typology can help to inform social entrepreneurs regarding the resulting harms of displacement dynamics. This knowledge can guide social entrepreneurs, compelling them to prevent displacement-induced harms by being attentive during the planning and implementation phases of projects. The harms in the proposed typology include those involving displacement of loci or place; community or social capital; resources, including natural resources; and financial systems. The typology defines each type of displacement, drawing on a case study, and further illuminates the effects of each type on communities. Recommendations are offered that address ways to prevent and interrupt displacements during social entrepreneurship projects while promoting more inclusive, participatory, locally sustainable development. In addition, this chapter focuses on the importance of informal networks and economic sectors.

Key propositions and recommendations for support of social enterprises and entrepreneurship are presented in this chapter on “Selected Observations and Lessons Learned for 21st-Century Supports for Social Entrepreneurship and Social Enterprises.” These are derived from snapshots of developments in the nations and regions discussed in prior chapters. In addition, warning signs about these innovations are offered. Some recommend more social protection and social supports for social entrepreneurs. Others suggest more, not less, government intervention in support of sustainable social and economic development. Key domains for further exploration include the premises on which social enterprises and social entrepreneurship are built. In addition, more contextual understanding is needed, as well as a balancing of social and economic development for human well-being. Moreover, selected findings for social enterprises and their role in social inclusion and economic development are offered. Lessons learned are highlighted along with recommendations for future research.

In 1999 the Institute of Medicine published the report ‘To Err is Human’ which made the extraordinary claim that up 98,000 people suffered serious avoidable harm and mortality in the US Healthcare system. This claim has become integral to healthcare policy worldwide and is accepted in the highest ranking academic journals despite its dubious provenance. The evidence was derived by extrapolating from small studies, which used questionable methodology, to the population at large and had high emotive content with strong moral overtones. The social entrepreneurs behind the project are identified and discussed with the conclusion that how we treat vulnerable members of our society remains clouded by moral panic.

This chapter sets the scene for the edited collection which follows it, recounting the findings of an international conversation on the social and solidarity economies between participants from Europe and Latin America. It discusses problems and possibilities for learning and policy transference between different places, acknowledging the power relations involved between global north and south, centre and periphery. It introduces a four part conceptualisation of the social and solidarity economy sector between Social Enterprise and Social Entrepreneurship; the inclusive Social Economy; the Solidarity Economy, working on conceptions of how we want to live in a climate constrained world, and the Antagonistic Economy, challenging pathological aspects of contemporary neoliberalism.

In this chapter we look at the importance and implications of the democratisation of knowledge. We begin with a discussion of how high-skilled migration takes place in a policy vacuum, and consider the changing nature of Indian migration highlighting the importance of student mobility. We also try to assess the nature and role of the overseas Indian community, and the need for a more nuanced and strategic tactical engagement for India with its diaspora. Following the gradual shift in recent times, in the perceptions of high-skilled migration from brain drain to brain gain and currently to the more virtuous circular migration, we explore the medium to long term dimensions to India’s engagement as a knowledge economy, and its ability to influence the global discourse on migration.