Paul Whiteley, Patrick Seyd, and Antony Billinghurst
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199242825
- eISBN:
- 9780191604140
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242828.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter examines grassroots activism in the Liberal Democrat Party. The results suggest that party activism can be explained by a combination of the individual’s psychological engagement with ...
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This chapter examines grassroots activism in the Liberal Democrat Party. The results suggest that party activism can be explained by a combination of the individual’s psychological engagement with both politics and the party, together with their judgements about the costs and benefits of political engagement. Resources play a role in this, but it appears that incentives, and the choices associated with them, are particularly important in influencing the individual’s decision to be active.Less
This chapter examines grassroots activism in the Liberal Democrat Party. The results suggest that party activism can be explained by a combination of the individual’s psychological engagement with both politics and the party, together with their judgements about the costs and benefits of political engagement. Resources play a role in this, but it appears that incentives, and the choices associated with them, are particularly important in influencing the individual’s decision to be active.
Paul Whiteley, Patrick Seyd, and Antony Billinghurst
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199242825
- eISBN:
- 9780191604140
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242828.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter examines the social and demographic profiles as well as the political attitudes of Liberal Democrat party members, drawing upon an earlier study of Liberal Democrat party to identify ...
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This chapter examines the social and demographic profiles as well as the political attitudes of Liberal Democrat party members, drawing upon an earlier study of Liberal Democrat party to identify changes in their profiles during the 1990s. Comparisons are made between the social backgrounds of party members and those of Liberal Democrat voters to determine what differences, if any, exist between the two types of party supporters. Activism within the party and whether there is any evidence of a decline in participation in recent years are analyzed. The evidence suggests that while many party members are active, there has been a decline in party activism over time and a weakening of the ties between the party and its members.Less
This chapter examines the social and demographic profiles as well as the political attitudes of Liberal Democrat party members, drawing upon an earlier study of Liberal Democrat party to identify changes in their profiles during the 1990s. Comparisons are made between the social backgrounds of party members and those of Liberal Democrat voters to determine what differences, if any, exist between the two types of party supporters. Activism within the party and whether there is any evidence of a decline in participation in recent years are analyzed. The evidence suggests that while many party members are active, there has been a decline in party activism over time and a weakening of the ties between the party and its members.
William L. Miller, Annis May Timpson, and Michael Lessnoff
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198279846
- eISBN:
- 9780191684302
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198279846.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This book examines what the British people and their politicians really think about the fundamentals of politics. Based on new and revealing survey data, it presents an analysis of British attitudes ...
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This book examines what the British people and their politicians really think about the fundamentals of politics. Based on new and revealing survey data, it presents an analysis of British attitudes to civil, political, and social rights. The book uncovers two broad ‘macro-dimensions’ of political principle — liberty and equality — which underlie a large number of more specific principles and shape people’s responses to many practical issues. Controversially, it claims that commitments to liberty and equality tend to run together — only the least educated treat them as alternatives; left-wingers support both and right-wingers oppose both. It explores the influence of social background, personal experience, and the institutional setting on attitudes towards political principles, highlighting in particular age and the complex influences of education and religion. It also shows how arguments and propaganda combine with political principles and party loyalties to influence opinion on practical issues. The final chapter presents an overall model and quantifies the relative power of all these different influences.Less
This book examines what the British people and their politicians really think about the fundamentals of politics. Based on new and revealing survey data, it presents an analysis of British attitudes to civil, political, and social rights. The book uncovers two broad ‘macro-dimensions’ of political principle — liberty and equality — which underlie a large number of more specific principles and shape people’s responses to many practical issues. Controversially, it claims that commitments to liberty and equality tend to run together — only the least educated treat them as alternatives; left-wingers support both and right-wingers oppose both. It explores the influence of social background, personal experience, and the institutional setting on attitudes towards political principles, highlighting in particular age and the complex influences of education and religion. It also shows how arguments and propaganda combine with political principles and party loyalties to influence opinion on practical issues. The final chapter presents an overall model and quantifies the relative power of all these different influences.
Frits M. Van Der Meer and Jos C. N. Raadschelders
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294467
- eISBN:
- 9780191600067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294468.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Dutch society takes pride in its egalitarian character, and political and administrative officeholders are neither separated off nor placed on a pedestal. This general attitude originates in the ...
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Dutch society takes pride in its egalitarian character, and political and administrative officeholders are neither separated off nor placed on a pedestal. This general attitude originates in the predominantly middle‐class nature of Dutch society, in which the idea of formal incorporation of top civil servants in a separate class of administrative personnel is foreign; however, at the same time, there is a striving for unity in the national administration. The issue of tension between unity and fragmentation forces an assessment in this chapter of current developments in the higher civil service in comparison with the situation as it existed from the Second World War up to the early 1990s, with the emphasis on developments in the past two decades in which the most important event was the formation of a Senior Public Service (the Algemene Bestuursdienst, or ABD) after 1 July 1995. The first main section of the chapter (section II) examines what is meant by a ‘senior civil service’ in the Dutch context, where even the creation of the ABD does not provide a conclusive answer, since there are many senior civil servants outside it. In order to address this issue, the characteristics of the Dutch personnel management system are examined, and a brief outline given of the ABD and of the number of top civil servants working at central government level in the period 1976–1995. Section III turns to the political–administrative organization and the consultative structures at the top of the central government departments, and discusses the structure of the ABD, while section IV discusses the political affiliation (politicization) of top civil servants, and section V looks at functional mobility at the top, with special attention to the functional motives for creating the ABD. Finally, the social political structure of the civil service is reviewed, with sections on social (VI) and educational (VII) background.Less
Dutch society takes pride in its egalitarian character, and political and administrative officeholders are neither separated off nor placed on a pedestal. This general attitude originates in the predominantly middle‐class nature of Dutch society, in which the idea of formal incorporation of top civil servants in a separate class of administrative personnel is foreign; however, at the same time, there is a striving for unity in the national administration. The issue of tension between unity and fragmentation forces an assessment in this chapter of current developments in the higher civil service in comparison with the situation as it existed from the Second World War up to the early 1990s, with the emphasis on developments in the past two decades in which the most important event was the formation of a Senior Public Service (the Algemene Bestuursdienst, or ABD) after 1 July 1995. The first main section of the chapter (section II) examines what is meant by a ‘senior civil service’ in the Dutch context, where even the creation of the ABD does not provide a conclusive answer, since there are many senior civil servants outside it. In order to address this issue, the characteristics of the Dutch personnel management system are examined, and a brief outline given of the ABD and of the number of top civil servants working at central government level in the period 1976–1995. Section III turns to the political–administrative organization and the consultative structures at the top of the central government departments, and discusses the structure of the ABD, while section IV discusses the political affiliation (politicization) of top civil servants, and section V looks at functional mobility at the top, with special attention to the functional motives for creating the ABD. Finally, the social political structure of the civil service is reviewed, with sections on social (VI) and educational (VII) background.
Jon Pierre and Peter Ehn
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294467
- eISBN:
- 9780191600067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294468.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The first part of this chapter discusses retrenchment, recent institutional changes, and senior civil servants in Sweden; it attributes the recent changes in the senior civil service to the budgetary ...
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The first part of this chapter discusses retrenchment, recent institutional changes, and senior civil servants in Sweden; it attributes the recent changes in the senior civil service to the budgetary crisis of the state and the emergence of a less interventionalist control regime, in which the heyday of state‐driven economic and social change has gone. The main source of uncertainty now concerns the final destination of the rapid changes in many core aspects of Swedish politics and public administration. The different sections of the chapter look at: the size and structure of the Swedish civil service; ranks of senior civil servants; systems of recruitment and promotion; party membership among senior civil servants; inter‐ministerial mobility of civil servants; status in the civil service; the social and educational backgrounds of top officials; informal contacts across ministries and between ministries and agencies; the relationship between national and sub‐national officials and those working in agencies; political party policies towards the civil service; and the social status of the senior civil service.Less
The first part of this chapter discusses retrenchment, recent institutional changes, and senior civil servants in Sweden; it attributes the recent changes in the senior civil service to the budgetary crisis of the state and the emergence of a less interventionalist control regime, in which the heyday of state‐driven economic and social change has gone. The main source of uncertainty now concerns the final destination of the rapid changes in many core aspects of Swedish politics and public administration. The different sections of the chapter look at: the size and structure of the Swedish civil service; ranks of senior civil servants; systems of recruitment and promotion; party membership among senior civil servants; inter‐ministerial mobility of civil servants; status in the civil service; the social and educational backgrounds of top officials; informal contacts across ministries and between ministries and agencies; the relationship between national and sub‐national officials and those working in agencies; political party policies towards the civil service; and the social status of the senior civil service.
Hanne Nexø Jensen and Tim Knudsen
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294467
- eISBN:
- 9780191600067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294468.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The Danish senior civil service has a mixture of older and newer traditions, in which history and tradition are very important. Accordingly, this chapter starts by summarizing the historical ...
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The Danish senior civil service has a mixture of older and newer traditions, in which history and tradition are very important. Accordingly, this chapter starts by summarizing the historical background to the Danish central public administration and the historical role of Danish civil servants. Further sections then introduce the common organizational principles governing the central public administration. The different sections discuss: ranks and numbers of senior civil servants at the top levels; methods of recruitment and promotion; inter‐ministerial mobility; pay; party membership and the senior civil service; the status in the civil service of high status ministries; the social and educational background of top officials; women at the top; interaction and formal contacts within and between ministries; and political party policies towards the senior civil service.Less
The Danish senior civil service has a mixture of older and newer traditions, in which history and tradition are very important. Accordingly, this chapter starts by summarizing the historical background to the Danish central public administration and the historical role of Danish civil servants. Further sections then introduce the common organizational principles governing the central public administration. The different sections discuss: ranks and numbers of senior civil servants at the top levels; methods of recruitment and promotion; inter‐ministerial mobility; pay; party membership and the senior civil service; the status in the civil service of high status ministries; the social and educational background of top officials; women at the top; interaction and formal contacts within and between ministries; and political party policies towards the senior civil service.
Dimitri A. Sotiropoulos
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294467
- eISBN:
- 9780191600067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294468.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Formally, the higher civil service of Greece is a powerful group, but it also has a legitimate claim to relative powerlessness. Its subservient role is correlated with the perennial and problematic ...
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Formally, the higher civil service of Greece is a powerful group, but it also has a legitimate claim to relative powerlessness. Its subservient role is correlated with the perennial and problematic features of the organizational structure of the Greek public administration, which, in certain respects, is pre‐modern. Starts by distinguishing the main features of the top management level of the Greek civil service, pointing out the minor role played by Greek civil servants compared with their counterparts in other European countries. Goes on to describe the ranks of civil servants, the methods of recruitment and promotion to the Greek higher civil service, and the interdepartmental mobility of civil servants. Further sections discuss status in the civil service, the social background characteristics and social status of top officials, organizations and informal contacts across ministries, and political party policies towards the higher civil service.Less
Formally, the higher civil service of Greece is a powerful group, but it also has a legitimate claim to relative powerlessness. Its subservient role is correlated with the perennial and problematic features of the organizational structure of the Greek public administration, which, in certain respects, is pre‐modern. Starts by distinguishing the main features of the top management level of the Greek civil service, pointing out the minor role played by Greek civil servants compared with their counterparts in other European countries. Goes on to describe the ranks of civil servants, the methods of recruitment and promotion to the Greek higher civil service, and the interdepartmental mobility of civil servants. Further sections discuss status in the civil service, the social background characteristics and social status of top officials, organizations and informal contacts across ministries, and political party policies towards the higher civil service.
Pippa Norris
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296614
- eISBN:
- 9780191600227
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296614.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter is the third of four on the question of legitimacy in the EU, and deals with the political institutions of the EU and its policy processes. The first section elaborates on these aspects ...
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This chapter is the third of four on the question of legitimacy in the EU, and deals with the political institutions of the EU and its policy processes. The first section elaborates on these aspects of legitimacy or regime support, and presents a conceptual framework. The second examines cross‐national variations and variations over time in regime support, including public satisfaction with the basic principles, decision‐making processes, and institutional arrangements of the EU. The third section analyses alternative explanations for these variations in regime support, including the role of (political) cultural legacies, social background, and policy performance‐ and leadership‐based factors. The conclusion considers the implications of this analysis for understanding the future of the EU.Less
This chapter is the third of four on the question of legitimacy in the EU, and deals with the political institutions of the EU and its policy processes. The first section elaborates on these aspects of legitimacy or regime support, and presents a conceptual framework. The second examines cross‐national variations and variations over time in regime support, including public satisfaction with the basic principles, decision‐making processes, and institutional arrangements of the EU. The third section analyses alternative explanations for these variations in regime support, including the role of (political) cultural legacies, social background, and policy performance‐ and leadership‐based factors. The conclusion considers the implications of this analysis for understanding the future of the EU.
Bernhard Wessels
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296614
- eISBN:
- 9780191600227
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296614.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter is the fifth of six on the question of political representation in the EU. It analyses to what extent institutional differences between the member‐states of the EU are constraining the ...
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This chapter is the fifth of six on the question of political representation in the EU. It analyses to what extent institutional differences between the member‐states of the EU are constraining the attitudes of representatives in respect of one major aspect—whom to represent; this is done by exploring the role orientations of members of the European Parliament (MEPs) and comparing them with those of members of 11 national parliaments (MNPs). The first section of the chapter presents a brief conceptualization of representational roles by looking at general conclusions from previous research, and defining 5 representational foci in two dimensions: group specificity (party voters; specific (interest) groups) and regional scope (constituency; all people in the nation concerned; all people in Europe). The next section looks at the distributions of these five foci of representation across parliamentary levels (MEPs or MNPs) over the 15 member‐states of the EU; data are from the 1996 European Parliamentarians Study, and indicate striking differences between countries. The last (and largest) section of the chapter looks for explanations for these differences in foci of representation. These include personal factors (social background; political experience), institutional settings (the regional dimension—the relationship between role orientation, competitiveness and electoral systems; the group dimension—the relationship between role orientation and the encompassiveness and inclusiveness of interest group systems; and the European focus of representation in relation to the size and experience of a member‐state).Less
This chapter is the fifth of six on the question of political representation in the EU. It analyses to what extent institutional differences between the member‐states of the EU are constraining the attitudes of representatives in respect of one major aspect—whom to represent; this is done by exploring the role orientations of members of the European Parliament (MEPs) and comparing them with those of members of 11 national parliaments (MNPs). The first section of the chapter presents a brief conceptualization of representational roles by looking at general conclusions from previous research, and defining 5 representational foci in two dimensions: group specificity (party voters; specific (interest) groups) and regional scope (constituency; all people in the nation concerned; all people in Europe). The next section looks at the distributions of these five foci of representation across parliamentary levels (MEPs or MNPs) over the 15 member‐states of the EU; data are from the 1996 European Parliamentarians Study, and indicate striking differences between countries. The last (and largest) section of the chapter looks for explanations for these differences in foci of representation. These include personal factors (social background; political experience), institutional settings (the regional dimension—the relationship between role orientation, competitiveness and electoral systems; the group dimension—the relationship between role orientation and the encompassiveness and inclusiveness of interest group systems; and the European focus of representation in relation to the size and experience of a member‐state).
Pippa Norris
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295686
- eISBN:
- 9780191600043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295685.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Substantial cross‐national variations have been demonstrated in political support/institutional confidence; the aim of this chapter is to investigate why these major differences between countries ...
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Substantial cross‐national variations have been demonstrated in political support/institutional confidence; the aim of this chapter is to investigate why these major differences between countries exist. It identifies at least three separate schools of thought seeking to explain this phenomenon: the role of cultural values, government performance, and political institutions. Comparisons are made among a broad range of political systems, drawing on the 1981–4, 1990–1 and 1995–7 World Values Surveys, the Latinobarometer and the Eurobarometer, and various support hypotheses are advanced (support for the party in government; dependence on level of democratization; differences between presidential and parliamentary systems (executive structure); variation with party system; differences between federal and unitary state structures; and variation with electoral system) and tested. The findings indicate that institutional confidence is most likely to be highest in parliamentary democracies characterized by plurality electoral systems, two‐party or moderate multi‐party systems, and unitary states, and that these relationships are confirmed even after controlling for differences in levels of economic development and post‐material values; social background and education are also related to institutional confidence, while the influence of socioeconomic status and gender are very modest. The results replicate one of the main theoretical principles of Anderson and Guillory (1997)—that winners express more confidence in the system than losers, and they also show that majoritarian institutions tend to produce greater institutional confidence than consociational arrangements.Less
Substantial cross‐national variations have been demonstrated in political support/institutional confidence; the aim of this chapter is to investigate why these major differences between countries exist. It identifies at least three separate schools of thought seeking to explain this phenomenon: the role of cultural values, government performance, and political institutions. Comparisons are made among a broad range of political systems, drawing on the 1981–4, 1990–1 and 1995–7 World Values Surveys, the Latinobarometer and the Eurobarometer, and various support hypotheses are advanced (support for the party in government; dependence on level of democratization; differences between presidential and parliamentary systems (executive structure); variation with party system; differences between federal and unitary state structures; and variation with electoral system) and tested. The findings indicate that institutional confidence is most likely to be highest in parliamentary democracies characterized by plurality electoral systems, two‐party or moderate multi‐party systems, and unitary states, and that these relationships are confirmed even after controlling for differences in levels of economic development and post‐material values; social background and education are also related to institutional confidence, while the influence of socioeconomic status and gender are very modest. The results replicate one of the main theoretical principles of Anderson and Guillory (1997)—that winners express more confidence in the system than losers, and they also show that majoritarian institutions tend to produce greater institutional confidence than consociational arrangements.
William L. Miller, Annis May Timpson, and Michael Lessnoff
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198279846
- eISBN:
- 9780191684302
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198279846.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The previous chapters reviewed a wide variety of potential influences upon attitudes to civil and political rights. But so far we have looked at them separately and in sequence. This chapter looks at ...
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The previous chapters reviewed a wide variety of potential influences upon attitudes to civil and political rights. But so far we have looked at them separately and in sequence. This chapter looks at them in parallel and in combination. It brings together different aspects of social background, and links those various aspects of social background with experience, principles, prejudices, partisanship, ideology, argument, and practical decisions. The aim is to gain in comprehensibility and understanding what was lost in subtlety and detail.Less
The previous chapters reviewed a wide variety of potential influences upon attitudes to civil and political rights. But so far we have looked at them separately and in sequence. This chapter looks at them in parallel and in combination. It brings together different aspects of social background, and links those various aspects of social background with experience, principles, prejudices, partisanship, ideology, argument, and practical decisions. The aim is to gain in comprehensibility and understanding what was lost in subtlety and detail.
Catherine A. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199234387
- eISBN:
- 9780191740619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234387.003.0167
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter explores the factors that affect how people living in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, gain access to social capital. It studies two measures of social capital, namely the variety of different ...
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This chapter explores the factors that affect how people living in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, gain access to social capital. It studies two measures of social capital, namely the variety of different positions to which people have access and the access to occupations in the position generator. It briefly describes the social and economic background of Mongolia and looks at the diversity and influence of social resources in the country.Less
This chapter explores the factors that affect how people living in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, gain access to social capital. It studies two measures of social capital, namely the variety of different positions to which people have access and the access to occupations in the position generator. It briefly describes the social and economic background of Mongolia and looks at the diversity and influence of social resources in the country.
Michelle Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804783026
- eISBN:
- 9780804784481
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804783026.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter examines IEO in England, focusing on the transitions from compulsory to postcompulsory academic education (A-level), and from A-level to university degree. It considers IEO in relation ...
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This chapter examines IEO in England, focusing on the transitions from compulsory to postcompulsory academic education (A-level), and from A-level to university degree. It considers IEO in relation to both parental class and parental education, and asks whether the association between social background and transitions has changed over the past half century. The chapter notes that social background, whether operationalized through class or parental education, significantly influences the chances of making the major transitions in the English educational system. Social-background inequalities are most marked at the first transition, the transition to A-level at age 16, but are also evident at the second transition, at age 18, from A-level to university degree. The continuing importance of primary effects implies that social background continues to be successfully transmitted through performance.Less
This chapter examines IEO in England, focusing on the transitions from compulsory to postcompulsory academic education (A-level), and from A-level to university degree. It considers IEO in relation to both parental class and parental education, and asks whether the association between social background and transitions has changed over the past half century. The chapter notes that social background, whether operationalized through class or parental education, significantly influences the chances of making the major transitions in the English educational system. Social-background inequalities are most marked at the first transition, the transition to A-level at age 16, but are also evident at the second transition, at age 18, from A-level to university degree. The continuing importance of primary effects implies that social background continues to be successfully transmitted through performance.
Stephen D. Farrall, Jonathan Jackson, and Emily Gray
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199540815
- eISBN:
- 9780191701191
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199540815.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
The fear of crime has been recognized as an important social problem in its own right, with a significant number of citizens in many countries concerned about crime. In this book, the chapters ...
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The fear of crime has been recognized as an important social problem in its own right, with a significant number of citizens in many countries concerned about crime. In this book, the chapters critically review the main findings from over thirty-five years of research into attitudes to crime, highlighting groups who are most fearful of crime and exploring the theories used to account for that fear. Using this research, the text moves on to propose a new model for the fear of crime, arguing that such methods, which involve intensity questions (such as ‘how worried are you about x …’), may actually conflate an ‘expressive’ or ‘attitudinal’ component of the fear of crime with an experiential component and therefore fail to provide a comprehensive insight into how crime is perceived. The chapters use existing quantitative data from the British Crime Survey to pose theoretically informed questions to help identify those who only ‘expressively’ fear crime, separating them from those who have the actual experience of worrying about crime. The book explores the extent to which each group has different social attitudes and backgrounds, and whether there is more than one social/cultural form of the fear of crime.Less
The fear of crime has been recognized as an important social problem in its own right, with a significant number of citizens in many countries concerned about crime. In this book, the chapters critically review the main findings from over thirty-five years of research into attitudes to crime, highlighting groups who are most fearful of crime and exploring the theories used to account for that fear. Using this research, the text moves on to propose a new model for the fear of crime, arguing that such methods, which involve intensity questions (such as ‘how worried are you about x …’), may actually conflate an ‘expressive’ or ‘attitudinal’ component of the fear of crime with an experiential component and therefore fail to provide a comprehensive insight into how crime is perceived. The chapters use existing quantitative data from the British Crime Survey to pose theoretically informed questions to help identify those who only ‘expressively’ fear crime, separating them from those who have the actual experience of worrying about crime. The book explores the extent to which each group has different social attitudes and backgrounds, and whether there is more than one social/cultural form of the fear of crime.
Michelle Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804783026
- eISBN:
- 9780804784481
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804783026.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter contends that social-background inequalities in educational attainment may be seen as the consequence of social-background inequalities in both educational performance and the propensity ...
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This chapter contends that social-background inequalities in educational attainment may be seen as the consequence of social-background inequalities in both educational performance and the propensity to make educational transitions conditional on educational performance. It notes that both primary and secondary effects operate to create inequalities in educational attainment, and also describes inequality in educational opportunity (IEO) and the utility of primary and secondary effects.Less
This chapter contends that social-background inequalities in educational attainment may be seen as the consequence of social-background inequalities in both educational performance and the propensity to make educational transitions conditional on educational performance. It notes that both primary and secondary effects operate to create inequalities in educational attainment, and also describes inequality in educational opportunity (IEO) and the utility of primary and secondary effects.
Rebecca E. Klatch
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520217133
- eISBN:
- 9780520922341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520217133.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter examines the backgrounds of activists and their families, contrasting the social worlds of youth of the left and right. It explains that not only were members of SDS and YAF from ...
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This chapter examines the backgrounds of activists and their families, contrasting the social worlds of youth of the left and right. It explains that not only were members of SDS and YAF from different worlds, but within YAF traditionalists and libertarians stood apart in terms of social background and upbringing.Less
This chapter examines the backgrounds of activists and their families, contrasting the social worlds of youth of the left and right. It explains that not only were members of SDS and YAF from different worlds, but within YAF traditionalists and libertarians stood apart in terms of social background and upbringing.
R. A. HOUSTON
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207870
- eISBN:
- 9780191677830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207870.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine how a wide range of Scottish people perceived insanity on a day-to-day ...
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This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine how a wide range of Scottish people perceived insanity on a day-to-day basis. This book relies on manuscript sources generated about mentally incapable people at the local level. It analyses madness and its social and cultural background, as well as its intellectual and medical milieu.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine how a wide range of Scottish people perceived insanity on a day-to-day basis. This book relies on manuscript sources generated about mentally incapable people at the local level. It analyses madness and its social and cultural background, as well as its intellectual and medical milieu.
Douglas J. Hamilton
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719071829
- eISBN:
- 9781781702321
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719071829.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter examines the impact of social, economic and political developments in Scotland in the second half of the eighteenth century on the way the Scots engaged with the Caribbean. It describes ...
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This chapter examines the impact of social, economic and political developments in Scotland in the second half of the eighteenth century on the way the Scots engaged with the Caribbean. It describes the society from which Scottish adventurers to the West Indies came and identifies the Scots who were drawn to the Caribbean in terms of their social backgrounds. This chapter also considers how far their Scottish backgrounds affected the manner of their participation in the Caribbean.Less
This chapter examines the impact of social, economic and political developments in Scotland in the second half of the eighteenth century on the way the Scots engaged with the Caribbean. It describes the society from which Scottish adventurers to the West Indies came and identifies the Scots who were drawn to the Caribbean in terms of their social backgrounds. This chapter also considers how far their Scottish backgrounds affected the manner of their participation in the Caribbean.
Joseph Hardwick
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719087226
- eISBN:
- 9781781707845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719087226.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Chapter one, which examines the recruitment of the foot-soldiers of the institutional Church, draws attention to the sheer variety of clergy who peopled the Church in the British world in the ...
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Chapter one, which examines the recruitment of the foot-soldiers of the institutional Church, draws attention to the sheer variety of clergy who peopled the Church in the British world in the pre-1860 period. The chapter highlights common dynamics in the development of the colonial clerical profession in the three chosen case studies. We will see that the aims of churchmen from across the Church party spectrum were frustrated by a persistent set of recruitment problems back in Britain—the major problem being that was no centralised or coordinated system for recruiting clergy. The first part of the chapter surveys the range of government organisations, voluntary groups and private individuals that played a part in recruitment; the second half provides a detailed examination of the clergy themselves. A number of questions about the recruitment, training, education and social and ethnic backgrounds of the clergy are considered. The recruitment of clergy shows that power was far from being centralised in the colonial Church: this was an institution that was made up a variety of networks and connections; it was also one that allowed a range of actors to have a hand in finding the men who would staff and run the colonial Church.Less
Chapter one, which examines the recruitment of the foot-soldiers of the institutional Church, draws attention to the sheer variety of clergy who peopled the Church in the British world in the pre-1860 period. The chapter highlights common dynamics in the development of the colonial clerical profession in the three chosen case studies. We will see that the aims of churchmen from across the Church party spectrum were frustrated by a persistent set of recruitment problems back in Britain—the major problem being that was no centralised or coordinated system for recruiting clergy. The first part of the chapter surveys the range of government organisations, voluntary groups and private individuals that played a part in recruitment; the second half provides a detailed examination of the clergy themselves. A number of questions about the recruitment, training, education and social and ethnic backgrounds of the clergy are considered. The recruitment of clergy shows that power was far from being centralised in the colonial Church: this was an institution that was made up a variety of networks and connections; it was also one that allowed a range of actors to have a hand in finding the men who would staff and run the colonial Church.
Laura Kelly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780719088353
- eISBN:
- 9781781704622
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719088353.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter examines the women who decided to matriculate in medicine at Irish institutions in the period 1885–1922. It reveals that women medical students tended to come from well-to-do backgrounds ...
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This chapter examines the women who decided to matriculate in medicine at Irish institutions in the period 1885–1922. It reveals that women medical students tended to come from well-to-do backgrounds and tended to attend the university closest to them, for financial reasons, although their choice of university also hinged on their religious beliefs and on which universities were open to women at the time. The reasons why women (and men) decided to take up medicine in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are also discussed, and the chapter suggests that women students took up medicine as a result of personal experience, a sense of vocation and encouragement from their secondary schools.Less
This chapter examines the women who decided to matriculate in medicine at Irish institutions in the period 1885–1922. It reveals that women medical students tended to come from well-to-do backgrounds and tended to attend the university closest to them, for financial reasons, although their choice of university also hinged on their religious beliefs and on which universities were open to women at the time. The reasons why women (and men) decided to take up medicine in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are also discussed, and the chapter suggests that women students took up medicine as a result of personal experience, a sense of vocation and encouragement from their secondary schools.
