Ignacio Palacios-Huerta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144023
- eISBN:
- 9781400850310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144023.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter is concerned with taste-based models of discrimination, where the pioneer framework of analysis is the model first formalized in Gary S. Becker's classic The Economics of Discrimination ...
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This chapter is concerned with taste-based models of discrimination, where the pioneer framework of analysis is the model first formalized in Gary S. Becker's classic The Economics of Discrimination (1957). The Becker model of discrimination differs from almost all other major models of discrimination in that it departs from the standard assumption that firms maximize profits or very nearly so. As long as discrimination persists in equilibrium, prejudiced firms earn lower profits. Similarly, if workers engage in prejudice (e.g., by refusing to work with certain groups of workers) or if consumers do (e.g., boycotting products supplied by those groups), then they forego earnings or pay higher prices because of their prejudice. The evidence in this chapter comes from English league soccer.Less
This chapter is concerned with taste-based models of discrimination, where the pioneer framework of analysis is the model first formalized in Gary S. Becker's classic The Economics of Discrimination (1957). The Becker model of discrimination differs from almost all other major models of discrimination in that it departs from the standard assumption that firms maximize profits or very nearly so. As long as discrimination persists in equilibrium, prejudiced firms earn lower profits. Similarly, if workers engage in prejudice (e.g., by refusing to work with certain groups of workers) or if consumers do (e.g., boycotting products supplied by those groups), then they forego earnings or pay higher prices because of their prejudice. The evidence in this chapter comes from English league soccer.
Ignacio Palacios-Huerta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144023
- eISBN:
- 9781400850310
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144023.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
A wealth of research in recent decades has seen the economic approach to human behavior extended over many areas previously considered to belong to sociology, political science, law, and other ...
More
A wealth of research in recent decades has seen the economic approach to human behavior extended over many areas previously considered to belong to sociology, political science, law, and other fields. Research has also shown that economics can provide insight into many aspects of sports, including soccer. This book uses soccer to test economic theories and document novel human behavior, thus illuminating economics through the world's most popular sport. The book offers unique and often startling insights into game theory and microeconomics, covering topics such as mixed strategies, discrimination, incentives, and human preferences. It also looks at finance, experimental economics, behavioral economics, and neuroeconomics. The book provides rich data sets and environments that shed light on universal economic principles in interesting and useful ways. It is essential reading for students, researchers, and sports enthusiasts as it shows what soccer can do for economics.Less
A wealth of research in recent decades has seen the economic approach to human behavior extended over many areas previously considered to belong to sociology, political science, law, and other fields. Research has also shown that economics can provide insight into many aspects of sports, including soccer. This book uses soccer to test economic theories and document novel human behavior, thus illuminating economics through the world's most popular sport. The book offers unique and often startling insights into game theory and microeconomics, covering topics such as mixed strategies, discrimination, incentives, and human preferences. It also looks at finance, experimental economics, behavioral economics, and neuroeconomics. The book provides rich data sets and environments that shed light on universal economic principles in interesting and useful ways. It is essential reading for students, researchers, and sports enthusiasts as it shows what soccer can do for economics.
Ignacio Palacios-Huerta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144023
- eISBN:
- 9781400850310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144023.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter focuses on zero-sum experimental games where players are predicted to choose probability mixtures. Whereas perfectively competitive games do not represent the entire universe of ...
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This chapter focuses on zero-sum experimental games where players are predicted to choose probability mixtures. Whereas perfectively competitive games do not represent the entire universe of strategic games involving mixed strategies, they are considered a “vital cornerstone”and can be regarded as the branch of game theory with the most solid theoretical foundation. Soccer has three unique features that make it especially suitable for this purpose: (1) professional soccer players face a simple strategic interaction that is governed by very detailed rules: a penalty kick; (2) the formal structure of this interaction can be reproduced in the laboratory; and (3) when professional soccer players from European leagues play this game in the field, their behavior is consistent with the equilibrium predictions of the theory. These three distinct characteristics allow us to study whether the skills and heuristics that players may have developed in the field can be transferred to the laboratory, and hence whether laboratory findings are reliable for predicting field behavior in these strategic situations.Less
This chapter focuses on zero-sum experimental games where players are predicted to choose probability mixtures. Whereas perfectively competitive games do not represent the entire universe of strategic games involving mixed strategies, they are considered a “vital cornerstone”and can be regarded as the branch of game theory with the most solid theoretical foundation. Soccer has three unique features that make it especially suitable for this purpose: (1) professional soccer players face a simple strategic interaction that is governed by very detailed rules: a penalty kick; (2) the formal structure of this interaction can be reproduced in the laboratory; and (3) when professional soccer players from European leagues play this game in the field, their behavior is consistent with the equilibrium predictions of the theory. These three distinct characteristics allow us to study whether the skills and heuristics that players may have developed in the field can be transferred to the laboratory, and hence whether laboratory findings are reliable for predicting field behavior in these strategic situations.
Ignacio Palacios-Huerta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144023
- eISBN:
- 9781400850310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144023.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
Chapter 2 showed that when the exact question being asked is mirrored in a laboratory experiment and the population being studied is the same as in the field, the outcomes from the experiment can be ...
More
Chapter 2 showed that when the exact question being asked is mirrored in a laboratory experiment and the population being studied is the same as in the field, the outcomes from the experiment can be just as clear and informative. This result suggests that when either the exact question being asked is not mirrored or the population being studied differs, the outcomes from the experiment probably do not parallel those observed in the field. This chapter uses this insight to draw four lessons for experimental design using the games, methods, and results from the previous chapters. Among these lessons are that Major League Soccer players would not be an appropriate pool of subjects to conduct the type of study implemented in Chapter 2, and that a zero-sum situation played among friends does not represent the way subjects interact in the field.Less
Chapter 2 showed that when the exact question being asked is mirrored in a laboratory experiment and the population being studied is the same as in the field, the outcomes from the experiment can be just as clear and informative. This result suggests that when either the exact question being asked is not mirrored or the population being studied differs, the outcomes from the experiment probably do not parallel those observed in the field. This chapter uses this insight to draw four lessons for experimental design using the games, methods, and results from the previous chapters. Among these lessons are that Major League Soccer players would not be an appropriate pool of subjects to conduct the type of study implemented in Chapter 2, and that a zero-sum situation played among friends does not represent the way subjects interact in the field.
Glenn Adamson and Giorgio Riello
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265321
- eISBN:
- 9780191760495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265321.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
This chapter considers objects as displayed in museums, architecture, and consumer goods. It unwraps the meanings of a Japanese suit of armour in the Tower of London, and then moves on to discuss the ...
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This chapter considers objects as displayed in museums, architecture, and consumer goods. It unwraps the meanings of a Japanese suit of armour in the Tower of London, and then moves on to discuss the hybrid architecture and design of the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, known in the West as the Victoria Terminus in Mumbai. In a final example, the case of football and soccer evokes debates on globalization and the global condition.Less
This chapter considers objects as displayed in museums, architecture, and consumer goods. It unwraps the meanings of a Japanese suit of armour in the Tower of London, and then moves on to discuss the hybrid architecture and design of the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, known in the West as the Victoria Terminus in Mumbai. In a final example, the case of football and soccer evokes debates on globalization and the global condition.
Ignacio Palacios-Huerta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144023
- eISBN:
- 9781400850310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144023.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main theme. This book is an economics book with soccer is the common thread of all the chapters. But the nature of the relationship ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main theme. This book is an economics book with soccer is the common thread of all the chapters. But the nature of the relationship between economics and soccer studied here is not entirely obvious. Just as data involving stones and apples were useful in physics, data from soccer are useful for economics. Soccer replaces apples and stones, and economics replaces physics. Using data from soccer, this book attempts to obtain and present novel insights into human behavior. This difference is what distinguishes this book from other economics books and from other books on the study of sports.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main theme. This book is an economics book with soccer is the common thread of all the chapters. But the nature of the relationship between economics and soccer studied here is not entirely obvious. Just as data involving stones and apples were useful in physics, data from soccer are useful for economics. Soccer replaces apples and stones, and economics replaces physics. Using data from soccer, this book attempts to obtain and present novel insights into human behavior. This difference is what distinguishes this book from other economics books and from other books on the study of sports.
Ignacio Palacios-Huerta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144023
- eISBN:
- 9781400850310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144023.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
The movie A Beautiful Mind (2001) portrays the life and work of John F. Nash Jr., who received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994. A class of his theories deals with how people should behave in ...
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The movie A Beautiful Mind (2001) portrays the life and work of John F. Nash Jr., who received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994. A class of his theories deals with how people should behave in strategic situations that involve what are known as “mixed strategies,” that is, choosing among various possible strategies when no single one is always the best when you face a rational opponent. This chapter uses data from a specific play in soccer (a penalty kick) with professional players to provide the first complete test of a fundamental theorem in game theory: the minimax theorem. The minimax theorem can be regarded as a special case of the more general theory of Nash. It applies only to two-person, zero-sum or constant-sum games, whereas the Nash equilibrium concept can be used with any number of players and any mixture of conflict and common interest in the game.Less
The movie A Beautiful Mind (2001) portrays the life and work of John F. Nash Jr., who received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994. A class of his theories deals with how people should behave in strategic situations that involve what are known as “mixed strategies,” that is, choosing among various possible strategies when no single one is always the best when you face a rational opponent. This chapter uses data from a specific play in soccer (a penalty kick) with professional players to provide the first complete test of a fundamental theorem in game theory: the minimax theorem. The minimax theorem can be regarded as a special case of the more general theory of Nash. It applies only to two-person, zero-sum or constant-sum games, whereas the Nash equilibrium concept can be used with any number of players and any mixture of conflict and common interest in the game.
Ignacio Palacios-Huerta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144023
- eISBN:
- 9781400850310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144023.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter is concerned with mixed strategies. Using fMRI techniques, it peers inside the brain when experimental subjects play the penalty kick game. As we have noted already, minimax is ...
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This chapter is concerned with mixed strategies. Using fMRI techniques, it peers inside the brain when experimental subjects play the penalty kick game. As we have noted already, minimax is considered a cornerstone of interactive decision-making analysis. More importantly, the minimax strategies have not been mapped in the brain previously by studying simultaneously the two testable implications of equilibrium. The results show increased activity in various bilateral prefrontal regions during the decision period. Two inferior prefrontal nodes appear to jointly contribute to the ability to optimally play the study's asymmetric zero-sum penalty kick game by ensuring the appropriate equating of payoffs across strategies and the generating of random choices within the game, respectively. This evidence contributes to the neurophysiological literature studying competitive games.Less
This chapter is concerned with mixed strategies. Using fMRI techniques, it peers inside the brain when experimental subjects play the penalty kick game. As we have noted already, minimax is considered a cornerstone of interactive decision-making analysis. More importantly, the minimax strategies have not been mapped in the brain previously by studying simultaneously the two testable implications of equilibrium. The results show increased activity in various bilateral prefrontal regions during the decision period. Two inferior prefrontal nodes appear to jointly contribute to the ability to optimally play the study's asymmetric zero-sum penalty kick game by ensuring the appropriate equating of payoffs across strategies and the generating of random choices within the game, respectively. This evidence contributes to the neurophysiological literature studying competitive games.
Ignacio Palacios-Huerta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144023
- eISBN:
- 9781400850310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144023.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter is concerned with the idea of scoring at halftime but with a more scientific perspective. It suggests that what happens at halftime in some soccer games scores big in terms of allowing ...
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This chapter is concerned with the idea of scoring at halftime but with a more scientific perspective. It suggests that what happens at halftime in some soccer games scores big in terms of allowing us to test an influential theory in economics: the efficient-markets hypothesis. The theory posits that the stock market processes information so completely and quickly that any relevant news would be incorporated fully into the stock's price before anyone had the chance to act on it. Simply put, unless one knew information that others did not know, no stock should be a better buy than any other. If the theory is correct—that is, if observed changes in stock prices are unpredictable—there is not much we can do to gain an advantage over other traders, except perhaps to try to identify the news that causes stock prices to rise and fall and to understand the size of any likely price jump.Less
This chapter is concerned with the idea of scoring at halftime but with a more scientific perspective. It suggests that what happens at halftime in some soccer games scores big in terms of allowing us to test an influential theory in economics: the efficient-markets hypothesis. The theory posits that the stock market processes information so completely and quickly that any relevant news would be incorporated fully into the stock's price before anyone had the chance to act on it. Simply put, unless one knew information that others did not know, no stock should be a better buy than any other. If the theory is correct—that is, if observed changes in stock prices are unpredictable—there is not much we can do to gain an advantage over other traders, except perhaps to try to identify the news that causes stock prices to rise and fall and to understand the size of any likely price jump.
Ignacio Palacios-Huerta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144023
- eISBN:
- 9781400850310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144023.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter examines the effect of social forces as determinants of behavior, in particular the role of social pressure as a determinant of corruption, through the lens of professional soccer. ...
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This chapter examines the effect of social forces as determinants of behavior, in particular the role of social pressure as a determinant of corruption, through the lens of professional soccer. First, it shows and quantifies the referee's bias. The premise is that the amount of extra time should not systematically depend on the identity of the team that is leading at the end of a game. Second, the hypothesis that referees show a bias for the home team because of social pressure means that the bias should be stronger when the crowd's rewards from winning are higher. Third, what is the specific mechanism that could plausibly underlie this behavior? The hypothesis underlying this chapter is that it is the actual crowd in the stadium that puts pressure on referees.Less
This chapter examines the effect of social forces as determinants of behavior, in particular the role of social pressure as a determinant of corruption, through the lens of professional soccer. First, it shows and quantifies the referee's bias. The premise is that the amount of extra time should not systematically depend on the identity of the team that is leading at the end of a game. Second, the hypothesis that referees show a bias for the home team because of social pressure means that the bias should be stronger when the crowd's rewards from winning are higher. Third, what is the specific mechanism that could plausibly underlie this behavior? The hypothesis underlying this chapter is that it is the actual crowd in the stadium that puts pressure on referees.
Ignacio Palacios-Huerta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144023
- eISBN:
- 9781400850310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144023.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter is concerned with the implications of incentives. It studies an incentive change in a natural setting where both productive and sabotage activities can be directly observed: soccer. The ...
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This chapter is concerned with the implications of incentives. It studies an incentive change in a natural setting where both productive and sabotage activities can be directly observed: soccer. The analysis proceeds in four steps. First, it describes the basic behavioral changes that took place after the change to the three-point rule. Second, it uses the control matches in the cup tournament to estimate the effects caused by the change in rewards. Third, it tries to understand the underlying mechanisms through which these changes took place and the reason they neutralized each other in terms of goal scoring by examining the way the behavior of teams changed during the match. Finally, it shows that this change represented undesirable sabotage rather than, say, desirable greater intensity in the games.Less
This chapter is concerned with the implications of incentives. It studies an incentive change in a natural setting where both productive and sabotage activities can be directly observed: soccer. The analysis proceeds in four steps. First, it describes the basic behavioral changes that took place after the change to the three-point rule. Second, it uses the control matches in the cup tournament to estimate the effects caused by the change in rewards. Third, it tries to understand the underlying mechanisms through which these changes took place and the reason they neutralized each other in terms of goal scoring by examining the way the behavior of teams changed during the match. Finally, it shows that this change represented undesirable sabotage rather than, say, desirable greater intensity in the games.
Ignacio Palacios-Huerta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144023
- eISBN:
- 9781400850310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144023.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter compares the behavior of fans before and after games who were subject to acts of hooliganism, vandalism, or criminal damage, including those who experienced disturbances and violent ...
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This chapter compares the behavior of fans before and after games who were subject to acts of hooliganism, vandalism, or criminal damage, including those who experienced disturbances and violent confrontations among spectators. It examines model predictions, among these are that frequent consumers of soccer matches should respond less to acts of violence (hooliganism, vandalism, and criminal damage) than occasional consumers of football matches; that violence should have a differential effect across singles versus married individuals; that fans with greater cognitive ability should respond less to acts of violence, hooliganism, and vandalism than those with lower cognitive ability; and that the response to acts of violence, hooliganism, and vandalism should be lower in games that end after midnight than in games that end before midnight because of differences in media coverage.Less
This chapter compares the behavior of fans before and after games who were subject to acts of hooliganism, vandalism, or criminal damage, including those who experienced disturbances and violent confrontations among spectators. It examines model predictions, among these are that frequent consumers of soccer matches should respond less to acts of violence (hooliganism, vandalism, and criminal damage) than occasional consumers of football matches; that violence should have a differential effect across singles versus married individuals; that fans with greater cognitive ability should respond less to acts of violence, hooliganism, and vandalism than those with lower cognitive ability; and that the response to acts of violence, hooliganism, and vandalism should be lower in games that end after midnight than in games that end before midnight because of differences in media coverage.
Ignacio Palacios-Huerta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144023
- eISBN:
- 9781400850310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144023.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter focuses on psychological pressure in a competitive environment. It tests the hypothesis that if incentives become sufficiently large, the performance of professional players should ...
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This chapter focuses on psychological pressure in a competitive environment. It tests the hypothesis that if incentives become sufficiently large, the performance of professional players should become much less subject to the effects of anxiety, distress, and other pressures, perhaps even entirely free from psychological biases. This hypothesis is studied by taking advantage of a unique natural experiment in Argentina that was run for only one season. In the season 1988–89, the Argentine league championship decided to experiment with an unusual point system: After each drawn (tied) match, there would be a penalty shoot-out to determine which team got a bonus point.Less
This chapter focuses on psychological pressure in a competitive environment. It tests the hypothesis that if incentives become sufficiently large, the performance of professional players should become much less subject to the effects of anxiety, distress, and other pressures, perhaps even entirely free from psychological biases. This hypothesis is studied by taking advantage of a unique natural experiment in Argentina that was run for only one season. In the season 1988–89, the Argentine league championship decided to experiment with an unusual point system: After each drawn (tied) match, there would be a penalty shoot-out to determine which team got a bonus point.
Gregg Bocketti
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813062556
- eISBN:
- 9780813051574
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062556.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This book explains how Brazilian football (soccer) became Brazilian, showing that this was a matter of choices made by Brazilian nationalists rather than an outgrowth of any “authentic” Brazilian ...
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This book explains how Brazilian football (soccer) became Brazilian, showing that this was a matter of choices made by Brazilian nationalists rather than an outgrowth of any “authentic” Brazilian identity, thus demonstrating the crafted nature and complexity of Brazilian identity and nationalism. It argues that the history of Brazilian football is best understood as a history of Brazilian ideas, arguments, and actions to make the country a modern, developed, and unified nation, and that the popular history of Brazilian football narrates a story of progress toward democracy and inclusion which does not match the historical record. Instead, the popular history should be understood as an invention of the influential populists of the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, who used football as part of their larger campaign to make Brazil a modern, developed, and unified nation. The book shows that the populists’ predecessors, middle-class and wealthy Brazilians who called themselves “sportsmen,” saw football in a similar manner, and it argues that one reason this is not better understood is that the “invented tradition” of Brazilian football has depicted them as irredeemably unBrazilian, unacceptably exclusionary, and baldly racist. The book shows why the sportsmen and their class peers should have this reputation, but it also complicates the popular view. The book thereby complicates historical understanding of Brazil between 1889 and 1945 and shows that Brazil during this era was characterized as much by constancy as by change, both within football and beyond it.Less
This book explains how Brazilian football (soccer) became Brazilian, showing that this was a matter of choices made by Brazilian nationalists rather than an outgrowth of any “authentic” Brazilian identity, thus demonstrating the crafted nature and complexity of Brazilian identity and nationalism. It argues that the history of Brazilian football is best understood as a history of Brazilian ideas, arguments, and actions to make the country a modern, developed, and unified nation, and that the popular history of Brazilian football narrates a story of progress toward democracy and inclusion which does not match the historical record. Instead, the popular history should be understood as an invention of the influential populists of the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, who used football as part of their larger campaign to make Brazil a modern, developed, and unified nation. The book shows that the populists’ predecessors, middle-class and wealthy Brazilians who called themselves “sportsmen,” saw football in a similar manner, and it argues that one reason this is not better understood is that the “invented tradition” of Brazilian football has depicted them as irredeemably unBrazilian, unacceptably exclusionary, and baldly racist. The book shows why the sportsmen and their class peers should have this reputation, but it also complicates the popular view. The book thereby complicates historical understanding of Brazil between 1889 and 1945 and shows that Brazil during this era was characterized as much by constancy as by change, both within football and beyond it.
Alan Bairner
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199583119
- eISBN:
- 9780191744822
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199583119.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
The interplay of politics and sport is a major theme in the social and cultural history of Ulster. The origins of many of the games popular in Ulster today go deep in time. With the rise of Irish ...
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The interplay of politics and sport is a major theme in the social and cultural history of Ulster. The origins of many of the games popular in Ulster today go deep in time. With the rise of Irish nationalism certain games came to be categorised as Gaelic (Gaelic football, hurling, handball and camóige), while other games such as cricket, rugby, soccer and hockey were stigmatised as ‘foreign’. Sport became both a way to escape political and social hardship and a key factor ‘in the construction and reproduction of competing identities’. Some games had clear provincial elements in their organisation: for example the Ulster Branch of the Irish Rugby Football Union established in 1879 and the Ulster Council of the GAA in 1903. But representation at international, including Olympic, level has posed problems for individual sports people. The debate about sport and politics continues to this day.Less
The interplay of politics and sport is a major theme in the social and cultural history of Ulster. The origins of many of the games popular in Ulster today go deep in time. With the rise of Irish nationalism certain games came to be categorised as Gaelic (Gaelic football, hurling, handball and camóige), while other games such as cricket, rugby, soccer and hockey were stigmatised as ‘foreign’. Sport became both a way to escape political and social hardship and a key factor ‘in the construction and reproduction of competing identities’. Some games had clear provincial elements in their organisation: for example the Ulster Branch of the Irish Rugby Football Union established in 1879 and the Ulster Council of the GAA in 1903. But representation at international, including Olympic, level has posed problems for individual sports people. The debate about sport and politics continues to this day.
Roger R. Tamte
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252041617
- eISBN:
- 9780252050275
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041617.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
American football grew most directly from a November 1875 rugby-based game between Harvard and Yale. A central organization for rugby (the Rugby Football Union) had been established in London four ...
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American football grew most directly from a November 1875 rugby-based game between Harvard and Yale. A central organization for rugby (the Rugby Football Union) had been established in London four years earlier, in 1871, and had promulgated rules. Having learned rugby from Canada’s McGill College, Harvard in 1875 would play only a rugby-based game, and after some compromising Yale agreed to play. By the end of the game, Yale and its supporters had been converted from their previous preference for soccer to a preference for rugby.Less
American football grew most directly from a November 1875 rugby-based game between Harvard and Yale. A central organization for rugby (the Rugby Football Union) had been established in London four years earlier, in 1871, and had promulgated rules. Having learned rugby from Canada’s McGill College, Harvard in 1875 would play only a rugby-based game, and after some compromising Yale agreed to play. By the end of the game, Yale and its supporters had been converted from their previous preference for soccer to a preference for rugby.
Stephen E. Braude
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226071527
- eISBN:
- 9780226071534
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226071534.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
For over thirty years, the author of this book has studied the paranormal in everyday life, from extrasensory perception and psychokinesis to mediumship and materialization. The book is an account of ...
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For over thirty years, the author of this book has studied the paranormal in everyday life, from extrasensory perception and psychokinesis to mediumship and materialization. The book is an account of his most memorable encounters with such phenomena. Here the author recounts in detail five particular cases—some that challenge our most fundamental scientific beliefs and others that expose our own credulousness—beginning with a south Florida woman who can make thin gold-colored foil appear spontaneously on her skin. He then travels to New York and California to test psychokinetic superstars—and frauds—such as Joe Nuzum, who claim to move objects using only their minds. Along the way, the author also investigates the allegations of K.R., a policeman in Annapolis who believes he can transfer images from photographs onto other objects—including his own body—and Ted Serios, a deceased Chicago elevator operator who could make a variety of different images appear on Polaroid film. Ultimately, the author considers his wife's surprisingly fruitful experiments with astrology, which she has used to guide professional soccer teams to the top of their leagues, as well as his own personal experiences with synchronicity—a phenomenon, he argues, that may need to be explained in terms of a refined, extensive, and dramatic form of psychokinesis.Less
For over thirty years, the author of this book has studied the paranormal in everyday life, from extrasensory perception and psychokinesis to mediumship and materialization. The book is an account of his most memorable encounters with such phenomena. Here the author recounts in detail five particular cases—some that challenge our most fundamental scientific beliefs and others that expose our own credulousness—beginning with a south Florida woman who can make thin gold-colored foil appear spontaneously on her skin. He then travels to New York and California to test psychokinetic superstars—and frauds—such as Joe Nuzum, who claim to move objects using only their minds. Along the way, the author also investigates the allegations of K.R., a policeman in Annapolis who believes he can transfer images from photographs onto other objects—including his own body—and Ted Serios, a deceased Chicago elevator operator who could make a variety of different images appear on Polaroid film. Ultimately, the author considers his wife's surprisingly fruitful experiments with astrology, which she has used to guide professional soccer teams to the top of their leagues, as well as his own personal experiences with synchronicity—a phenomenon, he argues, that may need to be explained in terms of a refined, extensive, and dramatic form of psychokinesis.
Ian Bogost
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816699117
- eISBN:
- 9781452952406
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816699117.003.0016
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
Sports videogames aren’t simulations of sports, they are variants of them. In this chapter, Bogost rejects the idea that sports videogames are aiming to simulate real sports games seen on TV. He ...
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Sports videogames aren’t simulations of sports, they are variants of them. In this chapter, Bogost rejects the idea that sports videogames are aiming to simulate real sports games seen on TV. He outlines a history of sports and how they changed over time; some of our sports today are sort of like ones played in the distant past, but not exactly like them. Then, sports videogames do not have to just be seen as simulations of sports. Rather, they are another way to play sports. Bogost talks about some specific examples of sports videogames, such as Wii Sports.Less
Sports videogames aren’t simulations of sports, they are variants of them. In this chapter, Bogost rejects the idea that sports videogames are aiming to simulate real sports games seen on TV. He outlines a history of sports and how they changed over time; some of our sports today are sort of like ones played in the distant past, but not exactly like them. Then, sports videogames do not have to just be seen as simulations of sports. Rather, they are another way to play sports. Bogost talks about some specific examples of sports videogames, such as Wii Sports.
Donald T. Kirkendall
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807831823
- eISBN:
- 9781469602974
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807882757_kirkendall
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
What are the best fuel foods for soccer players? What training regimen will best prepare young soccer players and improve their resistance to injuries? This book presents answers to these questions. ...
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What are the best fuel foods for soccer players? What training regimen will best prepare young soccer players and improve their resistance to injuries? This book presents answers to these questions. It addresses: the physical and mental demands of the game, including the differences between boys' and girls' games and the differences in the levels of play in youth, college, and professional leagues; nutrition fundamentals, including food, drink, and vitamin supplements; physiology and training methods, with an emphasis on the basic elements of flexibility, speed, strength, and conditioning; and injury treatment and prevention. This guide to health and fitness for soccer players offers expert advice for soccer teams at all levels. The book discusses training practices, physical problems soccer players often encounter, and ways to treat and prevent injury. Topics covered include: important differences between boys' and girls' games; the best foods and fluids for maximum performance; the best training concepts; speed training tips; training considerations specific to female athletes; muscle soreness; treatment of head, knee, leg, ankle, foot, and other injuries; and when to return to play after an injury.Less
What are the best fuel foods for soccer players? What training regimen will best prepare young soccer players and improve their resistance to injuries? This book presents answers to these questions. It addresses: the physical and mental demands of the game, including the differences between boys' and girls' games and the differences in the levels of play in youth, college, and professional leagues; nutrition fundamentals, including food, drink, and vitamin supplements; physiology and training methods, with an emphasis on the basic elements of flexibility, speed, strength, and conditioning; and injury treatment and prevention. This guide to health and fitness for soccer players offers expert advice for soccer teams at all levels. The book discusses training practices, physical problems soccer players often encounter, and ways to treat and prevent injury. Topics covered include: important differences between boys' and girls' games; the best foods and fluids for maximum performance; the best training concepts; speed training tips; training considerations specific to female athletes; muscle soreness; treatment of head, knee, leg, ankle, foot, and other injuries; and when to return to play after an injury.
Margriet Kraamwinkel
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199271818
- eISBN:
- 9780191699542
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271818.003.0017
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law
This chapter addresses a different challenge facing the EU: how citizenship is and should be defined in a ‘community’ which is primarily a market and in which non-market ties (political, cultural, ...
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This chapter addresses a different challenge facing the EU: how citizenship is and should be defined in a ‘community’ which is primarily a market and in which non-market ties (political, cultural, social, national) are relatively less articulated. It argues that, notwithstanding broad phrases in the Treaty, access to ‘EU citizenship’ is in practice conditioned upon performance of paid work (housewives need not apply). Nevertheless, it contends that progressive possibilities remain in a ‘notion of a citizen imagined not only as a man but also as a woman’.Less
This chapter addresses a different challenge facing the EU: how citizenship is and should be defined in a ‘community’ which is primarily a market and in which non-market ties (political, cultural, social, national) are relatively less articulated. It argues that, notwithstanding broad phrases in the Treaty, access to ‘EU citizenship’ is in practice conditioned upon performance of paid work (housewives need not apply). Nevertheless, it contends that progressive possibilities remain in a ‘notion of a citizen imagined not only as a man but also as a woman’.
