Patrick Coleman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199589340
- eISBN:
- 9780191723322
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589340.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, 18th-century Literature
This book examines how major writers of the French Enlightenment discuss the social appropriateness of anger and gratitude in regulating social life. Defining the kinds of slight or favor that demand ...
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This book examines how major writers of the French Enlightenment discuss the social appropriateness of anger and gratitude in regulating social life. Defining the kinds of slight or favor that demand an angry or a grateful response became problematic in eighteenth-century France under the pressure of two contradictory developments which were both crucial to Enlightenment thinking about sociability. The first drew on the ideal of moral equality as it spread beyond the salons to the social world at large. Writers claimed for themselves an entitlement to anger at personal slight that had been hitherto reserved for aristocrats, and a respectful hearing for their indignation at public injustice despite their lack of official standing. The philosophes also argued their writing made them social benefactors in their own right, more deserving of their readers' gratitude than obliged to any patron. The second gave a new twist to longstanding philosophical notions about transcending emotional disturbance and dependence altogether. A personal ideal became a public goal as Enlightenment thinkers imagined a society where all significant social interaction was governed by the impersonal rule of law. Occasions for personal slight or obligation would disappear, and with them reasons for anger and gratitude. The same writers who justified their emotional claims also legitimized their cultural authority through displays of rationality and objectivity that indicated their own liberation from emotional bonds. Through analyses of works by Robert Challe, Marivaux, Rousseau, and Diderot, this book shows how the tension between these two rhetorics is crucial to the creativity of French Enlightenment writing.Less
This book examines how major writers of the French Enlightenment discuss the social appropriateness of anger and gratitude in regulating social life. Defining the kinds of slight or favor that demand an angry or a grateful response became problematic in eighteenth-century France under the pressure of two contradictory developments which were both crucial to Enlightenment thinking about sociability. The first drew on the ideal of moral equality as it spread beyond the salons to the social world at large. Writers claimed for themselves an entitlement to anger at personal slight that had been hitherto reserved for aristocrats, and a respectful hearing for their indignation at public injustice despite their lack of official standing. The philosophes also argued their writing made them social benefactors in their own right, more deserving of their readers' gratitude than obliged to any patron. The second gave a new twist to longstanding philosophical notions about transcending emotional disturbance and dependence altogether. A personal ideal became a public goal as Enlightenment thinkers imagined a society where all significant social interaction was governed by the impersonal rule of law. Occasions for personal slight or obligation would disappear, and with them reasons for anger and gratitude. The same writers who justified their emotional claims also legitimized their cultural authority through displays of rationality and objectivity that indicated their own liberation from emotional bonds. Through analyses of works by Robert Challe, Marivaux, Rousseau, and Diderot, this book shows how the tension between these two rhetorics is crucial to the creativity of French Enlightenment writing.
Stephen Buckle
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198240945
- eISBN:
- 9780191680304
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198240945.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
In this book, the author provides a historical perspective on the political philosophies of Locke and Hume, arguing that there are continuities in the development of 17th- and 18th-century political ...
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In this book, the author provides a historical perspective on the political philosophies of Locke and Hume, arguing that there are continuities in the development of 17th- and 18th-century political theory that have often gone unrecognized. The book begins with a detailed exposition of Grotius's and Pufendorf's modern natural law theories, focusing on their accounts of the nature of natural law, human sociability, the development of forms of property, and the question of slavery. It then shows that Locke's political theory takes up and develops these basic themes of natural law. The author argues further that, rather than being a departure from this tradition, the moral sense theory of Hutcheson and Hume represents an attempt — which is not entirely successful — to underpin the natural law theory with an adequate moral psychology.Less
In this book, the author provides a historical perspective on the political philosophies of Locke and Hume, arguing that there are continuities in the development of 17th- and 18th-century political theory that have often gone unrecognized. The book begins with a detailed exposition of Grotius's and Pufendorf's modern natural law theories, focusing on their accounts of the nature of natural law, human sociability, the development of forms of property, and the question of slavery. It then shows that Locke's political theory takes up and develops these basic themes of natural law. The author argues further that, rather than being a departure from this tradition, the moral sense theory of Hutcheson and Hume represents an attempt — which is not entirely successful — to underpin the natural law theory with an adequate moral psychology.
Michael Freeden
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294146
- eISBN:
- 9780191599323
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829414X.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
An examination of J. S. Mill's ideational legatees offers a useful insight into ideological variation, since later liberals constantly alluded to Mill as a yardstick by which to measure their own ...
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An examination of J. S. Mill's ideational legatees offers a useful insight into ideological variation, since later liberals constantly alluded to Mill as a yardstick by which to measure their own attainments; we thus face a tradition consciously absorbed and recreated by a new generation of ideological consumers, employing common points of reference to forge a sense of ideological community through expanding horizons. The Millite paradigm of the previous chapter becomes pivotal not merely as a preference of the analyst of ideologies, but because so many shapers of liberalism believed Mill to be pivotal; assessment of their contributions on the basis of that perception is methodologically justified, and moreover, from the historical perspective, a period offering instances of both ideological continuity and change is optimally suited to studying ideological diversity and conceptual mutability. In answer to the question of how the core concepts of liberty, individualism, progress, rationality, the general interest, sociability, limited, and responsible power fared in the hands of the Millite succession, it is contended in this chapter that they all remained constituents of the liberal core, but that some underwent redecontesting owing to changing scientific fashion, new sets of ethico‐cultural beliefs, and specific events that made their mark on ideological assumptions. The final feature of liberalism—structural tolerance—was a key facilitator in that process, allowing critical distancing from the modernist project with which liberalism was associated. The eight sections of the chapter are: (a) The idealist liberalism of T. H. Green; (b) Perimeter practices and adjacent aftermaths; (c) The new liberalism: the evolution of an ideology (d) The changing adjacencies of liberty; (e) The organic analogy; (f) Fleshing out the new liberal morphology; (g) State, group, and society: the German case; and (h) state, group, and society: the French case.Less
An examination of J. S. Mill's ideational legatees offers a useful insight into ideological variation, since later liberals constantly alluded to Mill as a yardstick by which to measure their own attainments; we thus face a tradition consciously absorbed and recreated by a new generation of ideological consumers, employing common points of reference to forge a sense of ideological community through expanding horizons. The Millite paradigm of the previous chapter becomes pivotal not merely as a preference of the analyst of ideologies, but because so many shapers of liberalism believed Mill to be pivotal; assessment of their contributions on the basis of that perception is methodologically justified, and moreover, from the historical perspective, a period offering instances of both ideological continuity and change is optimally suited to studying ideological diversity and conceptual mutability. In answer to the question of how the core concepts of liberty, individualism, progress, rationality, the general interest, sociability, limited, and responsible power fared in the hands of the Millite succession, it is contended in this chapter that they all remained constituents of the liberal core, but that some underwent redecontesting owing to changing scientific fashion, new sets of ethico‐cultural beliefs, and specific events that made their mark on ideological assumptions. The final feature of liberalism—structural tolerance—was a key facilitator in that process, allowing critical distancing from the modernist project with which liberalism was associated. The eight sections of the chapter are: (a) The idealist liberalism of T. H. Green; (b) Perimeter practices and adjacent aftermaths; (c) The new liberalism: the evolution of an ideology (d) The changing adjacencies of liberty; (e) The organic analogy; (f) Fleshing out the new liberal morphology; (g) State, group, and society: the German case; and (h) state, group, and society: the French case.
Barry Stephenson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199732753
- eISBN:
- 9780199777310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732753.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Religion and Society
Wittenberg’s Luther festivals are important tools in dealing with economic, social, and cultural problems in the era of a reunified Germany. This chapter examines the civic dimensions of Luther ...
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Wittenberg’s Luther festivals are important tools in dealing with economic, social, and cultural problems in the era of a reunified Germany. This chapter examines the civic dimensions of Luther festivity, arguing that the festivals have played a role in revitalizing the public sphere in Wittenberg.Less
Wittenberg’s Luther festivals are important tools in dealing with economic, social, and cultural problems in the era of a reunified Germany. This chapter examines the civic dimensions of Luther festivity, arguing that the festivals have played a role in revitalizing the public sphere in Wittenberg.
Corinna Riva
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263259
- eISBN:
- 9780191734618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263259.003.0010
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter examines the cultural aspects of the urbanization process in the Mediterranean from 800 to 600 BC. The findings reveal that links between the Orientalizing movement and processes that ...
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This chapter examines the cultural aspects of the urbanization process in the Mediterranean from 800 to 600 BC. The findings reveal that links between the Orientalizing movement and processes that ultimately led to the rise of urban centres can be explored in the different uses and meanings which élites from different regions attached to the aristocratic koine. The results also suggest that the Orientalizing koine provided new forms of sociability and identity which in turn provided the background against which the larger urban community emerged.Less
This chapter examines the cultural aspects of the urbanization process in the Mediterranean from 800 to 600 BC. The findings reveal that links between the Orientalizing movement and processes that ultimately led to the rise of urban centres can be explored in the different uses and meanings which élites from different regions attached to the aristocratic koine. The results also suggest that the Orientalizing koine provided new forms of sociability and identity which in turn provided the background against which the larger urban community emerged.
Julio Escalona
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266588
- eISBN:
- 9780191896040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266588.003.0010
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
Local community meetings have long been considered an essential component in the institutional development of the medieval kingdom of León and Castile. Yet the early medieval phases of that ...
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Local community meetings have long been considered an essential component in the institutional development of the medieval kingdom of León and Castile. Yet the early medieval phases of that development are often seen from a teleological perspective, as the formative phase of the more developed and better-known central and later medieval municipal assemblies. This chapter intends to explore the Castilian local community meetings of the period up to AD 1038 in themselves, as a fundamental aspect of the structuring of local sociability, regardless of subsequent evolutions. Building upon the evidence of the preserved charters from this period, the vocabulary, functions and location of such meetings are discussed, along with their scale: whether neighbouring communities engaged in assemblies at a supralocal scale and whether local meetings could acquire a supralocal dimension in certain circumstances.Less
Local community meetings have long been considered an essential component in the institutional development of the medieval kingdom of León and Castile. Yet the early medieval phases of that development are often seen from a teleological perspective, as the formative phase of the more developed and better-known central and later medieval municipal assemblies. This chapter intends to explore the Castilian local community meetings of the period up to AD 1038 in themselves, as a fundamental aspect of the structuring of local sociability, regardless of subsequent evolutions. Building upon the evidence of the preserved charters from this period, the vocabulary, functions and location of such meetings are discussed, along with their scale: whether neighbouring communities engaged in assemblies at a supralocal scale and whether local meetings could acquire a supralocal dimension in certain circumstances.
John R. Patterson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198140887
- eISBN:
- 9780191712166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198140887.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
Beginning with case-studies of three former Latin colonies, Cosa, Beneventum, and Interamna Lirenas, this chapter focuses on the changing appearance of the cities of Italy, investigating their ...
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Beginning with case-studies of three former Latin colonies, Cosa, Beneventum, and Interamna Lirenas, this chapter focuses on the changing appearance of the cities of Italy, investigating their supposed decline in the first two centuries AD. A discussion of the evidence for urban life under the high empire leads into an examination of the types of building preferred by the cities and their benefactors, and the extent to which declining overall levels of public building were compensated for by new forms of benefaction such as the provision of banquets and distributions of money and food to the citizens. The picture that emerges is of a gradual transformation in the nature of civic life; the characteristic monuments of the period are amphitheatres, baths, and macella (market-buildings), all associated with the sociability which seems to replace formal political activity within the urban context in this period.Less
Beginning with case-studies of three former Latin colonies, Cosa, Beneventum, and Interamna Lirenas, this chapter focuses on the changing appearance of the cities of Italy, investigating their supposed decline in the first two centuries AD. A discussion of the evidence for urban life under the high empire leads into an examination of the types of building preferred by the cities and their benefactors, and the extent to which declining overall levels of public building were compensated for by new forms of benefaction such as the provision of banquets and distributions of money and food to the citizens. The picture that emerges is of a gradual transformation in the nature of civic life; the characteristic monuments of the period are amphitheatres, baths, and macella (market-buildings), all associated with the sociability which seems to replace formal political activity within the urban context in this period.
Carel P. van Schaik, Andrew J. Marshall, and Serge A. Wich
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0024
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Extensive field data are available for three (out of four) Pongo taxa: the Sumatran P. abelii and the Bornean P. pygmaeus wurmbii of west and central Kalimantan and P. p. morio of east Kalimantan and ...
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Extensive field data are available for three (out of four) Pongo taxa: the Sumatran P. abelii and the Bornean P. pygmaeus wurmbii of west and central Kalimantan and P. p. morio of east Kalimantan and Sabah. The data show a strong west–east gradient in morphology, behavioral ecology, and life history. From west to east, relative jaw robusticity and tooth enamel thickness increase, the frequency of reliance on non-fruit fallback foods—in particular inner bark of trees—increases dramatically, female day journey length and home range size decreases, the frequency of fat mobilization (and probably deposition) increases (although this has not yet been measured in P. p. morio), brain size decreases, sensitivity to selective logging decreases, average density decreases, and interbirth interval decreases. Social organization shows a similar west–east gradient, with Sumatran orangutans exhibiting a greater degree of sociality by a number of measures, although variation within Borneo is less clear. On Borneo, there may be less developmental arrest, male long calls are slower and have fewer pulses per call, consortships tend to be shorter, and a higher proportion of matings are forced. Geographic variation in orangutan features is probably produced through a combination of plastic developmental responses, genetic differences and cultural processes. The chapter offers a new hypothesis for the adaptive significance of these differences, based on the observed reduction in mean level of fruit production and increased incidence of periods of extreme scarcity from west to east. We highlight important remaining questions.Less
Extensive field data are available for three (out of four) Pongo taxa: the Sumatran P. abelii and the Bornean P. pygmaeus wurmbii of west and central Kalimantan and P. p. morio of east Kalimantan and Sabah. The data show a strong west–east gradient in morphology, behavioral ecology, and life history. From west to east, relative jaw robusticity and tooth enamel thickness increase, the frequency of reliance on non-fruit fallback foods—in particular inner bark of trees—increases dramatically, female day journey length and home range size decreases, the frequency of fat mobilization (and probably deposition) increases (although this has not yet been measured in P. p. morio), brain size decreases, sensitivity to selective logging decreases, average density decreases, and interbirth interval decreases. Social organization shows a similar west–east gradient, with Sumatran orangutans exhibiting a greater degree of sociality by a number of measures, although variation within Borneo is less clear. On Borneo, there may be less developmental arrest, male long calls are slower and have fewer pulses per call, consortships tend to be shorter, and a higher proportion of matings are forced. Geographic variation in orangutan features is probably produced through a combination of plastic developmental responses, genetic differences and cultural processes. The chapter offers a new hypothesis for the adaptive significance of these differences, based on the observed reduction in mean level of fruit production and increased incidence of periods of extreme scarcity from west to east. We highlight important remaining questions.
Patricia Londoño-Vega
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199249534
- eISBN:
- 9780191719318
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249534.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter discusses the emergence of a wide range of cultural societies brought by the advances in formal education achieved in Antioquia from the middle of the 19th century to the 1920s. It adds ...
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This chapter discusses the emergence of a wide range of cultural societies brought by the advances in formal education achieved in Antioquia from the middle of the 19th century to the 1920s. It adds that these cultural societies were classified as literary circles and artistic and theatrical groups; public libraries; scientific and pedagogical societies; civic and moral associations; bands, ensembles, orchestras, and academies of música culta, ‘civilised music’; temperance societies; and social clubs. It defines the words culture and civilised and investigates Antioquian culture and civilisation. It assesses in detail the classifications of cultural societies. It clarifies that most cultural entities and associations were the result of individual initiatives. It explains that a vigorous cultural dynamism was demonstrated by the upsurge of voluntary associations in Antioquia.Less
This chapter discusses the emergence of a wide range of cultural societies brought by the advances in formal education achieved in Antioquia from the middle of the 19th century to the 1920s. It adds that these cultural societies were classified as literary circles and artistic and theatrical groups; public libraries; scientific and pedagogical societies; civic and moral associations; bands, ensembles, orchestras, and academies of música culta, ‘civilised music’; temperance societies; and social clubs. It defines the words culture and civilised and investigates Antioquian culture and civilisation. It assesses in detail the classifications of cultural societies. It clarifies that most cultural entities and associations were the result of individual initiatives. It explains that a vigorous cultural dynamism was demonstrated by the upsurge of voluntary associations in Antioquia.
Mark S. Cladis
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195125542
- eISBN:
- 9780199834082
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195125541.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Charts the course of the Fall from the simple contentment, invulnerability, and innocence of the Garden to the complex gratifications, vulnerability, and corruption of the City. This is a story of ...
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Charts the course of the Fall from the simple contentment, invulnerability, and innocence of the Garden to the complex gratifications, vulnerability, and corruption of the City. This is a story of costly progress: the Solitaire must sacrifice itself in order to release its inner potential for development, and thereby give birth to a new creation, the social human. The Fall is cast in seven stages that are based on Rousseau's discourse, “On the Origin of Inequality.” The first four stages are considered in Ch. 3, concluding with stage four, the Second Garden, which represents Rousseau's vision of happy humans precariously balanced between solitude and community, invulnerability and vulnerability, and independence and dependence.Less
Charts the course of the Fall from the simple contentment, invulnerability, and innocence of the Garden to the complex gratifications, vulnerability, and corruption of the City. This is a story of costly progress: the Solitaire must sacrifice itself in order to release its inner potential for development, and thereby give birth to a new creation, the social human. The Fall is cast in seven stages that are based on Rousseau's discourse, “On the Origin of Inequality.” The first four stages are considered in Ch. 3, concluding with stage four, the Second Garden, which represents Rousseau's vision of happy humans precariously balanced between solitude and community, invulnerability and vulnerability, and independence and dependence.
Wendell Wallach and Colin Allen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374049
- eISBN:
- 9780199871889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374049.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The top‐down and bottom‐up approaches to artificial moral agents emphasize the importance in ethics of the ability to reason. However, much of the recent empirical literature on moral psychology ...
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The top‐down and bottom‐up approaches to artificial moral agents emphasize the importance in ethics of the ability to reason. However, much of the recent empirical literature on moral psychology emphasizes faculties besides rationality. Emotions, empathy, sociability, semantic understanding, and consciousness are all important to human moral decision making, but it remains an open question whether these will be essential to artificial moral agents and, if so, whether they can be implemented in machines. This chapter surveys the cutting‐edge scientific investigation in the areas of affective computing and embodied cognition that is aimed at providing computers and robots with the kinds of supra‐rational capacities underlying those social skills which may be essential for sophisticated human‐computer interaction.Less
The top‐down and bottom‐up approaches to artificial moral agents emphasize the importance in ethics of the ability to reason. However, much of the recent empirical literature on moral psychology emphasizes faculties besides rationality. Emotions, empathy, sociability, semantic understanding, and consciousness are all important to human moral decision making, but it remains an open question whether these will be essential to artificial moral agents and, if so, whether they can be implemented in machines. This chapter surveys the cutting‐edge scientific investigation in the areas of affective computing and embodied cognition that is aimed at providing computers and robots with the kinds of supra‐rational capacities underlying those social skills which may be essential for sophisticated human‐computer interaction.
Christopher Brooke
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691152080
- eISBN:
- 9781400842414
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691152080.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This is the first full-scale look at the essential place of Stoicism in the foundations of modern political thought. Spanning the period from Justus Lipsius's Politics in 1589 to Jean-Jacques ...
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This is the first full-scale look at the essential place of Stoicism in the foundations of modern political thought. Spanning the period from Justus Lipsius's Politics in 1589 to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile in 1762, and concentrating on arguments originating from England, France, and the Netherlands, the book considers how political writers of the period engaged with the ideas of the Roman and Greek Stoics that they found in works by Cicero, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. The book examines key texts in their historical context, paying special attention to the history of classical scholarship and the historiography of philosophy. The book delves into the persisting tension between Stoicism and the tradition of Augustinian anti-Stoic criticism, which held Stoicism to be a philosophy for the proud who denied their fallen condition. Concentrating on arguments in moral psychology surrounding the foundations of human sociability and self-love, the book details how the engagement with Roman Stoicism shaped early modern political philosophy and offers significant new interpretations of Lipsius and Rousseau together with fresh perspectives on the political thought of Hugo Grotius and Thomas Hobbes. The book shows how the legacy of the Stoics played a vital role in European intellectual life in the early modern era.Less
This is the first full-scale look at the essential place of Stoicism in the foundations of modern political thought. Spanning the period from Justus Lipsius's Politics in 1589 to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile in 1762, and concentrating on arguments originating from England, France, and the Netherlands, the book considers how political writers of the period engaged with the ideas of the Roman and Greek Stoics that they found in works by Cicero, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. The book examines key texts in their historical context, paying special attention to the history of classical scholarship and the historiography of philosophy. The book delves into the persisting tension between Stoicism and the tradition of Augustinian anti-Stoic criticism, which held Stoicism to be a philosophy for the proud who denied their fallen condition. Concentrating on arguments in moral psychology surrounding the foundations of human sociability and self-love, the book details how the engagement with Roman Stoicism shaped early modern political philosophy and offers significant new interpretations of Lipsius and Rousseau together with fresh perspectives on the political thought of Hugo Grotius and Thomas Hobbes. The book shows how the legacy of the Stoics played a vital role in European intellectual life in the early modern era.
John McManners
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198270041
- eISBN:
- 9780191600692
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198270046.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The multitude of confraternities of different kinds, particularly numerous in the South, bound people together both for religious purposes and for cooperation and sociability, and their ‘picturesque ...
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The multitude of confraternities of different kinds, particularly numerous in the South, bound people together both for religious purposes and for cooperation and sociability, and their ‘picturesque diversity’ was such that it baffles generalization. Trade guilds were religious as well as secular organizations but tending to become more secular. The standard types of confraternity found in most parishes would include a sort of vestry guild taking care of the liturgical requirements of the church, one confraternity dedicated to collecting money for charitable purposes, and another, a devotional one, concerned with preparation for death. The Pénitents of southern France were a special case, ostensibly devoted to the disciplining of life in preparation for death, but in practice organizations of sociability and fellowship. The reforming clergy considered the confraternity type of organization ideal as an instrument for evangelism and moral improvement, as is shown most notably by the secret organization known as the ‘Aa’ and by the Jesuit lay congregations.Less
The multitude of confraternities of different kinds, particularly numerous in the South, bound people together both for religious purposes and for cooperation and sociability, and their ‘picturesque diversity’ was such that it baffles generalization. Trade guilds were religious as well as secular organizations but tending to become more secular. The standard types of confraternity found in most parishes would include a sort of vestry guild taking care of the liturgical requirements of the church, one confraternity dedicated to collecting money for charitable purposes, and another, a devotional one, concerned with preparation for death. The Pénitents of southern France were a special case, ostensibly devoted to the disciplining of life in preparation for death, but in practice organizations of sociability and fellowship. The reforming clergy considered the confraternity type of organization ideal as an instrument for evangelism and moral improvement, as is shown most notably by the secret organization known as the ‘Aa’ and by the Jesuit lay congregations.
Annabel S. Brett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691141930
- eISBN:
- 9781400838622
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691141930.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter explores the concept of natural law, turning first to the Protestant milieu. Alterity—what would in the seventeenth century come to be theorized, and problematized, as “sociability”—is ...
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This chapter explores the concept of natural law, turning first to the Protestant milieu. Alterity—what would in the seventeenth century come to be theorized, and problematized, as “sociability”—is the dominant mood of the humanist and Protestant handling of natural law. It is there even in Thomas Hobbes, whose natural law coincides with moral philosophy and concerns the sphere of one's actions in respect of others. However, the Catholic scholastic tradition presents a very different framing of natural law, one that centers on individual agency and regulates the behavior of individual agents in their aspect as beings of a particular kind. While authors in this tradition grapple equally with the question of animal behavior in relation to law, they do not do so from the social perspective that characterizes Protestant humanist Aristotelians and jurists.Less
This chapter explores the concept of natural law, turning first to the Protestant milieu. Alterity—what would in the seventeenth century come to be theorized, and problematized, as “sociability”—is the dominant mood of the humanist and Protestant handling of natural law. It is there even in Thomas Hobbes, whose natural law coincides with moral philosophy and concerns the sphere of one's actions in respect of others. However, the Catholic scholastic tradition presents a very different framing of natural law, one that centers on individual agency and regulates the behavior of individual agents in their aspect as beings of a particular kind. While authors in this tradition grapple equally with the question of animal behavior in relation to law, they do not do so from the social perspective that characterizes Protestant humanist Aristotelians and jurists.
Susan E. Whyman
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250233
- eISBN:
- 9780191697906
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250233.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This study looks at rituals of sociability in new ways. Based upon thousands of personal letters, it reconstructs the changing country and London worlds of an English gentry family, and reveals ...
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This study looks at rituals of sociability in new ways. Based upon thousands of personal letters, it reconstructs the changing country and London worlds of an English gentry family, and reveals intimate details about the social and cultural life of the period. Challenging current influential views, the book observes strong connections, instead of deep divisions, between country and city, land and trade, sociability and power. Its very different view undermines established stereotypes of omnipotent male patriarchs, powerless wives and kin, autonomous elder sons, and dependent younger brothers. Gifts of venison and visits in a coach reveal unexpected findings about the subtle power of women over the social code, the importance of younger sons, and the overwhelming impact of London. Combining storytelling and historical analysis, the book recreates everyday lives in a period of overseas expansion, financial revolution, and political turmoil.Less
This study looks at rituals of sociability in new ways. Based upon thousands of personal letters, it reconstructs the changing country and London worlds of an English gentry family, and reveals intimate details about the social and cultural life of the period. Challenging current influential views, the book observes strong connections, instead of deep divisions, between country and city, land and trade, sociability and power. Its very different view undermines established stereotypes of omnipotent male patriarchs, powerless wives and kin, autonomous elder sons, and dependent younger brothers. Gifts of venison and visits in a coach reveal unexpected findings about the subtle power of women over the social code, the importance of younger sons, and the overwhelming impact of London. Combining storytelling and historical analysis, the book recreates everyday lives in a period of overseas expansion, financial revolution, and political turmoil.
Robert Rosenthal and Ralph L. Rosnow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195385540
- eISBN:
- 9780199869824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385540.003.0034
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter gives some empirically-based conclusions about the characteristics of the subject who volunteers for participation in behavioral research, including gender, birth order, sociability, ...
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This chapter gives some empirically-based conclusions about the characteristics of the subject who volunteers for participation in behavioral research, including gender, birth order, sociability, extraversion versus introversion, approval need, and so on.Less
This chapter gives some empirically-based conclusions about the characteristics of the subject who volunteers for participation in behavioral research, including gender, birth order, sociability, extraversion versus introversion, approval need, and so on.
Vincent Azoulay
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154596
- eISBN:
- 9781400851171
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154596.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter focuses on Pericles' family circle and his network of friends. It first considers Pericles' marriage to show how kinship structures functioned in Athens before discussing the tension ...
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This chapter focuses on Pericles' family circle and his network of friends. It first considers Pericles' marriage to show how kinship structures functioned in Athens before discussing the tension between oikos and polis, the private sphere and the public space, in Pericles' refusal to take part in even the most elementary rituals of family sociability. It then examines how Pericles neglected the traditional forms of friendship and the sociability that was associated with them, noting that thoughout his career, Pericles set the friendship of the people before his personal relationships. It also discusses the criticisms leveled against Pericles for his equivocal friendships and, in particular, his hospitality toward foreigners and even foreign women.Less
This chapter focuses on Pericles' family circle and his network of friends. It first considers Pericles' marriage to show how kinship structures functioned in Athens before discussing the tension between oikos and polis, the private sphere and the public space, in Pericles' refusal to take part in even the most elementary rituals of family sociability. It then examines how Pericles neglected the traditional forms of friendship and the sociability that was associated with them, noting that thoughout his career, Pericles set the friendship of the people before his personal relationships. It also discusses the criticisms leveled against Pericles for his equivocal friendships and, in particular, his hospitality toward foreigners and even foreign women.
Benjamin L. Carp
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304022
- eISBN:
- 9780199788606
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304022.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
City dwellers collected together in taverns to eat and drink, converse, exchange news and information, and debate politics. New York City stood at the pinnacle of alcohol consumption, communication, ...
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City dwellers collected together in taverns to eat and drink, converse, exchange news and information, and debate politics. New York City stood at the pinnacle of alcohol consumption, communication, and sociability in the American colonies. New York's taverns and grogshops frequently played host to British officers, troops, and sailors, bringing the Sons of Liberty and friends of government face to face. Clubs and associations, laws and polite hierarchies were in place to maintain an orderly tavern setting. Yet rebels and other dissenters often capitalized on the entropic, drunken atmosphere of taverns to create societal disorder and political upheaval. In the complex world of New York politics, whichever faction could organize and rally tavern companies would have the greatest success at mobilizing the populace. During the imperial crisis, taverns or public houses brought together a cross‐class political network that was necessary for the coherence of a revolutionary alliance.Less
City dwellers collected together in taverns to eat and drink, converse, exchange news and information, and debate politics. New York City stood at the pinnacle of alcohol consumption, communication, and sociability in the American colonies. New York's taverns and grogshops frequently played host to British officers, troops, and sailors, bringing the Sons of Liberty and friends of government face to face. Clubs and associations, laws and polite hierarchies were in place to maintain an orderly tavern setting. Yet rebels and other dissenters often capitalized on the entropic, drunken atmosphere of taverns to create societal disorder and political upheaval. In the complex world of New York politics, whichever faction could organize and rally tavern companies would have the greatest success at mobilizing the populace. During the imperial crisis, taverns or public houses brought together a cross‐class political network that was necessary for the coherence of a revolutionary alliance.
Neil Fligstein and Doug McAdam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199859948
- eISBN:
- 9780199951178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199859948.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter articulates the microfoundation for the theory. The first half sketches a bare-bones perspective on the distinctive essence of human sociability. It reviews the current literature on the ...
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This chapter articulates the microfoundation for the theory. The first half sketches a bare-bones perspective on the distinctive essence of human sociability. It reviews the current literature on the emergence of modern humans to argue that language, culture, and the problem of meaning are at the center of what it means to be human. Then, it links this to sociological conceptions of sociability, making brief forays into the classical theories of Weber, Durkheim, and Mead. The second half of the chapter explicates how the “existential function of the social” enables the “social skills” that undergird the forms of strategic action that are central to the theory on offer here.Less
This chapter articulates the microfoundation for the theory. The first half sketches a bare-bones perspective on the distinctive essence of human sociability. It reviews the current literature on the emergence of modern humans to argue that language, culture, and the problem of meaning are at the center of what it means to be human. Then, it links this to sociological conceptions of sociability, making brief forays into the classical theories of Weber, Durkheim, and Mead. The second half of the chapter explicates how the “existential function of the social” enables the “social skills” that undergird the forms of strategic action that are central to the theory on offer here.
Henry E. Allison
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199647033
- eISBN:
- 9780191741166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199647033.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This essay analyzes Kant's attempt to ground radical evil, understood as the root of all moral evil, in the concept of finite rational agency. Kant is seen as holding that such evil consists in a ...
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This essay analyzes Kant's attempt to ground radical evil, understood as the root of all moral evil, in the concept of finite rational agency. Kant is seen as holding that such evil consists in a fundamental orientation of the will, which in order to count as moral must be imputable to the agent. Accordingly, he asks what must be presupposed if such evil is to be imputable and he finds the answer in the paradoxical notion of a freely chosen propensity. In addition to defending the coherence of this notion, the essay discusses Allen Wood's effort to naturalize radical evil by identifying it with “unsociable sociability.” Although the importance of this conception for understanding Kant's view of evil is acknowledged, it is denied that this can be the whole story, since it is unable to deal with the question of imputation.Less
This essay analyzes Kant's attempt to ground radical evil, understood as the root of all moral evil, in the concept of finite rational agency. Kant is seen as holding that such evil consists in a fundamental orientation of the will, which in order to count as moral must be imputable to the agent. Accordingly, he asks what must be presupposed if such evil is to be imputable and he finds the answer in the paradoxical notion of a freely chosen propensity. In addition to defending the coherence of this notion, the essay discusses Allen Wood's effort to naturalize radical evil by identifying it with “unsociable sociability.” Although the importance of this conception for understanding Kant's view of evil is acknowledged, it is denied that this can be the whole story, since it is unable to deal with the question of imputation.
