Rex Martin
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292937
- eISBN:
- 9780191599811
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292937.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Rights are socially established ways of acting or ways of being treated (or, alternatively, such ways as ought to be so established); more specifically, a right so understood is something that is (1) ...
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Rights are socially established ways of acting or ways of being treated (or, alternatively, such ways as ought to be so established); more specifically, a right so understood is something that is (1) fairly determinate and that (2) can be similarly distributed on an individual basis to each and all of those who are relevantly said to be rightholders. A right is always regarded as (3) a beneficial way of acting or of being treated both for the rightholder and, more generally, for society. Thus, (4) it is or should be something socially accepted – recognized and protected in given societies, and such acceptance would be (5) deemed reasonable, even by outsiders, in that it made explanatory sense. Here the way of acting or of being treated in question could be exhibited, plausibly, as a means to, or as a part of, accomplishing some interest or perceived benefit or other good (or desirable) thing. Accordingly, (6) normative directives could be issued to others, to those who are not rightholders, and (7) further initiatives could be taken as a feature of any such successful claim to rights status. The notion of practical inference (itself a part of the theory of the explanation of action) is used to structure much of this analysis.Rights thus understood can be ranged under three main headings: they can be liberties of action (for example, the freedom to travel) but also avoidances of injury (such as the injury of bodily harm) or even the receipt of services (including such things as public schooling, retirement benefits, and medical care).Less
Rights are socially established ways of acting or ways of being treated (or, alternatively, such ways as ought to be so established); more specifically, a right so understood is something that is (1) fairly determinate and that (2) can be similarly distributed on an individual basis to each and all of those who are relevantly said to be rightholders. A right is always regarded as (3) a beneficial way of acting or of being treated both for the rightholder and, more generally, for society. Thus, (4) it is or should be something socially accepted – recognized and protected in given societies, and such acceptance would be (5) deemed reasonable, even by outsiders, in that it made explanatory sense. Here the way of acting or of being treated in question could be exhibited, plausibly, as a means to, or as a part of, accomplishing some interest or perceived benefit or other good (or desirable) thing. Accordingly, (6) normative directives could be issued to others, to those who are not rightholders, and (7) further initiatives could be taken as a feature of any such successful claim to rights status. The notion of practical inference (itself a part of the theory of the explanation of action) is used to structure much of this analysis.
Rights thus understood can be ranged under three main headings: they can be liberties of action (for example, the freedom to travel) but also avoidances of injury (such as the injury of bodily harm) or even the receipt of services (including such things as public schooling, retirement benefits, and medical care).
Sylvia Harcstark Myers
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198117674
- eISBN:
- 9780191671043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198117674.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, Women's Literature
This chapter discusses Elizabeth Carter and the years she spent in London working for the Gentleman's Magazine. Carter soon became a close and influential friend of Robinson, and together they ...
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This chapter discusses Elizabeth Carter and the years she spent in London working for the Gentleman's Magazine. Carter soon became a close and influential friend of Robinson, and together they influenced the creation and social acceptance of the ‘bluestocking circle’.Less
This chapter discusses Elizabeth Carter and the years she spent in London working for the Gentleman's Magazine. Carter soon became a close and influential friend of Robinson, and together they influenced the creation and social acceptance of the ‘bluestocking circle’.
Harry Knoors and Marc Marschark
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199792023
- eISBN:
- 9780199391639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199792023.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
In this chapter, relations between emotional and social competencies and academic achievement are explored and a general description of the social and emotional development of deaf students is ...
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In this chapter, relations between emotional and social competencies and academic achievement are explored and a general description of the social and emotional development of deaf students is provided. Risk and protective factors are considered followed by emotional development, social skills, and social acceptance, including friendships. Discussion includes an overview of possible strategies and programs designed to stimulate emotional and social development in school contexts. The chapter cautions that the large individual differences among deaf children are present in social–emotional development just as they are in other domains.Less
In this chapter, relations between emotional and social competencies and academic achievement are explored and a general description of the social and emotional development of deaf students is provided. Risk and protective factors are considered followed by emotional development, social skills, and social acceptance, including friendships. Discussion includes an overview of possible strategies and programs designed to stimulate emotional and social development in school contexts. The chapter cautions that the large individual differences among deaf children are present in social–emotional development just as they are in other domains.
Jussi Suikkanen
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198722144
- eISBN:
- 9780191789236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198722144.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Most contractualist ethical theories have a subjunctivist structure. This means that they attempt to make sense of right and wrong in terms of a set of principles which would be accepted in some ...
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Most contractualist ethical theories have a subjunctivist structure. This means that they attempt to make sense of right and wrong in terms of a set of principles which would be accepted in some idealized, non-actual circumstances. This makes these views vulnerable to the so-called conditional fallacy objection. The moral principles that are appropriate for the idealized circumstances fail to give a correct account of what is right and wrong in the ordinary situations. This chapter uses two versions of contractualism to illustrate this problem: Nicholas Southwood’s and a standard contractualist theory inspired by T.M. Scanlon’s contractualism. It then develops a version of Scanlon’s view that can avoid the problem. This solution is based on the idea that we also need to compare different inculcation elements of moral codes in the contractualist framework. This idea also provides a new solution to the problem of at what level of social acceptance should principles be compared.Less
Most contractualist ethical theories have a subjunctivist structure. This means that they attempt to make sense of right and wrong in terms of a set of principles which would be accepted in some idealized, non-actual circumstances. This makes these views vulnerable to the so-called conditional fallacy objection. The moral principles that are appropriate for the idealized circumstances fail to give a correct account of what is right and wrong in the ordinary situations. This chapter uses two versions of contractualism to illustrate this problem: Nicholas Southwood’s and a standard contractualist theory inspired by T.M. Scanlon’s contractualism. It then develops a version of Scanlon’s view that can avoid the problem. This solution is based on the idea that we also need to compare different inculcation elements of moral codes in the contractualist framework. This idea also provides a new solution to the problem of at what level of social acceptance should principles be compared.
Thomas J. Wilbanks
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262013581
- eISBN:
- 9780262258845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262013581.003.0019
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter considers the variables and issues concerning energy sustainability. It first describes the dimensions of energy sustainability from a societal and conceptual point of view. The three ...
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This chapter considers the variables and issues concerning energy sustainability. It first describes the dimensions of energy sustainability from a societal and conceptual point of view. The three dimensions of energy sustainability are sustainable resource flows, effective infrastructures, and social acceptance. The chapter also examines issues in measuring sustainability of energy resources and lists a few steps for improving measurement capacities through targeted research.Less
This chapter considers the variables and issues concerning energy sustainability. It first describes the dimensions of energy sustainability from a societal and conceptual point of view. The three dimensions of energy sustainability are sustainable resource flows, effective infrastructures, and social acceptance. The chapter also examines issues in measuring sustainability of energy resources and lists a few steps for improving measurement capacities through targeted research.
Perry Gauci
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300166750
- eISBN:
- 9780300195163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300166750.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter describes the difficulties faced by Beckford as he endeavored to fit into metropolitan society. Regardless of the recent success of the West India lobby in Parliament, and for all his ...
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This chapter describes the difficulties faced by Beckford as he endeavored to fit into metropolitan society. Regardless of the recent success of the West India lobby in Parliament, and for all his personal advancement in Jamaican society, he knew that he would face obstacles along the way. His arrival back in Britain coincided with a key juncture, when other West Indian settlers also found opportunity to make an impact in the mother country. While the success of the plantation system would provide the greater sugar magnates with the financial clout to relocate to Britain, it remained to be seen whether political advancement or social acceptance would be accorded to Beckford and his fellow Creoles. His experiences over the ensuing decade highlighted the differences that remained between colonial and metropolitan cultures, however much white Caribbeans sought to model themselves on the British.Less
This chapter describes the difficulties faced by Beckford as he endeavored to fit into metropolitan society. Regardless of the recent success of the West India lobby in Parliament, and for all his personal advancement in Jamaican society, he knew that he would face obstacles along the way. His arrival back in Britain coincided with a key juncture, when other West Indian settlers also found opportunity to make an impact in the mother country. While the success of the plantation system would provide the greater sugar magnates with the financial clout to relocate to Britain, it remained to be seen whether political advancement or social acceptance would be accorded to Beckford and his fellow Creoles. His experiences over the ensuing decade highlighted the differences that remained between colonial and metropolitan cultures, however much white Caribbeans sought to model themselves on the British.
Michael Brian Schiffer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262195829
- eISBN:
- 9780262283120
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262195829.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
This chapter illustrates how technological change is influenced by practical application needs and presents the example of Edison’s effort in setting up an electrical lighting system in a stretch of ...
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This chapter illustrates how technological change is influenced by practical application needs and presents the example of Edison’s effort in setting up an electrical lighting system in a stretch of offices in the Pearl Street District of lower Manhattan. Any scientific invention needs to be useful in practice or in application for it to be accepted by society. Additionally, the performance characteristics of a new technology such as installation cost, operating cost, efficiency, and durability are crucial for its social acceptance. The chapter also illustrates the fact that, at times, the effects of a specific technological invention may become the causative factor of another invention. The author takes up the example of primitive battery-operated lighting, which gave rise to the invention of better street lighting.Less
This chapter illustrates how technological change is influenced by practical application needs and presents the example of Edison’s effort in setting up an electrical lighting system in a stretch of offices in the Pearl Street District of lower Manhattan. Any scientific invention needs to be useful in practice or in application for it to be accepted by society. Additionally, the performance characteristics of a new technology such as installation cost, operating cost, efficiency, and durability are crucial for its social acceptance. The chapter also illustrates the fact that, at times, the effects of a specific technological invention may become the causative factor of another invention. The author takes up the example of primitive battery-operated lighting, which gave rise to the invention of better street lighting.
Ralph M. Leck
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040009
- eISBN:
- 9780252098185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040009.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter explores the invention of new nomenclatures for sexual minorities in the works of Ulrichs and Karl Kertbeny (1824–1882). Due to a personal tragedy—a close friend, who was a homosexual, ...
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This chapter explores the invention of new nomenclatures for sexual minorities in the works of Ulrichs and Karl Kertbeny (1824–1882). Due to a personal tragedy—a close friend, who was a homosexual, committed suicide—Kertbeny decided to join Ulrichs' fight for homosexual rights. Kertbeny embraced Ulrichs' contention that, in order for sexual minorities to gain equal rights and social acceptance, dominant stigmatizing classificatory idioms must be replaced by new scientific terminology. Before they appeared in Kertbeny's anti-Prussian essays of 1869, the words heterosexuality and homosexuality did not exist. These words are used today in the absence of the knowledge that their invention signaled a post-Prussian liberal sexual politics of inclusion and equal rights.Less
This chapter explores the invention of new nomenclatures for sexual minorities in the works of Ulrichs and Karl Kertbeny (1824–1882). Due to a personal tragedy—a close friend, who was a homosexual, committed suicide—Kertbeny decided to join Ulrichs' fight for homosexual rights. Kertbeny embraced Ulrichs' contention that, in order for sexual minorities to gain equal rights and social acceptance, dominant stigmatizing classificatory idioms must be replaced by new scientific terminology. Before they appeared in Kertbeny's anti-Prussian essays of 1869, the words heterosexuality and homosexuality did not exist. These words are used today in the absence of the knowledge that their invention signaled a post-Prussian liberal sexual politics of inclusion and equal rights.
Jennifer Beste
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190268503
- eISBN:
- 9780190268534
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190268503.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Undergraduate ethnographers perceive that their peers’ behavior at parties mimics popular culture’s narrative of sex, gender, and college culture. The media accessed by adolescents and young adults ...
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Undergraduate ethnographers perceive that their peers’ behavior at parties mimics popular culture’s narrative of sex, gender, and college culture. The media accessed by adolescents and young adults depict casual sex as humorous, thrilling, expected, and “no big deal.” Furthermore, popular culture celebrates the college years as the time in life to be wild, drink excessively, and experiment sexually with as many people as possible. Conforming to this lifestyle offers social status and acceptance, and gives students a temporary boost in self-esteem. Excessive alcohol enables students to act in ways they would never comfortably act if sober. After analyzing ethnographers’ perspectives, the author turns to broader social scientific research to offer additional motivations and reasons underlying college students’ attitudes and behavior—hyper-individualism, technology, the ubiquitous use of online porn, and the pervasive pornification of sexuality in U.S. culture.Less
Undergraduate ethnographers perceive that their peers’ behavior at parties mimics popular culture’s narrative of sex, gender, and college culture. The media accessed by adolescents and young adults depict casual sex as humorous, thrilling, expected, and “no big deal.” Furthermore, popular culture celebrates the college years as the time in life to be wild, drink excessively, and experiment sexually with as many people as possible. Conforming to this lifestyle offers social status and acceptance, and gives students a temporary boost in self-esteem. Excessive alcohol enables students to act in ways they would never comfortably act if sober. After analyzing ethnographers’ perspectives, the author turns to broader social scientific research to offer additional motivations and reasons underlying college students’ attitudes and behavior—hyper-individualism, technology, the ubiquitous use of online porn, and the pervasive pornification of sexuality in U.S. culture.
John D. Palmer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824833718
- eISBN:
- 9780824870423
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824833718.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter illustrates how and why Korean adoptees assimilated to a White cultural identity, especially during the childhood and adolescent years. Assimilation came naturally, as the majority was ...
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This chapter illustrates how and why Korean adoptees assimilated to a White cultural identity, especially during the childhood and adolescent years. Assimilation came naturally, as the majority was surrounded by Whiteness on a daily basis. Some were filled with the idea that White is “right” and Asian “wrong.” These adoptees developed a negative sense of themselves as Korean/Asian and expressed a desire to be accepted as White. Overall, the majority of the adoptees were happy in this state of “obliviousness.” While there were times when their White cultural identity was challenged, for the most part they were able to gain acceptance as “one of us” (acceptance as an honorary White) at least within their families and communities.Less
This chapter illustrates how and why Korean adoptees assimilated to a White cultural identity, especially during the childhood and adolescent years. Assimilation came naturally, as the majority was surrounded by Whiteness on a daily basis. Some were filled with the idea that White is “right” and Asian “wrong.” These adoptees developed a negative sense of themselves as Korean/Asian and expressed a desire to be accepted as White. Overall, the majority of the adoptees were happy in this state of “obliviousness.” While there were times when their White cultural identity was challenged, for the most part they were able to gain acceptance as “one of us” (acceptance as an honorary White) at least within their families and communities.
Jean-François Blanchette
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017510
- eISBN:
- 9780262301565
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017510.003.0007
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
This chapter analyzes issues related to the ability of modern cryptography to provide mathematical certification of the effectiveness of cryptosystems. It suggests that the representational nature of ...
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This chapter analyzes issues related to the ability of modern cryptography to provide mathematical certification of the effectiveness of cryptosystems. It suggests that the representational nature of models is the source of inescapable gaps between the mathematics of cryptography and their concrete realization in software and hardware artifacts. It also argues that the integration of human capabilities such as memory, perception, and cognition into cryptographic models may provide a potential avenue toward broader social acceptance of cryptographic design goals.Less
This chapter analyzes issues related to the ability of modern cryptography to provide mathematical certification of the effectiveness of cryptosystems. It suggests that the representational nature of models is the source of inescapable gaps between the mathematics of cryptography and their concrete realization in software and hardware artifacts. It also argues that the integration of human capabilities such as memory, perception, and cognition into cryptographic models may provide a potential avenue toward broader social acceptance of cryptographic design goals.
Elisheva Carlebach
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300084108
- eISBN:
- 9780300133066
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300084108.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This book reevaluates the place of converts from Judaism in the narrative of Jewish history. Long considered beyond the pale of Jewish historiography, converts played a central role in shaping both ...
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This book reevaluates the place of converts from Judaism in the narrative of Jewish history. Long considered beyond the pale of Jewish historiography, converts played a central role in shaping both noxious and positive images of Jews and Judaism for Christian readers. Focusing on German Jews who converted to Christianity in the sixteenth through mid-eighteenth centuries, it explores an extensive trove of their memoirs and other writings. These original sources illuminate the Jewish communities that the converts left, the Christian society they entered, and the unabating tensions between the two worlds in early modern German history. The book begins with the medieval images of converts from Judaism and traces the hurdles to social acceptance that they encountered in Germany through early modern times. The author examines the converts' complicated search for community, a quest that was to characterize much of Jewish modernity, and concludes with a consideration of the converts' painful legacies to the Jewish experience in German lands.Less
This book reevaluates the place of converts from Judaism in the narrative of Jewish history. Long considered beyond the pale of Jewish historiography, converts played a central role in shaping both noxious and positive images of Jews and Judaism for Christian readers. Focusing on German Jews who converted to Christianity in the sixteenth through mid-eighteenth centuries, it explores an extensive trove of their memoirs and other writings. These original sources illuminate the Jewish communities that the converts left, the Christian society they entered, and the unabating tensions between the two worlds in early modern German history. The book begins with the medieval images of converts from Judaism and traces the hurdles to social acceptance that they encountered in Germany through early modern times. The author examines the converts' complicated search for community, a quest that was to characterize much of Jewish modernity, and concludes with a consideration of the converts' painful legacies to the Jewish experience in German lands.
