WILLIAM J. ASHWORTH
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199259212
- eISBN:
- 9780191717918
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259212.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Economic History
This chapter shows that the evolving English state was ill equipped to combat the dramatic rise in illicit trade that erupted onto the scene in the early 18th century. Seamen with customs commissions ...
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This chapter shows that the evolving English state was ill equipped to combat the dramatic rise in illicit trade that erupted onto the scene in the early 18th century. Seamen with customs commissions were encouraged to tackle smugglers by being offered one-half of the produce of the seizure at the subsequent customs sale. In 1821, a battle with the waterguard involving 250 smugglers took place. Although the combined force of the waterguard, riding officers, cruisers, and coastal blockade took its toll on smugglers, it was also costing too much money and blood. A committee set up to investigate the prevailing system concluded that it suffered from a lack of central control. The result was the assimilation of the waterguard back into customs. The term ‘Coast Guard’ was coined to describe the new amalgamation of representative forces.Less
This chapter shows that the evolving English state was ill equipped to combat the dramatic rise in illicit trade that erupted onto the scene in the early 18th century. Seamen with customs commissions were encouraged to tackle smugglers by being offered one-half of the produce of the seizure at the subsequent customs sale. In 1821, a battle with the waterguard involving 250 smugglers took place. Although the combined force of the waterguard, riding officers, cruisers, and coastal blockade took its toll on smugglers, it was also costing too much money and blood. A committee set up to investigate the prevailing system concluded that it suffered from a lack of central control. The result was the assimilation of the waterguard back into customs. The term ‘Coast Guard’ was coined to describe the new amalgamation of representative forces.
Michael Hirst
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199245390
- eISBN:
- 9780191715013
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199245390.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
In the modern world, it is increasingly difficult for criminal law to be applied on a narrow territorial basis. This is especially apparent in the context of international fraud, drug smuggling, ...
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In the modern world, it is increasingly difficult for criminal law to be applied on a narrow territorial basis. This is especially apparent in the context of international fraud, drug smuggling, Internet crime, and international terrorism. Against that background, this important new work examines some fundamental, but hitherto neglected, issues of domestic criminal law. Where, and to whom, does that law apply? When, in particular, can national law properly concern itself with conduct that takes place wholly or partly abroad? Should it primarily be concerned with delinquent conduct, or with the consequences of that conduct, which may take effect in a different part of the world? On what basis can a person who is not a UK national be regarded as offending against the law if he is not within the territories governed by that law? What is the position under international law? And how are the precise boundaries (especially the adjacent maritime boundaries) of a nation's criminal law defined? This book examines the territorial and extraterritorial application of the criminal law, identifying many defects, lacunae, and historical accidents; and considers possible ways in which some at least of the problems that beset these areas of law might be alleviated.Less
In the modern world, it is increasingly difficult for criminal law to be applied on a narrow territorial basis. This is especially apparent in the context of international fraud, drug smuggling, Internet crime, and international terrorism. Against that background, this important new work examines some fundamental, but hitherto neglected, issues of domestic criminal law. Where, and to whom, does that law apply? When, in particular, can national law properly concern itself with conduct that takes place wholly or partly abroad? Should it primarily be concerned with delinquent conduct, or with the consequences of that conduct, which may take effect in a different part of the world? On what basis can a person who is not a UK national be regarded as offending against the law if he is not within the territories governed by that law? What is the position under international law? And how are the precise boundaries (especially the adjacent maritime boundaries) of a nation's criminal law defined? This book examines the territorial and extraterritorial application of the criminal law, identifying many defects, lacunae, and historical accidents; and considers possible ways in which some at least of the problems that beset these areas of law might be alleviated.
Alexander Betts (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600458
- eISBN:
- 9780191723544
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral ...
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Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral treaties on migration. Instead, sovereign states generally decide their own immigration policies. However, given the growing politicization of migration and the recognition that states cannot always address migration in isolation from one another, a debate has emerged about what type of international institutions and cooperation are required to meet the challenges of international migration. Until now, though, that emerging debate on global migration governance has lacked a clear analytical understanding of what global migration governance actually is, the politics underlying it, and the basis on which we can make claims about what ‘better’ migration governance might look like. In order to address this gap, the book brings together a group of the world's leading experts on migration to consider the global governance of different aspects of migration. The chapters offer an accessible introduction to the global governance of low-skilled labour migration, high-skilled labour migration, irregular migration, lifestyle migration, international travel, refugees, internally displaced persons, human trafficking and smuggling, diaspora, remittances, and root causes. Each of the chapters explores the three same broad questions: What, institutionally, is the global governance of migration in that area? Why, politically, does that type of governance exist? How, normatively, can we ground claims about the type of global governance that should exist in that area? Collectively, the chapters enhance our understanding of the international politics of migration and set out a vision for international cooperation on migration.Less
Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral treaties on migration. Instead, sovereign states generally decide their own immigration policies. However, given the growing politicization of migration and the recognition that states cannot always address migration in isolation from one another, a debate has emerged about what type of international institutions and cooperation are required to meet the challenges of international migration. Until now, though, that emerging debate on global migration governance has lacked a clear analytical understanding of what global migration governance actually is, the politics underlying it, and the basis on which we can make claims about what ‘better’ migration governance might look like. In order to address this gap, the book brings together a group of the world's leading experts on migration to consider the global governance of different aspects of migration. The chapters offer an accessible introduction to the global governance of low-skilled labour migration, high-skilled labour migration, irregular migration, lifestyle migration, international travel, refugees, internally displaced persons, human trafficking and smuggling, diaspora, remittances, and root causes. Each of the chapters explores the three same broad questions: What, institutionally, is the global governance of migration in that area? Why, politically, does that type of governance exist? How, normatively, can we ground claims about the type of global governance that should exist in that area? Collectively, the chapters enhance our understanding of the international politics of migration and set out a vision for international cooperation on migration.
Susan Martin and Amber Callaway
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600458
- eISBN:
- 9780191723544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
Human trafficking is the third largest and fastest growing criminal industry in the world. It affects millions of people around the globe and reaps billions in profits. Trafficking is generally ...
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Human trafficking is the third largest and fastest growing criminal industry in the world. It affects millions of people around the globe and reaps billions in profits. Trafficking is generally thought of as the movement of a person from one country to another. However, trafficking within countries is also common, and perhaps occurs to an even greater extent than transnational trafficking. The international regime to address human trafficking issues has evolved during the past decade, with the adoption and entry into force of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (hereafter called the Palermo Protocol) in 2003, which supplements the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. A complex set of institutional frameworks have developed as well, offering a wide array of programmes to address the three basic components of an anti-trafficking strategy: prosecution of traffickers, prevention of trafficking, and protection of trafficking victims. Gaps still exist, however, in the organizational capacities to address prevention and protection issues. As with other international regimes focused on movements of people, the legal frameworks and institutional responses tend to be focused only on those who have been forced to cross borders. While constraints of sovereignty undoubtedly make it far more difficult to address internal trafficking, a more comprehensive approach to combating this phenomenon requires broader international attention to this form of trafficking.Less
Human trafficking is the third largest and fastest growing criminal industry in the world. It affects millions of people around the globe and reaps billions in profits. Trafficking is generally thought of as the movement of a person from one country to another. However, trafficking within countries is also common, and perhaps occurs to an even greater extent than transnational trafficking. The international regime to address human trafficking issues has evolved during the past decade, with the adoption and entry into force of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (hereafter called the Palermo Protocol) in 2003, which supplements the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. A complex set of institutional frameworks have developed as well, offering a wide array of programmes to address the three basic components of an anti-trafficking strategy: prosecution of traffickers, prevention of trafficking, and protection of trafficking victims. Gaps still exist, however, in the organizational capacities to address prevention and protection issues. As with other international regimes focused on movements of people, the legal frameworks and institutional responses tend to be focused only on those who have been forced to cross borders. While constraints of sovereignty undoubtedly make it far more difficult to address internal trafficking, a more comprehensive approach to combating this phenomenon requires broader international attention to this form of trafficking.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter explores the emergence of Colombia as an opiate producer during the 1970s. It suggests that some of the factors that contributed to the development of the opiate industry in Colombia are ...
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This chapter explores the emergence of Colombia as an opiate producer during the 1970s. It suggests that some of the factors that contributed to the development of the opiate industry in Colombia are natural and socioeconomic. These include the pre-existing cocaine industry, the existence of established drug-smuggling networks for the U.S. and the weakness of the Colombian government. This chapter contends that the emergence of Colombian heroin production is informative about what risk factors might lead to new countries entering the opiate trade.Less
This chapter explores the emergence of Colombia as an opiate producer during the 1970s. It suggests that some of the factors that contributed to the development of the opiate industry in Colombia are natural and socioeconomic. These include the pre-existing cocaine industry, the existence of established drug-smuggling networks for the U.S. and the weakness of the Colombian government. This chapter contends that the emergence of Colombian heroin production is informative about what risk factors might lead to new countries entering the opiate trade.
WILLIAM J. ASHWORTH
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199259212
- eISBN:
- 9780191717918
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259212.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Economic History
This chapter discusses the problem of smuggling. The authorities recognized that punishment and the use of arms needed to be accompanied by a more constructive policy. Not only were new and old ...
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This chapter discusses the problem of smuggling. The authorities recognized that punishment and the use of arms needed to be accompanied by a more constructive policy. Not only were new and old domestic Industries protected, but they also had to be as good as foreign equivalents to help stem smuggling. Excise stipulations were an important tool in nurturing quality improvements within Britain's backward industries.Less
This chapter discusses the problem of smuggling. The authorities recognized that punishment and the use of arms needed to be accompanied by a more constructive policy. Not only were new and old domestic Industries protected, but they also had to be as good as foreign equivalents to help stem smuggling. Excise stipulations were an important tool in nurturing quality improvements within Britain's backward industries.
Manolo I. Abella
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199269006
- eISBN:
- 9780191601309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199269009.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Job brokering for profit has become an important institution in the market for foreign labour, especially where social networks are not yet established to facilitate migration or where states of ...
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Job brokering for profit has become an important institution in the market for foreign labour, especially where social networks are not yet established to facilitate migration or where states of employment and origin have not agreed on exclusive systems for recruiting labour. Job brokers or recruiters have successfully organized labour migration between many states, especially where few or no political or economic linkages have existed before. However, recruiting activities have been frequently characterized by fraudulent practices. Little evidence indicates that public authorities’ efforts to protect workers against such practices have been effective.Less
Job brokering for profit has become an important institution in the market for foreign labour, especially where social networks are not yet established to facilitate migration or where states of employment and origin have not agreed on exclusive systems for recruiting labour. Job brokers or recruiters have successfully organized labour migration between many states, especially where few or no political or economic linkages have existed before. However, recruiting activities have been frequently characterized by fraudulent practices. Little evidence indicates that public authorities’ efforts to protect workers against such practices have been effective.
David Gutman
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474445245
- eISBN:
- 9781474476829
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474445245.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This book tells the story of Armenian migration to North America in the late Ottoman period, and Istanbul’s efforts to prevent it. It shows how, much like the present, migrants in the late 19th and ...
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This book tells the story of Armenian migration to North America in the late Ottoman period, and Istanbul’s efforts to prevent it. It shows how, much like the present, migrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were forced to travel through clandestine smuggling networks, frustrating the enforcement of the ban on migration. Further, migrants who attempted to return home from sojourns in North America risked debarment at the border and deportation, while the return of migrants who had naturalised as US citizens generated friction between the United States and Ottoman governments.
The author sheds light on the relationship between the imperial state and its Armenian populations in the decades leading up to the Armenian genocide. He also places the Ottoman Empire squarely in the middle of global debates on migration, border control and restriction in this period, adding to our understanding of the global historical origins of contemporary immigration politics and other issues of relevance in the Middle East region, such as borders and frontiers, migrants and refugees, and ethno-religious minorities.Less
This book tells the story of Armenian migration to North America in the late Ottoman period, and Istanbul’s efforts to prevent it. It shows how, much like the present, migrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were forced to travel through clandestine smuggling networks, frustrating the enforcement of the ban on migration. Further, migrants who attempted to return home from sojourns in North America risked debarment at the border and deportation, while the return of migrants who had naturalised as US citizens generated friction between the United States and Ottoman governments.
The author sheds light on the relationship between the imperial state and its Armenian populations in the decades leading up to the Armenian genocide. He also places the Ottoman Empire squarely in the middle of global debates on migration, border control and restriction in this period, adding to our understanding of the global historical origins of contemporary immigration politics and other issues of relevance in the Middle East region, such as borders and frontiers, migrants and refugees, and ethno-religious minorities.
Lisa Lindquist Dorr
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643274
- eISBN:
- 9781469643298
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643274.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Lisa Lindquist Dorr tells the story of the vast smuggling network that brought high-end distilled spirits and, eventually, other cargoes (including undocumented immigrants) from Great Britain and ...
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Lisa Lindquist Dorr tells the story of the vast smuggling network that brought high-end distilled spirits and, eventually, other cargoes (including undocumented immigrants) from Great Britain and Europe through Cuba to the United States between 1920 and the end of Prohibition. Because of their proximity to liquor-exporting islands, the numerous beaches along the southern coast presented ideal landing points for smugglers and distribution points for their supply networks. From the warehouses of liquor wholesalers in Havana to the decks of rum runners to transportation networks heading northward, Dorr explores these operations, from the people who ran the trade to the determined efforts of the U.S. Coast Guard and other law enforcement agencies to stop liquor traffic on the high seas, in Cuba, and in southern communities. In the process, she shows the role smuggling played in creating a more transnational, enterprising, and modern South.Less
Lisa Lindquist Dorr tells the story of the vast smuggling network that brought high-end distilled spirits and, eventually, other cargoes (including undocumented immigrants) from Great Britain and Europe through Cuba to the United States between 1920 and the end of Prohibition. Because of their proximity to liquor-exporting islands, the numerous beaches along the southern coast presented ideal landing points for smugglers and distribution points for their supply networks. From the warehouses of liquor wholesalers in Havana to the decks of rum runners to transportation networks heading northward, Dorr explores these operations, from the people who ran the trade to the determined efforts of the U.S. Coast Guard and other law enforcement agencies to stop liquor traffic on the high seas, in Cuba, and in southern communities. In the process, she shows the role smuggling played in creating a more transnational, enterprising, and modern South.
Rachel St. John
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691141541
- eISBN:
- 9781400838639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691141541.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter examines how U.S. prohibitions prompted the growth of border vice districts and alcohol and drug smuggling along the boundary line and explores the conflict that arose on both sides of ...
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This chapter examines how U.S. prohibitions prompted the growth of border vice districts and alcohol and drug smuggling along the boundary line and explores the conflict that arose on both sides of the border over how the nation-states could or should use border controls to stymie these developments. By the 1920s, both Americans and Mexicans had become aware that the border control apparatus that the states had erected on the border for national defense and customs enforcement could also be used for new state prerogatives, including morality regulation. However, the conditional controls—including the early closing of border gates—raised questions about who had the right to regulate the boundary line and on what basis they should be allowed to enforce that control. While American reformers lauded the establishment of early closing hours, many business people, bureaucrats, and Mexican nationalists challenged the U.S. government's authority to unilaterally use the boundary line for the purposes of enforcing moral standards.Less
This chapter examines how U.S. prohibitions prompted the growth of border vice districts and alcohol and drug smuggling along the boundary line and explores the conflict that arose on both sides of the border over how the nation-states could or should use border controls to stymie these developments. By the 1920s, both Americans and Mexicans had become aware that the border control apparatus that the states had erected on the border for national defense and customs enforcement could also be used for new state prerogatives, including morality regulation. However, the conditional controls—including the early closing of border gates—raised questions about who had the right to regulate the boundary line and on what basis they should be allowed to enforce that control. While American reformers lauded the establishment of early closing hours, many business people, bureaucrats, and Mexican nationalists challenged the U.S. government's authority to unilaterally use the boundary line for the purposes of enforcing moral standards.
Benjamin L. Carp
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304022
- eISBN:
- 9780199788606
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304022.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
The first chapter focuses on the imperial conflict as it unfolded in the maritime and commercial spaces of Boston. Boston hosted a series crowd actions: the Knowles Riot of 1747, the Stamp Act riots ...
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The first chapter focuses on the imperial conflict as it unfolded in the maritime and commercial spaces of Boston. Boston hosted a series crowd actions: the Knowles Riot of 1747, the Stamp Act riots of 1765, the Liberty riot of 1768, the Boston Massacre of 1770, and the Boston Tea Party of 1773. British authorities repeatedly tried to assert control over Boston's waterfront community, and each time, merchants and mariners mobilized in response to impressment (by resisting), customs duties (by smuggling), and other impositions of imperial authority. Five times the Bostonians banished imperial officials, soldiers, and other pariahs to Castle Island in the harbor. The central significance of the Boston waterfront had crystallized by 1774, when Parliament singled the city out for punishment. Boston's conspicuous leadership among the waterfront communities of North America demonstrated how mobilization could unify city dwellers from throughout the social spectrum and across the continent.Less
The first chapter focuses on the imperial conflict as it unfolded in the maritime and commercial spaces of Boston. Boston hosted a series crowd actions: the Knowles Riot of 1747, the Stamp Act riots of 1765, the Liberty riot of 1768, the Boston Massacre of 1770, and the Boston Tea Party of 1773. British authorities repeatedly tried to assert control over Boston's waterfront community, and each time, merchants and mariners mobilized in response to impressment (by resisting), customs duties (by smuggling), and other impositions of imperial authority. Five times the Bostonians banished imperial officials, soldiers, and other pariahs to Castle Island in the harbor. The central significance of the Boston waterfront had crystallized by 1774, when Parliament singled the city out for punishment. Boston's conspicuous leadership among the waterfront communities of North America demonstrated how mobilization could unify city dwellers from throughout the social spectrum and across the continent.
M. Pollard
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198184096
- eISBN:
- 9780191674174
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184096.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
The Irish book trade has hitherto been viewed as a footnote to the English trade. This book studies Irish bookselling practices, particularly those of Dublin. The study draws on a wealth of material ...
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The Irish book trade has hitherto been viewed as a footnote to the English trade. This book studies Irish bookselling practices, particularly those of Dublin. The study draws on a wealth of material — daybooks, imprints, advertisements, and the books themselves — to build up a detailed picture of the fortunes and practices of Irish bookselling. The English book trade bore heavily on the Irish, especially in the areas of legal restraints and censorship. Interestingly, there are documented instances of book-smuggling to Britain. But the study does not concentrate solely on relations with London: it looks at the market at home, the structure and economic background to the Dublin trade, and at what books were published and for whom. In particular, it examines the significant expansion of the book trade during the 18th century, and surveys imports and exports for the first time.Less
The Irish book trade has hitherto been viewed as a footnote to the English trade. This book studies Irish bookselling practices, particularly those of Dublin. The study draws on a wealth of material — daybooks, imprints, advertisements, and the books themselves — to build up a detailed picture of the fortunes and practices of Irish bookselling. The English book trade bore heavily on the Irish, especially in the areas of legal restraints and censorship. Interestingly, there are documented instances of book-smuggling to Britain. But the study does not concentrate solely on relations with London: it looks at the market at home, the structure and economic background to the Dublin trade, and at what books were published and for whom. In particular, it examines the significant expansion of the book trade during the 18th century, and surveys imports and exports for the first time.
Nicholas Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300169621
- eISBN:
- 9780300189063
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300169621.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
After the end of the War of Austrian Succession in 1748, thousands of unemployed, including soldiers and seamen, found themselves on the streets of London ready to roister and steal. This book ...
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After the end of the War of Austrian Succession in 1748, thousands of unemployed, including soldiers and seamen, found themselves on the streets of London ready to roister and steal. This book explores the moral panic associated with the rapid demobilization aftermath the War of Austrian Succession. Through interlocking stories of duels, highway robberies, smuggling, riots, binge drinking, and even two earthquakes, it captures the anxieties of a half-decade, and assesses the social reforms contemporaries framed and imagined to deal with the crisis. Later, the book also argues that in addressing these events, contemporaries not only endorsed the traditional sanction of public executions, but also wrestled with the problem of expanding the parameters of government to include practices and institutions, we now regard as commonplace: censuses, the regularization of marriage through uniform methods of registration, penitentiaries, and police forces.Less
After the end of the War of Austrian Succession in 1748, thousands of unemployed, including soldiers and seamen, found themselves on the streets of London ready to roister and steal. This book explores the moral panic associated with the rapid demobilization aftermath the War of Austrian Succession. Through interlocking stories of duels, highway robberies, smuggling, riots, binge drinking, and even two earthquakes, it captures the anxieties of a half-decade, and assesses the social reforms contemporaries framed and imagined to deal with the crisis. Later, the book also argues that in addressing these events, contemporaries not only endorsed the traditional sanction of public executions, but also wrestled with the problem of expanding the parameters of government to include practices and institutions, we now regard as commonplace: censuses, the regularization of marriage through uniform methods of registration, penitentiaries, and police forces.
Sijbren Cnossen and Michael Smart
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278596
- eISBN:
- 9780191602856
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278598.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Cigarette taxes (specific and ad valorem excises plus VAT) in the EU at more than 300 per cent of the pre-tax retail price are the highest on any single product in the world (by comparison, the VAT ...
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Cigarette taxes (specific and ad valorem excises plus VAT) in the EU at more than 300 per cent of the pre-tax retail price are the highest on any single product in the world (by comparison, the VAT is, on average, 19 per cent.) In the US, the overall average level is only half the EU level. Within the EU and the US, the level of cigarette taxation differs widely between states. Interestingly, the ad valorem excise is mainly an EU phenomenon; it tends to protect the cheap tobaccos grown in southern member states. Concern about revenue and the restraining effect high cigarette taxes appear to have on the young are the main reasons for the high level of tobacco taxation. The young tend to undervalue future health damage. But apart from this special case of information failure, the case for high tobacco taxes appears weak. If individuals are fully informed about the consequences of smoking, the net external costs, which allow for the cost savings of premature deaths, may be low or even negligible. Furthermore, illegal bootlegging and smuggling, which undermine public revenue and health objectives, have reached alarming proportions, particularly in the EU. Accordingly, the authors conclude that there are conceptual and empirical limits to excessively high levels of tobacco taxation.Less
Cigarette taxes (specific and ad valorem excises plus VAT) in the EU at more than 300 per cent of the pre-tax retail price are the highest on any single product in the world (by comparison, the VAT is, on average, 19 per cent.) In the US, the overall average level is only half the EU level. Within the EU and the US, the level of cigarette taxation differs widely between states. Interestingly, the ad valorem excise is mainly an EU phenomenon; it tends to protect the cheap tobaccos grown in southern member states. Concern about revenue and the restraining effect high cigarette taxes appear to have on the young are the main reasons for the high level of tobacco taxation. The young tend to undervalue future health damage. But apart from this special case of information failure, the case for high tobacco taxes appears weak. If individuals are fully informed about the consequences of smoking, the net external costs, which allow for the cost savings of premature deaths, may be low or even negligible. Furthermore, illegal bootlegging and smuggling, which undermine public revenue and health objectives, have reached alarming proportions, particularly in the EU. Accordingly, the authors conclude that there are conceptual and empirical limits to excessively high levels of tobacco taxation.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on opposition to the French regime, starting with the most widespread forms of disorder (smuggling, contraband and banditry) which as in much of the rest of Napoleonic Europe ...
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This chapter focuses on opposition to the French regime, starting with the most widespread forms of disorder (smuggling, contraband and banditry) which as in much of the rest of Napoleonic Europe were direct consequences of the emperor's incessant wars; the commercial recession in the Mediterranean that dated back to the start of the revolutionary wars; and the attempts to enforce the Continental Blockade. It examines the many faces of brigandage, highlighting the ways in which powerful landowners used brigandage as a source of profit but also to protect their own interests. This was clearly understood by General Charles Antoine Manhès in 1810-11, whose savage repression of brigandage during that time was directed primarily against the brigands' powerful accomplices, which explains why his measures attracted unusual notoriety and protest.Less
This chapter focuses on opposition to the French regime, starting with the most widespread forms of disorder (smuggling, contraband and banditry) which as in much of the rest of Napoleonic Europe were direct consequences of the emperor's incessant wars; the commercial recession in the Mediterranean that dated back to the start of the revolutionary wars; and the attempts to enforce the Continental Blockade. It examines the many faces of brigandage, highlighting the ways in which powerful landowners used brigandage as a source of profit but also to protect their own interests. This was clearly understood by General Charles Antoine Manhès in 1810-11, whose savage repression of brigandage during that time was directed primarily against the brigands' powerful accomplices, which explains why his measures attracted unusual notoriety and protest.
T.N. Srinivasan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198076384
- eISBN:
- 9780199080854
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198076384.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter draws a distinction between the intrinsic and instrumental values of India's development. It argues that since long before independence, there was a consensus on the intrinsic ...
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This chapter draws a distinction between the intrinsic and instrumental values of India's development. It argues that since long before independence, there was a consensus on the intrinsic overarching objective of development of India among the polity and society — the eradication of mass poverty within a reasonable time horizon. The chapter identifies accelerating growth, ensuring its appropriate distribution and sustainability, and reforms as instruments for achieving this intrinsic objective. It focuses on the period of the ‘Hindu Rate of Growth’ from 1950–1 to 1979–80, when the infamous License-Permit-Raj was in full sway. It covers the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 and the 1970s when many draconian laws, such as the Industrial Disputes Act (IDA) and its amendment, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act, Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), and Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Act (COFEPOSA) were enacted. It also discusses the severe macroeconomic and balance of payments crisis of 1966 and economic liberalization of 1966–8.Less
This chapter draws a distinction between the intrinsic and instrumental values of India's development. It argues that since long before independence, there was a consensus on the intrinsic overarching objective of development of India among the polity and society — the eradication of mass poverty within a reasonable time horizon. The chapter identifies accelerating growth, ensuring its appropriate distribution and sustainability, and reforms as instruments for achieving this intrinsic objective. It focuses on the period of the ‘Hindu Rate of Growth’ from 1950–1 to 1979–80, when the infamous License-Permit-Raj was in full sway. It covers the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 and the 1970s when many draconian laws, such as the Industrial Disputes Act (IDA) and its amendment, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act, Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), and Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Act (COFEPOSA) were enacted. It also discusses the severe macroeconomic and balance of payments crisis of 1966 and economic liberalization of 1966–8.
Frederic Wakeman
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520234079
- eISBN:
- 9780520928763
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520234079.003.0023
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter focuses on the wartime smuggling networks of Dai Li. It explains that wartime China was crisscrossed with smugglers' routes that linked the two realms through freebooters' trading posts ...
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This chapter focuses on the wartime smuggling networks of Dai Li. It explains that wartime China was crisscrossed with smugglers' routes that linked the two realms through freebooters' trading posts and that Dai Li's smuggling empire was built upon a system of revenue collection enforcement that went back to the formation of a taxation police force during the early 1930s. The chapter discusses the Lin Shiliang case and suggests that the transfer of the control of the Smuggling Prevention Office from Dai Li to civilian authorities hardly crimped Dai Li's operations.Less
This chapter focuses on the wartime smuggling networks of Dai Li. It explains that wartime China was crisscrossed with smugglers' routes that linked the two realms through freebooters' trading posts and that Dai Li's smuggling empire was built upon a system of revenue collection enforcement that went back to the formation of a taxation police force during the early 1930s. The chapter discusses the Lin Shiliang case and suggests that the transfer of the control of the Smuggling Prevention Office from Dai Li to civilian authorities hardly crimped Dai Li's operations.
Asif Efrat
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199760305
- eISBN:
- 9780199950010
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199760305.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
From human trafficking to smuggling small arms to looting antiquities, illicit trade poses significant threats to international order. So why is it difficult to establish international cooperation ...
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From human trafficking to smuggling small arms to looting antiquities, illicit trade poses significant threats to international order. So why is it difficult to establish international cooperation against illicit trade? This book offers a novel, thought-provoking answer to this crucial question. Conventional wisdom holds that powerful criminal groups obstruct efforts to suppress illicit trade. In contrast, this book explains how legitimate actors, such as arms manufacturers or museums that acquire and display looted antiquities, often act to hinder policing efforts. However, such efforts to evade regulation often fuel intense political conflicts between governments that demand action against illicit trade and others that are reluctant to cooperate. The book offers a framework for understanding the domestic origins of this conflict—and how the distribution of power shapes the conflict's outcome. Through this framework, the book explains why the interests of governments vary across countries, trades, and time. In an empirical analysis, it solves a variety of puzzles: Why is the international regulation of small arms much weaker than international drug control? What led the United States and Britain to oppose the efforts against plunder of antiquities and why did they ultimately join these efforts? How did American pressure motivate Israel to tackle sex trafficking?Less
From human trafficking to smuggling small arms to looting antiquities, illicit trade poses significant threats to international order. So why is it difficult to establish international cooperation against illicit trade? This book offers a novel, thought-provoking answer to this crucial question. Conventional wisdom holds that powerful criminal groups obstruct efforts to suppress illicit trade. In contrast, this book explains how legitimate actors, such as arms manufacturers or museums that acquire and display looted antiquities, often act to hinder policing efforts. However, such efforts to evade regulation often fuel intense political conflicts between governments that demand action against illicit trade and others that are reluctant to cooperate. The book offers a framework for understanding the domestic origins of this conflict—and how the distribution of power shapes the conflict's outcome. Through this framework, the book explains why the interests of governments vary across countries, trades, and time. In an empirical analysis, it solves a variety of puzzles: Why is the international regulation of small arms much weaker than international drug control? What led the United States and Britain to oppose the efforts against plunder of antiquities and why did they ultimately join these efforts? How did American pressure motivate Israel to tackle sex trafficking?
Thomas G. Paterson
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195101201
- eISBN:
- 9780199854189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195101201.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The Barbudos remained in the mountain ranges and the Batista troops faltered to track them. The 26th of July Movement guerrillas slowly increased their “Free Territory” in the Oriente Province, ...
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The Barbudos remained in the mountain ranges and the Batista troops faltered to track them. The 26th of July Movement guerrillas slowly increased their “Free Territory” in the Oriente Province, obtaining recruits and arms. With triangular shoulder patches to identify them as part of the rebel troop, Castro forces patiently developed the support of local guajiros (peasants), who provided them food, shelter, and their young sons as messengers and lookouts. Rebel sympathizers in America sent smuggled arms to Cuba by hiding bullets, machine guns, and pistols in cars shipped via the ferry boat from Key West to the Havana car agency. Female activists travelled from Miami to Cuba with small guns hidden under their skirts.Less
The Barbudos remained in the mountain ranges and the Batista troops faltered to track them. The 26th of July Movement guerrillas slowly increased their “Free Territory” in the Oriente Province, obtaining recruits and arms. With triangular shoulder patches to identify them as part of the rebel troop, Castro forces patiently developed the support of local guajiros (peasants), who provided them food, shelter, and their young sons as messengers and lookouts. Rebel sympathizers in America sent smuggled arms to Cuba by hiding bullets, machine guns, and pistols in cars shipped via the ferry boat from Key West to the Havana car agency. Female activists travelled from Miami to Cuba with small guns hidden under their skirts.
Silvia Scarpa
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199541904
- eISBN:
- 9780191715464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541904.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter offers a global overview on the instruments of international law adopted in the last three centuries to fight against slavery, the slave trade, the white slave traffic, and trafficking ...
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This chapter offers a global overview on the instruments of international law adopted in the last three centuries to fight against slavery, the slave trade, the white slave traffic, and trafficking in persons. It also examines the provisions of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons aimed at preventing human trafficking, prosecuting this offence and protecting the victims and differentiates trafficking in human beings from the smuggling of migrants. Some relevant soft law instruments are reviewed to complete the picture on the issue of the protection that States might grant to trafficked victims. Finally, the chapter points out that the prohibition of slavery is considered to be a well-established jus cogens principle and it is argued that under certain circumstances trafficking in persons ought rightly to be considered a part of it.Less
This chapter offers a global overview on the instruments of international law adopted in the last three centuries to fight against slavery, the slave trade, the white slave traffic, and trafficking in persons. It also examines the provisions of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons aimed at preventing human trafficking, prosecuting this offence and protecting the victims and differentiates trafficking in human beings from the smuggling of migrants. Some relevant soft law instruments are reviewed to complete the picture on the issue of the protection that States might grant to trafficked victims. Finally, the chapter points out that the prohibition of slavery is considered to be a well-established jus cogens principle and it is argued that under certain circumstances trafficking in persons ought rightly to be considered a part of it.
