Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came ...
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This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came out of literatures on industrial districts and the Japanese system of production. Elements of both are contained within current practices. A second section discusses the locational dynamics within supply chains dominated by multinational corporations. A final section looks at small and medium sized firm efforts to globalize within contemporary transnational supply chains and examines a range of public policy efforts to support sme globalizationLess
This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came out of literatures on industrial districts and the Japanese system of production. Elements of both are contained within current practices. A second section discusses the locational dynamics within supply chains dominated by multinational corporations. A final section looks at small and medium sized firm efforts to globalize within contemporary transnational supply chains and examines a range of public policy efforts to support sme globalization
JAMES MOORE
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199754656
- eISBN:
- 9780199979462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754656.003.0026
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, International
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in economic development in developing countries by furnishing needed goods and services to consumers, creating most employment ...
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Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in economic development in developing countries by furnishing needed goods and services to consumers, creating most employment opportunities, and driving innovation. Yet, these enterprises face numerous hurdles when seeking credit and debt options in the form of short- and medium-term financing. This problem is particularly acute in developing economies where SMEs represent a disproportionately small percentage of the overall number of private enterprises. Conversely, in many of these economies micro enterprises and large firms face a far less challenging environment for finance access due to structural legacies in the local banking industry and recent innovations in the area of microfinance. Despite the challenges faced by SMEs, a new breed of financial intermediary has begun to demonstrate successful lending relationships with firms once considered unbankable. Deploying a modified version of an existing lending technology known as "value chain lending," these financial players have introduced a new and effective tool whose use highlights new banking opportunities for both local and international firms in a market segment primed for growth.Less
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in economic development in developing countries by furnishing needed goods and services to consumers, creating most employment opportunities, and driving innovation. Yet, these enterprises face numerous hurdles when seeking credit and debt options in the form of short- and medium-term financing. This problem is particularly acute in developing economies where SMEs represent a disproportionately small percentage of the overall number of private enterprises. Conversely, in many of these economies micro enterprises and large firms face a far less challenging environment for finance access due to structural legacies in the local banking industry and recent innovations in the area of microfinance. Despite the challenges faced by SMEs, a new breed of financial intermediary has begun to demonstrate successful lending relationships with firms once considered unbankable. Deploying a modified version of an existing lending technology known as "value chain lending," these financial players have introduced a new and effective tool whose use highlights new banking opportunities for both local and international firms in a market segment primed for growth.
Michael K Addo
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198795650
- eISBN:
- 9780191836961
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter assesses the challenges posed by the implementation of business and human rights standards, especially the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) in small ...
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This chapter assesses the challenges posed by the implementation of business and human rights standards, especially the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Although SMEs make up between 85 and 99 per cent of global enterprises, they have not been directly involved in the crafting of these standards and this coupled with the traditional focus on transnational enterprises gives a flavour of the formidably challenging context in which the UNGPs are to be implemented. Drawing on lessons from related disciplines such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental sustainability, the chapter explores the implications for human rights of issues such as SME identity, organizational structures, and their place in supply chains. The chapter concludes that the challenges are not overwhelming, especially if the unique characteristics of SMEs such as their flexibility, adaptability, and clear leaderships can be leveraged to achieve the objectives of the business and human rights standards.Less
This chapter assesses the challenges posed by the implementation of business and human rights standards, especially the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Although SMEs make up between 85 and 99 per cent of global enterprises, they have not been directly involved in the crafting of these standards and this coupled with the traditional focus on transnational enterprises gives a flavour of the formidably challenging context in which the UNGPs are to be implemented. Drawing on lessons from related disciplines such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental sustainability, the chapter explores the implications for human rights of issues such as SME identity, organizational structures, and their place in supply chains. The chapter concludes that the challenges are not overwhelming, especially if the unique characteristics of SMEs such as their flexibility, adaptability, and clear leaderships can be leveraged to achieve the objectives of the business and human rights standards.
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter examines the way that German and US manufacturers are implementing the modal form of vertical disintegration: Sustained, Contingent Collaboration. In contrast to the expectations of the ...
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This chapter examines the way that German and US manufacturers are implementing the modal form of vertical disintegration: Sustained, Contingent Collaboration. In contrast to the expectations of the Varieties of Capitalism perspective, both German and American manufacturers appear to be successfully embracing SCC. More troubling for institutionalism, the character of experimentation in both places appears not to be significantly constrained by the existing institutional system of rules and constraint. Actors are creatively circumventing rules and ignoring constraints to construct SCC. In the process, they are also recasting old and creating new differences between the two countries.Less
This chapter examines the way that German and US manufacturers are implementing the modal form of vertical disintegration: Sustained, Contingent Collaboration. In contrast to the expectations of the Varieties of Capitalism perspective, both German and American manufacturers appear to be successfully embracing SCC. More troubling for institutionalism, the character of experimentation in both places appears not to be significantly constrained by the existing institutional system of rules and constraint. Actors are creatively circumventing rules and ignoring constraints to construct SCC. In the process, they are also recasting old and creating new differences between the two countries.
Sam Ock Park
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250011
- eISBN:
- 9780191596216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250014.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Innovation systems and local global networks of high‐technology industry in Korea are examined with regard to the evolution of the knowledge‐based economy. Major data for the study are derived from a ...
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Innovation systems and local global networks of high‐technology industry in Korea are examined with regard to the evolution of the knowledge‐based economy. Major data for the study are derived from a recent questionnaire survey of SMEs (small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises) conducted for the IMF in 1997, and from an interview survey conducted in 1995 for the high‐technology industries in Korea. Changes are outlined in Korean industry since the rapid industrialization period of the 1970s, when chaebols (conglomerate business groups) rather than SMEs emerged as the leading actors in industrial development; the chaebol system was broken up following the foreign exchange crisis of November 1997. The main sections of the chapter cover regional variation of innovation performance, local innovation networks of SMEs, and local and global networks of high‐technology clusters in Kyonggi and Kumi.Less
Innovation systems and local global networks of high‐technology industry in Korea are examined with regard to the evolution of the knowledge‐based economy. Major data for the study are derived from a recent questionnaire survey of SMEs (small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises) conducted for the IMF in 1997, and from an interview survey conducted in 1995 for the high‐technology industries in Korea. Changes are outlined in Korean industry since the rapid industrialization period of the 1970s, when chaebols (conglomerate business groups) rather than SMEs emerged as the leading actors in industrial development; the chaebol system was broken up following the foreign exchange crisis of November 1997. The main sections of the chapter cover regional variation of innovation performance, local innovation networks of SMEs, and local and global networks of high‐technology clusters in Kyonggi and Kumi.
Francisca Ninik Yudianti
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823267309
- eISBN:
- 9780823272334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823267309.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Do the principles and frameworks provided by Catholic Social Teaching (CST) have any effect today on the processes of democratic practices and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Catholic-owned ...
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Do the principles and frameworks provided by Catholic Social Teaching (CST) have any effect today on the processes of democratic practices and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Catholic-owned businesses? The results of Yudianti’s economic analysis indicate that, in fact, yes, the democratic practices of Catholic Social Teaching (CST) do have a positive effect on the adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a business practice in the corporate culture of the Yogyakarta Special Region in Indonesia. While this is particularly true for the Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SME) in the Yogyakarta Special Region whose owners identify as Catholic, it remains to be seen the extent to which such practices have an impact on the Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SME) in the Yogyakarta Special Region whose owners identify as Muslim. While more research needs to be conducted in these areas, Yudianti’s contribution to the conversation suggests that such research ought to be undertaken, given that her preliminary findings show positive results for the practice of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).Less
Do the principles and frameworks provided by Catholic Social Teaching (CST) have any effect today on the processes of democratic practices and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Catholic-owned businesses? The results of Yudianti’s economic analysis indicate that, in fact, yes, the democratic practices of Catholic Social Teaching (CST) do have a positive effect on the adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a business practice in the corporate culture of the Yogyakarta Special Region in Indonesia. While this is particularly true for the Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SME) in the Yogyakarta Special Region whose owners identify as Catholic, it remains to be seen the extent to which such practices have an impact on the Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SME) in the Yogyakarta Special Region whose owners identify as Muslim. While more research needs to be conducted in these areas, Yudianti’s contribution to the conversation suggests that such research ought to be undertaken, given that her preliminary findings show positive results for the practice of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
Rudolf Adlung and Marta Soprana
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198795650
- eISBN:
- 9780191836961
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Unlike conventional trade agreements, the scope of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) extends beyond the treatment of products to cover that of suppliers (producers, distributors, etc) ...
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Unlike conventional trade agreements, the scope of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) extends beyond the treatment of products to cover that of suppliers (producers, distributors, etc) as well. Trade problems confronting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) supplying services have thus been raised by WTO Members at different stages of the Doha Round negotiations and meetings of regular WTO bodies. However, such issues have rarely been explored in a systemic way. This chapter provides an overview of SME-related policies, whether reflected in schedules of services commitments or consisting of ‘non-schedulable’ measures, which are being pursued by WTO Members at multilateral (GATS) or regional level. It also seeks to identify the scope for further initiatives to promote SME-related interests, from fostering compliance with existing transparency disciplines under the GATS to advancing the Agreement’s liberalization and rule-making mandates with an SME focus.Less
Unlike conventional trade agreements, the scope of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) extends beyond the treatment of products to cover that of suppliers (producers, distributors, etc) as well. Trade problems confronting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) supplying services have thus been raised by WTO Members at different stages of the Doha Round negotiations and meetings of regular WTO bodies. However, such issues have rarely been explored in a systemic way. This chapter provides an overview of SME-related policies, whether reflected in schedules of services commitments or consisting of ‘non-schedulable’ measures, which are being pursued by WTO Members at multilateral (GATS) or regional level. It also seeks to identify the scope for further initiatives to promote SME-related interests, from fostering compliance with existing transparency disciplines under the GATS to advancing the Agreement’s liberalization and rule-making mandates with an SME focus.
Arancha González
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198795650
- eISBN:
- 9780191836961
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This publication analyses various constraints preventing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries from tapping into global value chains. It highlights that the time and costs ...
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This publication analyses various constraints preventing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries from tapping into global value chains. It highlights that the time and costs associated with transporting goods across borders are significantly greater in developing than developed economies. It emphasizes that the smaller size and working capital of SMEs, and their concentration in a limited number of geographic and product markets, makes them vulnerable to costs and delays associated with trade barriers compared to multinational corporations. In this context, the chapter stresses the importance of implementing measures stipulated in the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement to enhance the ability of SMEs to import and export. These measures would increase logistical efficiency by reducing information asymmetries, simplifying regulatory requirements, and lowering fees for the movement of goods across borders. If implemented correctly, these measures would expand opportunities for developing country SMEs to embed themselves in the growing global economy.Less
This publication analyses various constraints preventing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries from tapping into global value chains. It highlights that the time and costs associated with transporting goods across borders are significantly greater in developing than developed economies. It emphasizes that the smaller size and working capital of SMEs, and their concentration in a limited number of geographic and product markets, makes them vulnerable to costs and delays associated with trade barriers compared to multinational corporations. In this context, the chapter stresses the importance of implementing measures stipulated in the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement to enhance the ability of SMEs to import and export. These measures would increase logistical efficiency by reducing information asymmetries, simplifying regulatory requirements, and lowering fees for the movement of goods across borders. If implemented correctly, these measures would expand opportunities for developing country SMEs to embed themselves in the growing global economy.
Ilan Sherr, Katrien Miclotte, and Rebecca Fawcett-Feuillette
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198795650
- eISBN:
- 9780191836961
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in the economic development strategy of the European Union. However, while SMEs are important for job creation and economic development, ...
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Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in the economic development strategy of the European Union. However, while SMEs are important for job creation and economic development, the Commission has highlighted that they often encounter problems accessing finance and necessary information. In order to address certain market failures which impact SMEs most significantly, SMEs now have a favoured status under the state aid rules. The most important and recent changes are a consequence of the Commission’s state aid modernization (SAM) reform package. As part of the SAM package, the Commission has adopted ten guidelines and five regulations to render existing state aid control instruments and procedures more efficient. This chapter gives a brief but practical overview of those new guidelines and regulations and highlights the core principles that need to be taken into account when assessing aid possibilities for SMEs.Less
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in the economic development strategy of the European Union. However, while SMEs are important for job creation and economic development, the Commission has highlighted that they often encounter problems accessing finance and necessary information. In order to address certain market failures which impact SMEs most significantly, SMEs now have a favoured status under the state aid rules. The most important and recent changes are a consequence of the Commission’s state aid modernization (SAM) reform package. As part of the SAM package, the Commission has adopted ten guidelines and five regulations to render existing state aid control instruments and procedures more efficient. This chapter gives a brief but practical overview of those new guidelines and regulations and highlights the core principles that need to be taken into account when assessing aid possibilities for SMEs.
Thilo Rensmann (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198795650
- eISBN:
- 9780191836961
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
While international trade and investment is still dominated by larger multinational enterprises (MNEs), small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly reaching out beyond their ...
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While international trade and investment is still dominated by larger multinational enterprises (MNEs), small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly reaching out beyond their traditional domestic habitat. A significant number of SMEs today are engaged in transboundary trade and investment and in the wake of the digital revolution the phenomenon of ‘born global’ SMEs can be increasingly observed. In addition, many SMEs enter the global economy indirectly via global value chains. International economic law, with its traditional focus on MNEs and their interests, is only slowly waking up to this new reality. At the same time, it is increasingly recognized that the internationalization of SMEs provides the key to creating more sustainable and inclusive global economic growth. The 2015 UN Sustainable Development Goals, for example, expressly call for the facilitation of increased access for SMEs to international trade and investment. This book undertakes a first attempt at systematically analysing the interaction between SMEs and international economic law. The analysis covers a broad spectrum of international trade and investment law focusing on issues of particular interest to SMEs, such as trade in services, government procurement, and trade facilitation. Salient regional and transregional developments are taken into account, including the implications of the TPP and the TTIP negotiations for SMEs. Close attention is also devoted to the concern of many states that further liberalization of international trade and investment would unduly restrict the regulatory space necessary to protect and promote the legitimate interests of domestic SMEs.Less
While international trade and investment is still dominated by larger multinational enterprises (MNEs), small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly reaching out beyond their traditional domestic habitat. A significant number of SMEs today are engaged in transboundary trade and investment and in the wake of the digital revolution the phenomenon of ‘born global’ SMEs can be increasingly observed. In addition, many SMEs enter the global economy indirectly via global value chains. International economic law, with its traditional focus on MNEs and their interests, is only slowly waking up to this new reality. At the same time, it is increasingly recognized that the internationalization of SMEs provides the key to creating more sustainable and inclusive global economic growth. The 2015 UN Sustainable Development Goals, for example, expressly call for the facilitation of increased access for SMEs to international trade and investment. This book undertakes a first attempt at systematically analysing the interaction between SMEs and international economic law. The analysis covers a broad spectrum of international trade and investment law focusing on issues of particular interest to SMEs, such as trade in services, government procurement, and trade facilitation. Salient regional and transregional developments are taken into account, including the implications of the TPP and the TTIP negotiations for SMEs. Close attention is also devoted to the concern of many states that further liberalization of international trade and investment would unduly restrict the regulatory space necessary to protect and promote the legitimate interests of domestic SMEs.
Linda Yueh
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199205783
- eISBN:
- 9780191752018
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205783.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The rapid rise of the entrepreneurial private sector in China is one of the key reasons for the success of its transition from a centrally planned economy toward becoming a market-oriented one since ...
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The rapid rise of the entrepreneurial private sector in China is one of the key reasons for the success of its transition from a centrally planned economy toward becoming a market-oriented one since the late 1970s, which was explored in part in the last chapter. At the same time, China is a country known for its incomplete legal system, which includes the lack of an independent judiciary, and adjudication is not free from interference from the executive branch. In addition, there is evidence of financial repression whereby legal and institutional constraints impede the development of financial intermediaries, thereby retarding the development of the financial sector. In China, this is manifested insofar as the rules favour state-owned enterprises (SOEs) despite three decades of reform. SOEs still dominate credit allocation, such that the majority of private small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) obtain no bank financing even in 2006 (Lin 2007). This chapter investigates the impact of lagging financial and legal systems on private sector development and complements the previous one.Less
The rapid rise of the entrepreneurial private sector in China is one of the key reasons for the success of its transition from a centrally planned economy toward becoming a market-oriented one since the late 1970s, which was explored in part in the last chapter. At the same time, China is a country known for its incomplete legal system, which includes the lack of an independent judiciary, and adjudication is not free from interference from the executive branch. In addition, there is evidence of financial repression whereby legal and institutional constraints impede the development of financial intermediaries, thereby retarding the development of the financial sector. In China, this is manifested insofar as the rules favour state-owned enterprises (SOEs) despite three decades of reform. SOEs still dominate credit allocation, such that the majority of private small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) obtain no bank financing even in 2006 (Lin 2007). This chapter investigates the impact of lagging financial and legal systems on private sector development and complements the previous one.
Lesley Sherratt
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199383191
- eISBN:
- 9780199383214
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383191.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Chapter 8 fails to find evidence of microfinance aiding in the development of whole economies. It considers the concerns that microfinance simply displaces economic activity with no net gain; that ...
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Chapter 8 fails to find evidence of microfinance aiding in the development of whole economies. It considers the concerns that microfinance simply displaces economic activity with no net gain; that typical microentrepeneurs lacks scale and so never go on to develop into small- to medium-sized enterprises, which may be better engines of development; and that microfinance has diverted developmental aid that could otherwise have gone in to developing small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in impoverished countries. The argument that establishing microfinance institutions globally has laid the ground for more useful offerings of financial inclusion in the future is rejected, unless that financial inclusion can now be offered without compulsory participation in an expensive microcredit offering. Finally, the chapter also examines the ethics of the extent to which microfinance can or should be seen as a substitute for state provision of public goods.Less
Chapter 8 fails to find evidence of microfinance aiding in the development of whole economies. It considers the concerns that microfinance simply displaces economic activity with no net gain; that typical microentrepeneurs lacks scale and so never go on to develop into small- to medium-sized enterprises, which may be better engines of development; and that microfinance has diverted developmental aid that could otherwise have gone in to developing small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in impoverished countries. The argument that establishing microfinance institutions globally has laid the ground for more useful offerings of financial inclusion in the future is rejected, unless that financial inclusion can now be offered without compulsory participation in an expensive microcredit offering. Finally, the chapter also examines the ethics of the extent to which microfinance can or should be seen as a substitute for state provision of public goods.
Nina Torm
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198851189
- eISBN:
- 9780191885921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198851189.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In the absence of adequate institutional mechanisms, trade unions can potentially promote some measure of equity and social justice for workers including for instance higher wages and other worker ...
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In the absence of adequate institutional mechanisms, trade unions can potentially promote some measure of equity and social justice for workers including for instance higher wages and other worker benefits. Yet limited data availability means little is known about the effect local firm-based trade unions may have on individual earnings in developing and transition economies. Using matched employer–employee data from the 2013 and 2015 SME surveys, this chapter examines the union wage premium among workers in Vietnamese small and medium-sized enterprises. Controlling for both firm and worker characteristics, including time-varying unobserved heterogeneity, the results show that unionized workers’ wages are 9–22 per cent higher than those of non-union workers, with the exact estimate depending on the econometric approach chosen.Less
In the absence of adequate institutional mechanisms, trade unions can potentially promote some measure of equity and social justice for workers including for instance higher wages and other worker benefits. Yet limited data availability means little is known about the effect local firm-based trade unions may have on individual earnings in developing and transition economies. Using matched employer–employee data from the 2013 and 2015 SME surveys, this chapter examines the union wage premium among workers in Vietnamese small and medium-sized enterprises. Controlling for both firm and worker characteristics, including time-varying unobserved heterogeneity, the results show that unionized workers’ wages are 9–22 per cent higher than those of non-union workers, with the exact estimate depending on the econometric approach chosen.
Virginie Pérotin
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780719099595
- eISBN:
- 9781526120731
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099595.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
In the economic literature, worker co-operatives are viewed as small, specialised and undercapitalised organisations that only thrive in unusual conditions and could not possibly constitute a serious ...
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In the economic literature, worker co-operatives are viewed as small, specialised and undercapitalised organisations that only thrive in unusual conditions and could not possibly constitute a serious alternative to conventional firms. This chapter challenges this conventional wisdom, drawing on a range of international economic studies comparing worker co-operatives and conventional firms. The evidence reviewed suggests that worker co-operatives match ‘mainstream’ firms for durability, and can be found in most industrial sectors. The chapter rejects the notion that worker co-operatives are systemically undercapitalised, and asserts that many are more productive than their mainstream equivalents, largely because of their capacity to motivate workers through their control of the enterprise. It suggests that worker co-operation is a viable alternative to private ownership for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), and that in some regions of Italy and Spain, the model is integrated into the economic mainstream.Less
In the economic literature, worker co-operatives are viewed as small, specialised and undercapitalised organisations that only thrive in unusual conditions and could not possibly constitute a serious alternative to conventional firms. This chapter challenges this conventional wisdom, drawing on a range of international economic studies comparing worker co-operatives and conventional firms. The evidence reviewed suggests that worker co-operatives match ‘mainstream’ firms for durability, and can be found in most industrial sectors. The chapter rejects the notion that worker co-operatives are systemically undercapitalised, and asserts that many are more productive than their mainstream equivalents, largely because of their capacity to motivate workers through their control of the enterprise. It suggests that worker co-operation is a viable alternative to private ownership for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), and that in some regions of Italy and Spain, the model is integrated into the economic mainstream.
Thilo Rensmann (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198795650
- eISBN:
- 9780191836961
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
An introductory chapter to the book discussing the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises and the challenges posed by SMEs for international economic law. It discusses sustainable ...
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An introductory chapter to the book discussing the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises and the challenges posed by SMEs for international economic law. It discusses sustainable development in this context and the adjustments made by international economic law to cope with the internationalization of SMEs.Less
An introductory chapter to the book discussing the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises and the challenges posed by SMEs for international economic law. It discusses sustainable development in this context and the adjustments made by international economic law to cope with the internationalization of SMEs.
Karsten Pötschke
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198795650
- eISBN:
- 9780191836961
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The negotiating parties to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA) acknowledged that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face substantial financial, organizational, and ...
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The negotiating parties to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA) acknowledged that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face substantial financial, organizational, and personnel constraints when participating in anti-dumping (AD) investigations. They therefore decided to include Article 6.13 ADA in the revised agreement in 1994. The provision requires national authorities to take the special circumstances of SMEs into account and provide them with any assistance practicable when conducting AD investigations. Despite the obligatory language used, the provision has not received much attention in practice and is hardly discussed in academia. This chapter argues that the value of Article 6.13 ADA should be reconsidered. It discusses in depth the effect and meaning of this undervalued provision. Article 6.13 ADA sets a framework for the participation of SMEs in AD proceedings and modifies the effect of other, more specific provisions of the ADA on SMEs.Less
The negotiating parties to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA) acknowledged that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face substantial financial, organizational, and personnel constraints when participating in anti-dumping (AD) investigations. They therefore decided to include Article 6.13 ADA in the revised agreement in 1994. The provision requires national authorities to take the special circumstances of SMEs into account and provide them with any assistance practicable when conducting AD investigations. Despite the obligatory language used, the provision has not received much attention in practice and is hardly discussed in academia. This chapter argues that the value of Article 6.13 ADA should be reconsidered. It discusses in depth the effect and meaning of this undervalued provision. Article 6.13 ADA sets a framework for the participation of SMEs in AD proceedings and modifies the effect of other, more specific provisions of the ADA on SMEs.
Tilman Michael Dralle
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198795650
- eISBN:
- 9780191836961
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The Walmart/Massmart merger and the ensuing proceedings before the South African competition authorities and court system provide a high-profile example of how international economic law affects the ...
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The Walmart/Massmart merger and the ensuing proceedings before the South African competition authorities and court system provide a high-profile example of how international economic law affects the policy space of states to enact domestic regulation supportive of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Whereas the opponents of the takeover invoked the ‘public interest’ provisions in the South African Competition Act which explicitly mandate consideration of SME interests, arguing that the merger would have negative effects on South African SMEs, the merging parties claimed that the imposition of certain performance requirements would violate the country’s obligations under international law. Taking the Walmart/Massmart merger as an example, this contribution analyses the extent to which World Trade Organization (WTO) law and international investment law limit the ability of domestic competition authorities to prohibit takeovers by foreign companies on SME-related grounds or to impose SME-friendly performance requirements as a precondition for merger approval.Less
The Walmart/Massmart merger and the ensuing proceedings before the South African competition authorities and court system provide a high-profile example of how international economic law affects the policy space of states to enact domestic regulation supportive of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Whereas the opponents of the takeover invoked the ‘public interest’ provisions in the South African Competition Act which explicitly mandate consideration of SME interests, arguing that the merger would have negative effects on South African SMEs, the merging parties claimed that the imposition of certain performance requirements would violate the country’s obligations under international law. Taking the Walmart/Massmart merger as an example, this contribution analyses the extent to which World Trade Organization (WTO) law and international investment law limit the ability of domestic competition authorities to prohibit takeovers by foreign companies on SME-related grounds or to impose SME-friendly performance requirements as a precondition for merger approval.
Dan Ciuriak
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198825296
- eISBN:
- 9780191864001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198825296.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
Megaregulation promises a seamless operating environment to facilitate international engagement by firms large and small. However, it also entails fixed costs of access to preferential trade windows, ...
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Megaregulation promises a seamless operating environment to facilitate international engagement by firms large and small. However, it also entails fixed costs of access to preferential trade windows, trade facilitation mechanisms, and consultative mechanisms, which weigh more heavily on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) than on larger competitors, and features other asymmetries that play to the advantage of the already large, established firms. This chapter takes up the question of whether pro-SME measures built into megaregional agreements can effectively offset these biases and promote conditions of competition both internationally and domestically that enhance business dynamism or whether it reinforces observed trends toward greater concentration and waning business dynamism.Less
Megaregulation promises a seamless operating environment to facilitate international engagement by firms large and small. However, it also entails fixed costs of access to preferential trade windows, trade facilitation mechanisms, and consultative mechanisms, which weigh more heavily on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) than on larger competitors, and features other asymmetries that play to the advantage of the already large, established firms. This chapter takes up the question of whether pro-SME measures built into megaregional agreements can effectively offset these biases and promote conditions of competition both internationally and domestically that enhance business dynamism or whether it reinforces observed trends toward greater concentration and waning business dynamism.
Lesley Sherratt
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199383191
- eISBN:
- 9780199383214
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383191.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
For all its early promises of poverty alleviation through the extension of small loans, and growth to now serve over 200 million of the world’s poorest people, microfinance has been found, on ...
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For all its early promises of poverty alleviation through the extension of small loans, and growth to now serve over 200 million of the world’s poorest people, microfinance has been found, on average, not to enrich or empower its borrowers. In a thoroughgoing ethical assessment of the industry, this book examines the microfinance model and whether it “works” or not; the extent to which the standard working practices of microcredit subvert the benign intentions of its founders and create the conditions for exploitation and coercion to occur; and whether the distribution of the benefits and burdens of microfinance (how many lives go worse, and by how much, for the few lives that go better) is likely to be an ethical distribution. The ethical dilemmas inherent in working in the informal sector are also examined, as well as microcredit’s macro impact on economies, and some wider lessons microfinance can offer antipoverty developments generally are drawn. Challengingly, the book considers how microfinance might be reformed to ensure it is practiced both more ethically and more effectively and argues that doing so may see only a portion of microfinance survive in its current form. The bulk would instead either scale down to become predominantly savings rather than credit vehicles, probably subsidized, or scale up to provide credit to small- to medium-sized enterprise lending operations. For the residual, it is argued that the practice of group liability needs to end and a fully specified duty of care established with, if necessary, regulation developed to enforce it.Less
For all its early promises of poverty alleviation through the extension of small loans, and growth to now serve over 200 million of the world’s poorest people, microfinance has been found, on average, not to enrich or empower its borrowers. In a thoroughgoing ethical assessment of the industry, this book examines the microfinance model and whether it “works” or not; the extent to which the standard working practices of microcredit subvert the benign intentions of its founders and create the conditions for exploitation and coercion to occur; and whether the distribution of the benefits and burdens of microfinance (how many lives go worse, and by how much, for the few lives that go better) is likely to be an ethical distribution. The ethical dilemmas inherent in working in the informal sector are also examined, as well as microcredit’s macro impact on economies, and some wider lessons microfinance can offer antipoverty developments generally are drawn. Challengingly, the book considers how microfinance might be reformed to ensure it is practiced both more ethically and more effectively and argues that doing so may see only a portion of microfinance survive in its current form. The bulk would instead either scale down to become predominantly savings rather than credit vehicles, probably subsidized, or scale up to provide credit to small- to medium-sized enterprise lending operations. For the residual, it is argued that the practice of group liability needs to end and a fully specified duty of care established with, if necessary, regulation developed to enforce it.
Magnus Marsden
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190247980
- eISBN:
- 9780190492205
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190247980.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Asian Politics
This chapter charts the varying roles played by Afghans as merchants, traders, credit providers, and shopkeepers in Tajikistan. Afghans who belong to very different social categories from one another ...
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This chapter charts the varying roles played by Afghans as merchants, traders, credit providers, and shopkeepers in Tajikistan. Afghans who belong to very different social categories from one another trade, live, and work in the country, forge ties to one another in relation to their shared identification as “Afghans” and bring to Tajikistan a diverse range of commodities and products. These networks, the chapter shows, revolve around the ties that people of Afghan background have forged with one another within Tajikistan. By exploring these networks, the chapter locates Afghans in Tajikistan and Central Asia as part of an expansive and little explored trading diaspora or network.Less
This chapter charts the varying roles played by Afghans as merchants, traders, credit providers, and shopkeepers in Tajikistan. Afghans who belong to very different social categories from one another trade, live, and work in the country, forge ties to one another in relation to their shared identification as “Afghans” and bring to Tajikistan a diverse range of commodities and products. These networks, the chapter shows, revolve around the ties that people of Afghan background have forged with one another within Tajikistan. By exploring these networks, the chapter locates Afghans in Tajikistan and Central Asia as part of an expansive and little explored trading diaspora or network.