KRISTIN FERGUSON
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199732326
- eISBN:
- 9780199863471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732326.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Communities and Organizations
Traditional service delivery for homeless youths consists of residential as well as outreach and shelter services. Although traditional services aim to mitigate the health, mental health, and social ...
More
Traditional service delivery for homeless youths consists of residential as well as outreach and shelter services. Although traditional services aim to mitigate the health, mental health, and social problems of homeless youths, this approach fails to replace their street-survival behaviors with other legal, income-generating activities. Due to its focus on meeting these youths’ basic needs, traditional service provision reflects the remedial or maintenance-consumption approach to social work. In the case of homeless youths, successful strategies to move them from the informal to the formal economy require more than employment in low-paying positions, since their formal labor-market participation is often hindered by the challenges inherent in living on the streets. This chapter describes existing social investment strategies for homeless youths and suggests that through social enterprises, these youths can acquire vocational and business skills, mentorship, clinical treatment, and linkages to services to facilitate their economic and social self-sufficiency.Less
Traditional service delivery for homeless youths consists of residential as well as outreach and shelter services. Although traditional services aim to mitigate the health, mental health, and social problems of homeless youths, this approach fails to replace their street-survival behaviors with other legal, income-generating activities. Due to its focus on meeting these youths’ basic needs, traditional service provision reflects the remedial or maintenance-consumption approach to social work. In the case of homeless youths, successful strategies to move them from the informal to the formal economy require more than employment in low-paying positions, since their formal labor-market participation is often hindered by the challenges inherent in living on the streets. This chapter describes existing social investment strategies for homeless youths and suggests that through social enterprises, these youths can acquire vocational and business skills, mentorship, clinical treatment, and linkages to services to facilitate their economic and social self-sufficiency.
Daniel B. Cornfield
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691160733
- eISBN:
- 9781400873890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691160733.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter considers the pathways to becoming an artistic social entrepreneur. Previous research on social entrepreneurs has emphasized the impact of one's stock of human, social, and cultural ...
More
This chapter considers the pathways to becoming an artistic social entrepreneur. Previous research on social entrepreneurs has emphasized the impact of one's stock of human, social, and cultural capital on one's mobilization of requisite resources for launching and sustaining a social enterprise. Less sociological attention has been given to the influence of career-biographical factors, such as family, religion, education, and pivotal career turning points that may inspire and compel one to become a social entrepreneur and to envision and shape one's social enterprise, let alone an artistic social enterprise. The profiles of four artistic social entrepreneurs in this chapter illustrate how their strategic and risk orientations and career pathways shape the social enterprises they envision and influence their assumption and enactment of their roles as artist activists.Less
This chapter considers the pathways to becoming an artistic social entrepreneur. Previous research on social entrepreneurs has emphasized the impact of one's stock of human, social, and cultural capital on one's mobilization of requisite resources for launching and sustaining a social enterprise. Less sociological attention has been given to the influence of career-biographical factors, such as family, religion, education, and pivotal career turning points that may inspire and compel one to become a social entrepreneur and to envision and shape one's social enterprise, let alone an artistic social enterprise. The profiles of four artistic social entrepreneurs in this chapter illustrate how their strategic and risk orientations and career pathways shape the social enterprises they envision and influence their assumption and enactment of their roles as artist activists.
Donald M. Linhorst
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195171877
- eISBN:
- 9780199865338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171877.003.0009
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter applies the nine conditions for empowerment introduced in Chapter 4 to employment. Employment is empowering because it affords people a range of consumer and lifestyle choices, it ...
More
This chapter applies the nine conditions for empowerment introduced in Chapter 4 to employment. Employment is empowering because it affords people a range of consumer and lifestyle choices, it increases financial independence, it has interpersonal and social benefits, and it plays an important role in the recovery process of many people with mental illness. Employment incentives and disincentives are explored, including those found under SSI and SSDI. The chapter also discusses structures to promote employment, including supported employment, transitional employment positions, consumer businesses and self-employment, social enterprises, sheltered workshops, and volunteer work. Case studies from a state psychiatric hospital and a community mental health illustrate the application of conditions. The chapter concludes with fourteen guidelines to promote empowerment through employment.Less
This chapter applies the nine conditions for empowerment introduced in Chapter 4 to employment. Employment is empowering because it affords people a range of consumer and lifestyle choices, it increases financial independence, it has interpersonal and social benefits, and it plays an important role in the recovery process of many people with mental illness. Employment incentives and disincentives are explored, including those found under SSI and SSDI. The chapter also discusses structures to promote employment, including supported employment, transitional employment positions, consumer businesses and self-employment, social enterprises, sheltered workshops, and volunteer work. Case studies from a state psychiatric hospital and a community mental health illustrate the application of conditions. The chapter concludes with fourteen guidelines to promote empowerment through employment.
Eric W Orts
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199670918
- eISBN:
- 9780191749599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199670918.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter first provides a background understanding of firms as participating in “production metamarkets” that serve widespread and usually global “consumption markets.” It then presents a menu of ...
More
This chapter first provides a background understanding of firms as participating in “production metamarkets” that serve widespread and usually global “consumption markets.” It then presents a menu of legal forms of private firms, including corporations, partnerships, and limited liability companies, as well as state-owned enterprises. The choice of legal forms creates many variations on the traditional “black box” of the firm along the primary dimensions of agency authority and property ownership. The names used for different enterprises are described, ranging from sole proprietorships to complex relational firms. Basic principles of organizational law distinguish business firms from other kinds of social entities, including political governments and nonprofit organizations. The chapter outlines the importance of these distinctions and provides an overview of the main choices of legal forms available to business participants, entrepreneurs, and other enterprise-organizers. New hybrid social enterprises, such as benefit or “B” corporations, are covered as well.Less
This chapter first provides a background understanding of firms as participating in “production metamarkets” that serve widespread and usually global “consumption markets.” It then presents a menu of legal forms of private firms, including corporations, partnerships, and limited liability companies, as well as state-owned enterprises. The choice of legal forms creates many variations on the traditional “black box” of the firm along the primary dimensions of agency authority and property ownership. The names used for different enterprises are described, ranging from sole proprietorships to complex relational firms. Basic principles of organizational law distinguish business firms from other kinds of social entities, including political governments and nonprofit organizations. The chapter outlines the importance of these distinctions and provides an overview of the main choices of legal forms available to business participants, entrepreneurs, and other enterprise-organizers. New hybrid social enterprises, such as benefit or “B” corporations, are covered as well.
Paul-Brian McInerney
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785129
- eISBN:
- 9780804789066
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785129.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
What happens when social movement ideals meet market principles? Based on a three-year ethnography of a technology movement, this book shows how social movements make and shape markets. To illustrate ...
More
What happens when social movement ideals meet market principles? Based on a three-year ethnography of a technology movement, this book shows how social movements make and shape markets. To illustrate how movements shape markets this book tells the story of the “Circuit Riders,” a group of social justice activists dedicated to sparking a technology revolution among grassroots and nonprofit organizations. The movement enrolled and mobilized many activists, growing 10,000 strong in just a few years. But market forces soon derailed the revolution. With the support of multinational corporations, a new organization recognized a nascent market in the wake of the Circuit Rider movement. Called NPower, this social enterprise combined social values, like helping nonprofit organizations and market practices, like charging fees for service and developing complex performance metrics. NPower experienced nearly instant success tapping foundation funding and corporate support to forge a market for technology services in the nonprofit sector. Even in decline, the Circuit Riders continued to shape the market they inadvertently created. By mobilizing open source technologies and offering low-cost technology to those in need, the Circuit Riders became a necessary check on otherwise unfettered market forces.Less
What happens when social movement ideals meet market principles? Based on a three-year ethnography of a technology movement, this book shows how social movements make and shape markets. To illustrate how movements shape markets this book tells the story of the “Circuit Riders,” a group of social justice activists dedicated to sparking a technology revolution among grassroots and nonprofit organizations. The movement enrolled and mobilized many activists, growing 10,000 strong in just a few years. But market forces soon derailed the revolution. With the support of multinational corporations, a new organization recognized a nascent market in the wake of the Circuit Rider movement. Called NPower, this social enterprise combined social values, like helping nonprofit organizations and market practices, like charging fees for service and developing complex performance metrics. NPower experienced nearly instant success tapping foundation funding and corporate support to forge a market for technology services in the nonprofit sector. Even in decline, the Circuit Riders continued to shape the market they inadvertently created. By mobilizing open source technologies and offering low-cost technology to those in need, the Circuit Riders became a necessary check on otherwise unfettered market forces.
Lester M. Salamon
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199357543
- eISBN:
- 9780199381425
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357543.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is ...
More
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is increasingly clear that new models for financing and promoting social and environmental objectives have become urgently needed. Fortunately, a significant revolution appears to be underway on the frontiers of philanthropy that is providing at least a partial, though still embryonic, response to this dilemma. The heart of this revolution is a massive explosion in the instruments and institutions being deployed to mobilize private resources, and particularly private investment capital, in support of social and environmental objectives. This chapter provides a broad overview of these new actors and tools, identifies the factors giving rise to them, examines the major barriers impeding their full development, and outlines a set of steps needed to improve their effectiveness and extend their reach.Less
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is increasingly clear that new models for financing and promoting social and environmental objectives have become urgently needed. Fortunately, a significant revolution appears to be underway on the frontiers of philanthropy that is providing at least a partial, though still embryonic, response to this dilemma. The heart of this revolution is a massive explosion in the instruments and institutions being deployed to mobilize private resources, and particularly private investment capital, in support of social and environmental objectives. This chapter provides a broad overview of these new actors and tools, identifies the factors giving rise to them, examines the major barriers impeding their full development, and outlines a set of steps needed to improve their effectiveness and extend their reach.
Lester M. Salamon
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199357543
- eISBN:
- 9780199381425
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357543.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health, and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is ...
More
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health, and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is increasingly clear that new models for financing and promoting social and environmental objectives have become urgently needed. Fortunately, a significant revolution appears to be underway on the frontiers of philanthropy and social investing that is providing at least a partial response to this dilemma. This book examines the new actors and new tools that form the heart of this revolution and shows how they are reshaping the efforts being made to address major social and environmental problems throughout the world. After an introductory overview, the book proceeds in three parts to provide a comprehensive analysis of the many new institutions that have surfaced to channel not only philanthropic, but also private investment capital, into social and environmental problem-solving, the new tools and instruments these institutions are utilizing to carry out this task,the challenges that these actors and tools still confront, and the steps that are needed to overcome these challenges and achieve the maximize the impact that these actors and tools can have. The result is a powerful guide to developments that hold the promise of bringing significant new resources into efforts to solve the world’s problems of poverty, ill-health, and environmental degradation; of unleashing new energies and new sources of ingenuity for social and environmental problem-solving; of democratizing giving and social engagement; and of generating new hope in an otherwise dismal scenario of lagging resources and resolve.Less
With the resources of both governments and traditional philanthropy barely growing or in decline, yet the problems of poverty, ill-health, and environmental degradation ballooning daily, it is increasingly clear that new models for financing and promoting social and environmental objectives have become urgently needed. Fortunately, a significant revolution appears to be underway on the frontiers of philanthropy and social investing that is providing at least a partial response to this dilemma. This book examines the new actors and new tools that form the heart of this revolution and shows how they are reshaping the efforts being made to address major social and environmental problems throughout the world. After an introductory overview, the book proceeds in three parts to provide a comprehensive analysis of the many new institutions that have surfaced to channel not only philanthropic, but also private investment capital, into social and environmental problem-solving, the new tools and instruments these institutions are utilizing to carry out this task,the challenges that these actors and tools still confront, and the steps that are needed to overcome these challenges and achieve the maximize the impact that these actors and tools can have. The result is a powerful guide to developments that hold the promise of bringing significant new resources into efforts to solve the world’s problems of poverty, ill-health, and environmental degradation; of unleashing new energies and new sources of ingenuity for social and environmental problem-solving; of democratizing giving and social engagement; and of generating new hope in an otherwise dismal scenario of lagging resources and resolve.
Julie Battilana
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198744283
- eISBN:
- 9780191805691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744283.003.0030
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
Social enterprises are hybrid organizations that combine business and charity at their core. This chapter argues that hybrid organizing, the activities, structures, processes, and meanings by which ...
More
Social enterprises are hybrid organizations that combine business and charity at their core. This chapter argues that hybrid organizing, the activities, structures, processes, and meanings by which social enterprises make sense of and combine business and charity at their core, deserves more scholarly attention. Are social enterprises sustainable, and if so, how can they achieve high levels of both social and economic performance? Understanding how social enterprises can be successful has implications for organizations beyond social enterprises, as an increasing proportion of corporations try to integrate corporate social responsibility activities into their strategy. In closing, it is argued that hybrid organizing has the potential to reshape capitalism through the creation of organizations that pursue both social and economic objectives, and are held accountable for doing so.Less
Social enterprises are hybrid organizations that combine business and charity at their core. This chapter argues that hybrid organizing, the activities, structures, processes, and meanings by which social enterprises make sense of and combine business and charity at their core, deserves more scholarly attention. Are social enterprises sustainable, and if so, how can they achieve high levels of both social and economic performance? Understanding how social enterprises can be successful has implications for organizations beyond social enterprises, as an increasing proportion of corporations try to integrate corporate social responsibility activities into their strategy. In closing, it is argued that hybrid organizing has the potential to reshape capitalism through the creation of organizations that pursue both social and economic objectives, and are held accountable for doing so.
Eric W. Orts
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199670918
- eISBN:
- 9780191749599
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199670918.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This book explains the legal structure of business firms as they operate in the world today. It describes the legal foundations or “matrix” from which all firms are built, managed, and governed. The ...
More
This book explains the legal structure of business firms as they operate in the world today. It describes the legal foundations or “matrix” from which all firms are built, managed, and governed. The legal theory of the firm presented here provides a counterweight to the currently dominant economic approaches to understanding firms. The book describes how business enterprises work, the laws governing them, and how they change over time in terms of their institutional purposes and values. Basic legal ideas emphasized in the book include the “real fictions” of firms, the role of constructed “entities,” and the recognition of firms as “persons.” Other foundations of the firm include agency law, organizational contracts, and private property—and an appreciation of how these legal elements fit together to compose the “business persons” of modern firms. An institutional legal theory of the firm is developed that embraces both the “bottom-up” perspective of business participants and the “top-down” rule-setting perspective of government. The book discusses the important feature of limited liability of both firms themselves and participants in them, as well as the shifting legal boundaries of firms in different circumstances. A typology of different kinds of firms is presented ranging from entrepreneurial one-person start-ups to complex corporate groups. New forms of hybrid social enterprises are also reviewed. Practical applications include recommendations about two contemporary problems: executive compensation and rights of political speech of business corporations highlighted in the landmark Citizens United case.Less
This book explains the legal structure of business firms as they operate in the world today. It describes the legal foundations or “matrix” from which all firms are built, managed, and governed. The legal theory of the firm presented here provides a counterweight to the currently dominant economic approaches to understanding firms. The book describes how business enterprises work, the laws governing them, and how they change over time in terms of their institutional purposes and values. Basic legal ideas emphasized in the book include the “real fictions” of firms, the role of constructed “entities,” and the recognition of firms as “persons.” Other foundations of the firm include agency law, organizational contracts, and private property—and an appreciation of how these legal elements fit together to compose the “business persons” of modern firms. An institutional legal theory of the firm is developed that embraces both the “bottom-up” perspective of business participants and the “top-down” rule-setting perspective of government. The book discusses the important feature of limited liability of both firms themselves and participants in them, as well as the shifting legal boundaries of firms in different circumstances. A typology of different kinds of firms is presented ranging from entrepreneurial one-person start-ups to complex corporate groups. New forms of hybrid social enterprises are also reviewed. Practical applications include recommendations about two contemporary problems: executive compensation and rights of political speech of business corporations highlighted in the landmark Citizens United case.
Paul-Brian McInerney
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785129
- eISBN:
- 9780804789066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785129.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter describes the rise of a challenger organization, called NPower, that took advantage of transformations in the Circuit Rider social movement to rise in prominence. NPower combined some of ...
More
This chapter describes the rise of a challenger organization, called NPower, that took advantage of transformations in the Circuit Rider social movement to rise in prominence. NPower combined some of the Circuit Riders’ social values with market values of technology entrepreneurs into a hybrid organizational form: the social enterprise. The result attracted funding from for-profit companies such as Microsoft as well as other large for-profit technology firms. Materially, these resources allowed NPower to grow rapidly and eventually gain national prominence. Symbolically, the support of for-profit firms provided a different basis for moral legitimacy in the nonprofit technology assistance field, moving the account of worth away from the larger social good and into more narrowly defined economic goods, such as efficiency gains.Less
This chapter describes the rise of a challenger organization, called NPower, that took advantage of transformations in the Circuit Rider social movement to rise in prominence. NPower combined some of the Circuit Riders’ social values with market values of technology entrepreneurs into a hybrid organizational form: the social enterprise. The result attracted funding from for-profit companies such as Microsoft as well as other large for-profit technology firms. Materially, these resources allowed NPower to grow rapidly and eventually gain national prominence. Symbolically, the support of for-profit firms provided a different basis for moral legitimacy in the nonprofit technology assistance field, moving the account of worth away from the larger social good and into more narrowly defined economic goods, such as efficiency gains.
Catherine Needham, Kerry Allen, and Kelly Hall
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447319221
- eISBN:
- 9781447319252
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447319221.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter focuses on enterprise and care considering the contribution that new delivery models such as social enterprises make within public services more broadly and care in particular. The ...
More
This chapter focuses on enterprise and care considering the contribution that new delivery models such as social enterprises make within public services more broadly and care in particular. The chapter also considers the ambiguity of the social enterprise label and its capacity to be claimed by a range of governance types, including the for-profit as well as the not-for-profit. The chapter then draws together the evidence on micro-enterprises into four research hypotheses that are tested in later chapters of the book, through qualitative and quantitative research. These are derived from the policy claims that are made by proponents of micro forms of service delivery: that micro-enterprises are more personalised, innovative, cost-effective and outcomes-oriented than larger organisations.Less
This chapter focuses on enterprise and care considering the contribution that new delivery models such as social enterprises make within public services more broadly and care in particular. The chapter also considers the ambiguity of the social enterprise label and its capacity to be claimed by a range of governance types, including the for-profit as well as the not-for-profit. The chapter then draws together the evidence on micro-enterprises into four research hypotheses that are tested in later chapters of the book, through qualitative and quantitative research. These are derived from the policy claims that are made by proponents of micro forms of service delivery: that micro-enterprises are more personalised, innovative, cost-effective and outcomes-oriented than larger organisations.
Irene Hardill and Susan Baines
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847427212
- eISBN:
- 9781447302193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847427212.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter focuses on VCSOs, which it is claimed are tending to become more like state agencies as a result of taking on the delivery of service under government contracts. It explains that VCSOs ...
More
This chapter focuses on VCSOs, which it is claimed are tending to become more like state agencies as a result of taking on the delivery of service under government contracts. It explains that VCSOs resemble private sector enterprises in response to an increasingly competitive environment for resources. It notes that the notion of social enterprise ‘draws on the exceptional effort of individuals and organisations working in the most testing circumstances to meet social needs and empower communities’. It clarifies that ‘social enterprise’ is a term that can be applied to charities and voluntary groups that adopt income-generating strategies, including public sector contracts, although such organisations often do not recognise themselves as being enterprises or entrepreneurial.Less
This chapter focuses on VCSOs, which it is claimed are tending to become more like state agencies as a result of taking on the delivery of service under government contracts. It explains that VCSOs resemble private sector enterprises in response to an increasingly competitive environment for resources. It notes that the notion of social enterprise ‘draws on the exceptional effort of individuals and organisations working in the most testing circumstances to meet social needs and empower communities’. It clarifies that ‘social enterprise’ is a term that can be applied to charities and voluntary groups that adopt income-generating strategies, including public sector contracts, although such organisations often do not recognise themselves as being enterprises or entrepreneurial.
Meghan Elizabeth Kallman, Terry Nichols Clark, Cary Wu, and Jean Yen-Chun Lin
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040436
- eISBN:
- 9780252098857
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040436.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter investigates the role of civil society and social capital in the formal development of the third sector worldwide. It starts with a brief overview of civil society and social capital and ...
More
This chapter investigates the role of civil society and social capital in the formal development of the third sector worldwide. It starts with a brief overview of civil society and social capital and goes on to consider how civil society works as a dynamic force within the entirety of a political and social experience. It then discusses organizations as integrative mechanisms in social life, with particular emphasis on how associational life and civil society are intertwined with themes of social integration, social capital, and generalized trust. It also examines the institutionalization of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and the growth of the third sector in the 1980s and 1990s; the question of effectiveness and evaluation in civil society organizations, especially in the United States; and the tension that arises between the logic of professionalization and other institutional logics such as activism. Finally, the chapter looks at social enterprise as an alternative to the traditional format of the NGO.Less
This chapter investigates the role of civil society and social capital in the formal development of the third sector worldwide. It starts with a brief overview of civil society and social capital and goes on to consider how civil society works as a dynamic force within the entirety of a political and social experience. It then discusses organizations as integrative mechanisms in social life, with particular emphasis on how associational life and civil society are intertwined with themes of social integration, social capital, and generalized trust. It also examines the institutionalization of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and the growth of the third sector in the 1980s and 1990s; the question of effectiveness and evaluation in civil society organizations, especially in the United States; and the tension that arises between the logic of professionalization and other institutional logics such as activism. Finally, the chapter looks at social enterprise as an alternative to the traditional format of the NGO.
Barry M. Katz
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029636
- eISBN:
- 9780262330923
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029636.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
The concluding chapter examines the nature of professional practice as it has matured over the last 20 years. The chapter shows in detail how design evolved from the shaping of objects to become an ...
More
The concluding chapter examines the nature of professional practice as it has matured over the last 20 years. The chapter shows in detail how design evolved from the shaping of objects to become an essential part of the strategies of some of the world’s most influential companies and organizations. We examine the contributions to this process of labs such as the Interval Research Corporation, the established consultancies and their second- and third-generation successors, companies ranging from Apple and Adobe to Google and Facebook, and in the context of specific category-defining products including the Amazon Kindle, the Nest Learning Thermostat, and the Tesla Model S. The chapter concludes with a review of the extension of design practice into the realm of social enterprise and the application of design methodologies to issues of poverty, health, and civil rights.Less
The concluding chapter examines the nature of professional practice as it has matured over the last 20 years. The chapter shows in detail how design evolved from the shaping of objects to become an essential part of the strategies of some of the world’s most influential companies and organizations. We examine the contributions to this process of labs such as the Interval Research Corporation, the established consultancies and their second- and third-generation successors, companies ranging from Apple and Adobe to Google and Facebook, and in the context of specific category-defining products including the Amazon Kindle, the Nest Learning Thermostat, and the Tesla Model S. The chapter concludes with a review of the extension of design practice into the realm of social enterprise and the application of design methodologies to issues of poverty, health, and civil rights.
Simone Baglioni and Stephen Sinclair
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447320104
- eISBN:
- 9781447320128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447320104.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
The introductory chapter outlines some of the major social changes (e.g. in demography, employment and labour markets) which pose significant challenges to established social welfare systems. It ...
More
The introductory chapter outlines some of the major social changes (e.g. in demography, employment and labour markets) which pose significant challenges to established social welfare systems. It discusses how and why social innovation has emerged and been promoted as a response to these challenges. The chapter clarifies the meaning of social innovation by considering how it has been defined, and explains how it relates to innovation in technology and business, and how it differs from social enterprise. Examples of social innovations are provided which illustrate the wide range of activities and diverse forms they take. A typology is provided to classify these variants. The nature of innovation within public organisations is discussed (i.e. intrepreneurialism). The chapter concludes by setting out some of the questions which should be asked of social innovation in relation to social and public policy reform.Less
The introductory chapter outlines some of the major social changes (e.g. in demography, employment and labour markets) which pose significant challenges to established social welfare systems. It discusses how and why social innovation has emerged and been promoted as a response to these challenges. The chapter clarifies the meaning of social innovation by considering how it has been defined, and explains how it relates to innovation in technology and business, and how it differs from social enterprise. Examples of social innovations are provided which illustrate the wide range of activities and diverse forms they take. A typology is provided to classify these variants. The nature of innovation within public organisations is discussed (i.e. intrepreneurialism). The chapter concludes by setting out some of the questions which should be asked of social innovation in relation to social and public policy reform.
Alex Nicholls and Rod Schwartz
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199357543
- eISBN:
- 9780199381425
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357543.003.0021
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on the crucial demand side of the emerging social-impact investment market, the issue of “deal flow,” or limited availability of social-purpose organizations of various types ...
More
This chapter focuses on the crucial demand side of the emerging social-impact investment market, the issue of “deal flow,” or limited availability of social-purpose organizations of various types with the scale and sophistication to access complex social-impact investment resources either on their own or with the assistance of a variety of intermediaries. The chapter outlines the structure and dynamics of the demand side of the social-impact investment market, critiques some of the recent attempts to assess demand, suggests how to quantify the scope and trajectories of this side of the market, and reflects on key issues and barriers going forward.Less
This chapter focuses on the crucial demand side of the emerging social-impact investment market, the issue of “deal flow,” or limited availability of social-purpose organizations of various types with the scale and sophistication to access complex social-impact investment resources either on their own or with the assistance of a variety of intermediaries. The chapter outlines the structure and dynamics of the demand side of the social-impact investment market, critiques some of the recent attempts to assess demand, suggests how to quantify the scope and trajectories of this side of the market, and reflects on key issues and barriers going forward.
Tina P. Kruse
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190849795
- eISBN:
- 9780190849825
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190849795.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations, Children and Families
This chapter provides a short history of social entrepreneurship in order to frame up a discussion of youth-centered social entrepreneurship. The chapter explores the basic concepts and foundational ...
More
This chapter provides a short history of social entrepreneurship in order to frame up a discussion of youth-centered social entrepreneurship. The chapter explores the basic concepts and foundational elements of social entrepreneurship as a whole before differentiating it with youth social entrepreneurship. It includes a description of early movements of social entrepreneurship and social enterprise. The reader who is new to the field of social entrepreneurship will find this chapter to be an appropriate introduction, while readers who are more experienced in this area will find it to be a review that shapes the explorations of youth social entrepreneurship to come.Less
This chapter provides a short history of social entrepreneurship in order to frame up a discussion of youth-centered social entrepreneurship. The chapter explores the basic concepts and foundational elements of social entrepreneurship as a whole before differentiating it with youth social entrepreneurship. It includes a description of early movements of social entrepreneurship and social enterprise. The reader who is new to the field of social entrepreneurship will find this chapter to be an appropriate introduction, while readers who are more experienced in this area will find it to be a review that shapes the explorations of youth social entrepreneurship to come.
Andreas Novy, Pieter Cools, Gert Verschraegen, and Carla Weinzierl
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447338444
- eISBN:
- 9781447338482
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447338444.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The chapter investigates two ideal types of knowledge about and for social innovations combating poverty: A model of linear change based on standardized knowledge and a context-sensitive model based ...
More
The chapter investigates two ideal types of knowledge about and for social innovations combating poverty: A model of linear change based on standardized knowledge and a context-sensitive model based on tacit knowledge for transformative alternatives. Case study analysis focussed on the field of homelessness and re-use. Six housing first initiatives in six European cities and two large networks of work integration social enterprises in UK and Flanders were studied to disentangle the dualist model by exploring how and why practitioners use different types of knowledge to pursue their respective mission. While codification and standardisation pushes for standardized knowledge, contextual knowledge is important for successful implementation. In all cases, the respective governance of producing and disseminating knowledge was decisive for effective agency. Knowledge alliances based on multi-level collaborations between stakeholders with different perspectives and forms of expertise were identified as promising forms of producing and disseminating knowledge to upscale and to diffuse socially innovative initiatives and approaches.Less
The chapter investigates two ideal types of knowledge about and for social innovations combating poverty: A model of linear change based on standardized knowledge and a context-sensitive model based on tacit knowledge for transformative alternatives. Case study analysis focussed on the field of homelessness and re-use. Six housing first initiatives in six European cities and two large networks of work integration social enterprises in UK and Flanders were studied to disentangle the dualist model by exploring how and why practitioners use different types of knowledge to pursue their respective mission. While codification and standardisation pushes for standardized knowledge, contextual knowledge is important for successful implementation. In all cases, the respective governance of producing and disseminating knowledge was decisive for effective agency. Knowledge alliances based on multi-level collaborations between stakeholders with different perspectives and forms of expertise were identified as promising forms of producing and disseminating knowledge to upscale and to diffuse socially innovative initiatives and approaches.
Dana Brakman Reiser and Steven A. Dean
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190249786
- eISBN:
- 9780190249816
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190249786.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter explores how social enterprise law can shape social enterprise exits, whether by sale, dissolution, or bankruptcy. It explains that the threat of exit looms large over social ...
More
This chapter explores how social enterprise law can shape social enterprise exits, whether by sale, dissolution, or bankruptcy. It explains that the threat of exit looms large over social enterprises, their founders, and their investors. It then draws on lessons from unlikely sources—venture capital, public company mergers and acquisitions, and small business finance—to design contract terms and corporate governance provisions that can prevent exit from threatening a venture’s social mission. The chapter argues that even in the context of exit by dissolution, contract, and governance can be deployed to preserve a firm’s chosen balance of finance and social mission. It cautions social entrepreneurs and investors, however, that the utility of these tools wanes if a venture becomes insolvent. Whether in a formal bankruptcy proceeding or a more informal dissolution, if assets are insufficient to meet a social enterprise’s financial obligations, creditors’ interests become paramount.Less
This chapter explores how social enterprise law can shape social enterprise exits, whether by sale, dissolution, or bankruptcy. It explains that the threat of exit looms large over social enterprises, their founders, and their investors. It then draws on lessons from unlikely sources—venture capital, public company mergers and acquisitions, and small business finance—to design contract terms and corporate governance provisions that can prevent exit from threatening a venture’s social mission. The chapter argues that even in the context of exit by dissolution, contract, and governance can be deployed to preserve a firm’s chosen balance of finance and social mission. It cautions social entrepreneurs and investors, however, that the utility of these tools wanes if a venture becomes insolvent. Whether in a formal bankruptcy proceeding or a more informal dissolution, if assets are insufficient to meet a social enterprise’s financial obligations, creditors’ interests become paramount.
Dennis R. Young
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- December 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198703761
- eISBN:
- 9780191773013
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703761.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This chapter explores social finance in terms of the types of investee enterprise. It emphasizes that social enterprises are very diverse, multi-sectoral phenomena that seek capital through a variety ...
More
This chapter explores social finance in terms of the types of investee enterprise. It emphasizes that social enterprises are very diverse, multi-sectoral phenomena that seek capital through a variety of mixes of governmental, philanthropic, and market-based income and investment. The chapter extends the benefits theory of not-for-profit funding so that it can be applied to a variety of social purpose organizational forms, not just not-for-profit organizations; and so that it can encompass how social entrepreneurs finance their ventures. The latter involves them matching their mission interests with the potential sources of finance deriving from the mix of public and private benefits their ventures provide. This development and application of benefits theory exposes challenges for social finance: it seems likely that social enterprises will be perennially undercapitalized relative to the benefits they can potentially offer—unless compensatory entrepreneurial strategies and public policies are enacted.Less
This chapter explores social finance in terms of the types of investee enterprise. It emphasizes that social enterprises are very diverse, multi-sectoral phenomena that seek capital through a variety of mixes of governmental, philanthropic, and market-based income and investment. The chapter extends the benefits theory of not-for-profit funding so that it can be applied to a variety of social purpose organizational forms, not just not-for-profit organizations; and so that it can encompass how social entrepreneurs finance their ventures. The latter involves them matching their mission interests with the potential sources of finance deriving from the mix of public and private benefits their ventures provide. This development and application of benefits theory exposes challenges for social finance: it seems likely that social enterprises will be perennially undercapitalized relative to the benefits they can potentially offer—unless compensatory entrepreneurial strategies and public policies are enacted.
