Tony James
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198151883
- eISBN:
- 9780191672873
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198151883.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature, European Literature
This chapter provides an introduction to Part I of the book. The chapters in the first part of the book focus on ‘somnambulism’ — the phenomenon of sleep which was to the forefront of public ...
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This chapter provides an introduction to Part I of the book. The chapters in the first part of the book focus on ‘somnambulism’ — the phenomenon of sleep which was to the forefront of public attention in the early 19th century. They examine how it came to mean what it means, what its relation to dreaming was, and the kind of questions it raises about the nature of consciousness.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to Part I of the book. The chapters in the first part of the book focus on ‘somnambulism’ — the phenomenon of sleep which was to the forefront of public attention in the early 19th century. They examine how it came to mean what it means, what its relation to dreaming was, and the kind of questions it raises about the nature of consciousness.
Roger D. Roger and Miles A. Whittington
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195342796
- eISBN:
- 9780199776276
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
brain oscillations occur spontaneously, for example during sleep; as part of evoked responses following specific sensory stimulations; and as a correlate of cognitive and motor processes. In the ...
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brain oscillations occur spontaneously, for example during sleep; as part of evoked responses following specific sensory stimulations; and as a correlate of cognitive and motor processes. In the latter cases, there is evidence that the oscillations are an essential part of the brain computations being performed, motivating study of the basic cellular mechanisms. Cognitively relevant oscillations are often quite fast, above 20 Hz, and even up to several hundred Hz.Less
brain oscillations occur spontaneously, for example during sleep; as part of evoked responses following specific sensory stimulations; and as a correlate of cognitive and motor processes. In the latter cases, there is evidence that the oscillations are an essential part of the brain computations being performed, motivating study of the basic cellular mechanisms. Cognitively relevant oscillations are often quite fast, above 20 Hz, and even up to several hundred Hz.
Marcos G. Frank and Michael P. Stryker
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198574002
- eISBN:
- 9780191724145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter reviews evidence in support of the hypothesis that sleep may play an important role in brain maturation. It begins by reviewing the role of endogenous neural activity and experience in ...
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This chapter reviews evidence in support of the hypothesis that sleep may play an important role in brain maturation. It begins by reviewing the role of endogenous neural activity and experience in the development of central visual pathways. It then discusses current findings that support a role for sleep in visual system development. The chapter concludes with a discussion of several theories regarding the functions of sleep in developing animals; specifically, it reviews the ‘Ontogenetic Hypothesis’ that posits REM sleep as an important source of endogenous activity in the developing brain, and a second view which states that NREM sleep promotes the consolidation of waking experience; a process which begins at certain stages of development, but is retained throughout the lifespan.Less
This chapter reviews evidence in support of the hypothesis that sleep may play an important role in brain maturation. It begins by reviewing the role of endogenous neural activity and experience in the development of central visual pathways. It then discusses current findings that support a role for sleep in visual system development. The chapter concludes with a discussion of several theories regarding the functions of sleep in developing animals; specifically, it reviews the ‘Ontogenetic Hypothesis’ that posits REM sleep as an important source of endogenous activity in the developing brain, and a second view which states that NREM sleep promotes the consolidation of waking experience; a process which begins at certain stages of development, but is retained throughout the lifespan.
Philippe Peigneux, Stevan Laureys, Axel Cleeremans, and Pierre Maquet
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198574002
- eISBN:
- 9780191724145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
The brain dynamics in humans can be explored using a wide variety of non-invasive neuroimaging techniques: electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), near infrared spectroscopy ...
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The brain dynamics in humans can be explored using a wide variety of non-invasive neuroimaging techniques: electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), single photon emission tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This chapter focuses on the contributions of PET and fMRI. It concentrates on two main topics. First, the pattern of regional brain activity during sleep is consistent with the mechanisms described in animals at the microscopic systems level for the generation and maintenance of sleep states. This aspect is important because if sleep processes are similar in humans and in animals, the links between sleep and memory processes described in the latter are potentially valid in the former. Second, far from being fixed and stereotyped, regional brain function during sleep is modulated by the individual experience acquired during the previous waking period. The chapter presents evidence that these experience-dependent changes in regional brain activity are related to the amount of learning achieved by the subjects prior to sleep and also depend on the material to which the subjects have been exposed. These experiments provide the first experimental evidence in humans for a link between learning, as measured by behavioral methods, and the activity of neuronal populations during sleep.Less
The brain dynamics in humans can be explored using a wide variety of non-invasive neuroimaging techniques: electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), single photon emission tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This chapter focuses on the contributions of PET and fMRI. It concentrates on two main topics. First, the pattern of regional brain activity during sleep is consistent with the mechanisms described in animals at the microscopic systems level for the generation and maintenance of sleep states. This aspect is important because if sleep processes are similar in humans and in animals, the links between sleep and memory processes described in the latter are potentially valid in the former. Second, far from being fixed and stereotyped, regional brain function during sleep is modulated by the individual experience acquired during the previous waking period. The chapter presents evidence that these experience-dependent changes in regional brain activity are related to the amount of learning achieved by the subjects prior to sleep and also depend on the material to which the subjects have been exposed. These experiments provide the first experimental evidence in humans for a link between learning, as measured by behavioral methods, and the activity of neuronal populations during sleep.
Ronald Grunstein
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Personalized sleep medicine is an emerging area of research and practice. Sleep disorders are common with appreciable morbidity and economic impact. Recent studies have identified clear ...
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Personalized sleep medicine is an emerging area of research and practice. Sleep disorders are common with appreciable morbidity and economic impact. Recent studies have identified clear inter-individual differences in performance vulnerability to sleep loss. Although clear biomarkers for this vulnerability are not known, new research indicates that genetic influences on sleep and circadian systems may be important. As well, recent work has shown a wide variation in clinical phenotypes and conventional disease severity metrics in sleep apnea. Similar phenotypic variation in insomnia exists. Currently, treatments in sleep disorders are not well individualized with typical “silo” approaches that do not reflect the value of targeting treatment to the individual patient. Development of a personalized medicine agenda in sleep health will depend on better research standardization and international collaboration to better understand phenotype-genotype influences on sleep disorders and their individualized treatments.Less
Personalized sleep medicine is an emerging area of research and practice. Sleep disorders are common with appreciable morbidity and economic impact. Recent studies have identified clear inter-individual differences in performance vulnerability to sleep loss. Although clear biomarkers for this vulnerability are not known, new research indicates that genetic influences on sleep and circadian systems may be important. As well, recent work has shown a wide variation in clinical phenotypes and conventional disease severity metrics in sleep apnea. Similar phenotypic variation in insomnia exists. Currently, treatments in sleep disorders are not well individualized with typical “silo” approaches that do not reflect the value of targeting treatment to the individual patient. Development of a personalized medicine agenda in sleep health will depend on better research standardization and international collaboration to better understand phenotype-genotype influences on sleep disorders and their individualized treatments.
Buzsáki György
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195301069
- eISBN:
- 9780199863716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301069.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Techniques
In the absence of environmental inputs, such as during sleep, the brain engages in self-organized activity. The isolated neocortex, or small pieces of it, can sustain self-organized patterns. Neurons ...
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In the absence of environmental inputs, such as during sleep, the brain engages in self-organized activity. The isolated neocortex, or small pieces of it, can sustain self-organized patterns. Neurons in local or global regions of the cerebral cortex swing between excitable and less excitable (up and down) states. In the intact brain, properly timed exogenous influences can trigger upswing changes, if the cortical network has already spent a sufficient amount of time in the down state. Parallel with the increasing probability of cortical up-down state shifts, the membrane potential of thalamocortical neurons progressively polarizes. Cholinergic activity during REM sleep and in the waking brain is mainly responsible for the lack of down states in cortical neurons. The most prominent oscillation of the waking brain is the family of alpha rhythms that occur selectively in every sensory and motor thalamocortical system in the absence of sensory inputs.Less
In the absence of environmental inputs, such as during sleep, the brain engages in self-organized activity. The isolated neocortex, or small pieces of it, can sustain self-organized patterns. Neurons in local or global regions of the cerebral cortex swing between excitable and less excitable (up and down) states. In the intact brain, properly timed exogenous influences can trigger upswing changes, if the cortical network has already spent a sufficient amount of time in the down state. Parallel with the increasing probability of cortical up-down state shifts, the membrane potential of thalamocortical neurons progressively polarizes. Cholinergic activity during REM sleep and in the waking brain is mainly responsible for the lack of down states in cortical neurons. The most prominent oscillation of the waking brain is the family of alpha rhythms that occur selectively in every sensory and motor thalamocortical system in the absence of sensory inputs.
Pierre Maquet, Carlyle Smith, and Robert Stickgold (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198574002
- eISBN:
- 9780191724145
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
We spend so much of our lives sleeping, yet its precise function is unclear, in spite of our increasing understanding of the processes generating and maintaining sleep. We now know that sleep can be ...
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We spend so much of our lives sleeping, yet its precise function is unclear, in spite of our increasing understanding of the processes generating and maintaining sleep. We now know that sleep can be accompanied by periods of intense cerebral activity, yet only recently has experimental data started to provide us with some insights into the type of processing taking place in the brain as we sleep. There is now strong evidence that sleep plays a crucial role in learning and in the consolidation of memories. Once the preserve of psychoanalysts, ‘dreaming’ is now a topic of increasing interest amongst scientists. With research into sleep growing, this book presents a unique study of the relationship between sleep, learning, and memory. It brings together a team of international scientists researching sleep in both human and animal subjects.Less
We spend so much of our lives sleeping, yet its precise function is unclear, in spite of our increasing understanding of the processes generating and maintaining sleep. We now know that sleep can be accompanied by periods of intense cerebral activity, yet only recently has experimental data started to provide us with some insights into the type of processing taking place in the brain as we sleep. There is now strong evidence that sleep plays a crucial role in learning and in the consolidation of memories. Once the preserve of psychoanalysts, ‘dreaming’ is now a topic of increasing interest amongst scientists. With research into sleep growing, this book presents a unique study of the relationship between sleep, learning, and memory. It brings together a team of international scientists researching sleep in both human and animal subjects.
Dustin T. Duncan, Ichiro Kawachi, and Susan Redline (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190930448
- eISBN:
- 9780190930479
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190930448.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
Sleep, along with the sleep-related behaviors that impact sleep quality, have emerged as one of the major determinants of health and well-being (alongside good diet, regular exercise, and not ...
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Sleep, along with the sleep-related behaviors that impact sleep quality, have emerged as one of the major determinants of health and well-being (alongside good diet, regular exercise, and not smoking). In turn research is beginning to identify that sleep is strongly socially patterned—by socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, immigrant status, stage of the life course, work experiences, stress, and neighborhood contexts. Yet no textbook currently exists that brings together the accumulated evidence on the social epidemiology of sleep. This book is targeted toward (a) social epidemiologists who wish to study sleep as a health outcome, (b) sleep epidemiologists who want to learn about the social determinants of sleep, and (c) other scholars working in the intersection between sleep health, social epidemiology, and health disparities. The textbook begins with an introduction of social epidemiology and sleep epidemiology, that is, a brief overview of the social epidemiology of sleep as well as the methods of assessment in sleep epidemiology and their validity, the descriptive epidemiology of sleep, and some basic biology of sleep. Part II focuses on what is known about the basic descriptive epidemiology of sleep, including consideration of sleep across the life span and among special populations. Each chapter of the remaining sections of the book (Part III) covers the major social determinants of sleep (socioeconomic status, immigration status, neighborhood contexts, etc.) from the accumulated research as well as research needs/opportunities as they relate to that social dimension of health.Less
Sleep, along with the sleep-related behaviors that impact sleep quality, have emerged as one of the major determinants of health and well-being (alongside good diet, regular exercise, and not smoking). In turn research is beginning to identify that sleep is strongly socially patterned—by socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, immigrant status, stage of the life course, work experiences, stress, and neighborhood contexts. Yet no textbook currently exists that brings together the accumulated evidence on the social epidemiology of sleep. This book is targeted toward (a) social epidemiologists who wish to study sleep as a health outcome, (b) sleep epidemiologists who want to learn about the social determinants of sleep, and (c) other scholars working in the intersection between sleep health, social epidemiology, and health disparities. The textbook begins with an introduction of social epidemiology and sleep epidemiology, that is, a brief overview of the social epidemiology of sleep as well as the methods of assessment in sleep epidemiology and their validity, the descriptive epidemiology of sleep, and some basic biology of sleep. Part II focuses on what is known about the basic descriptive epidemiology of sleep, including consideration of sleep across the life span and among special populations. Each chapter of the remaining sections of the book (Part III) covers the major social determinants of sleep (socioeconomic status, immigration status, neighborhood contexts, etc.) from the accumulated research as well as research needs/opportunities as they relate to that social dimension of health.
Pavel Gregoric
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199277377
- eISBN:
- 9780191707537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277377.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
In De Somno et Vigilia 2 Aristotle observes that sleep and waking are contrary states which simultaneously affect all individual senses of an animal. Aristotle argues that this occurs because there ...
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In De Somno et Vigilia 2 Aristotle observes that sleep and waking are contrary states which simultaneously affect all individual senses of an animal. Aristotle argues that this occurs because there is a common sense organ which controls the peripheral sense organs in such a way that the peripheral sense organs are active or incapacitated depending on whether the common sense organ is active or incapacitated. Aristotle's argument seems to allow for the conclusion that the common sense, which is located in the common sense organ, controls the individual senses located in the peripheral sense organs. In the course of his argument Aristotle appeals to some ‘common power’ which accompanies all the senses. This power enables one to perceive that one is seeing and hearing, and to discriminate between heterogeneous special perceptibles. This chapter investigates what ‘perceiving that one is seeing and hearing’ amounts to. It is shown that perceiving that one is seeing and hearing refers to the awareness of the activity of one's own senses. This awareness characterizes the state of waking, just as its absence characterizes the state of sleep. It is argued that the ‘common power’ which enables one to be aware of the activity of one's senses is the higher-order perceptual power, i.e. the common sense. However, this conclusion has to be aligned with Aristotle's argument in De Anima III.2 in which he seems to claim that we perceive that we see by nothing other than sight, and in which he does not mention any higher-order powers or capacities.Less
In De Somno et Vigilia 2 Aristotle observes that sleep and waking are contrary states which simultaneously affect all individual senses of an animal. Aristotle argues that this occurs because there is a common sense organ which controls the peripheral sense organs in such a way that the peripheral sense organs are active or incapacitated depending on whether the common sense organ is active or incapacitated. Aristotle's argument seems to allow for the conclusion that the common sense, which is located in the common sense organ, controls the individual senses located in the peripheral sense organs. In the course of his argument Aristotle appeals to some ‘common power’ which accompanies all the senses. This power enables one to perceive that one is seeing and hearing, and to discriminate between heterogeneous special perceptibles. This chapter investigates what ‘perceiving that one is seeing and hearing’ amounts to. It is shown that perceiving that one is seeing and hearing refers to the awareness of the activity of one's own senses. This awareness characterizes the state of waking, just as its absence characterizes the state of sleep. It is argued that the ‘common power’ which enables one to be aware of the activity of one's senses is the higher-order perceptual power, i.e. the common sense. However, this conclusion has to be aligned with Aristotle's argument in De Anima III.2 in which he seems to claim that we perceive that we see by nothing other than sight, and in which he does not mention any higher-order powers or capacities.
Gary L. Wenk
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388541
- eISBN:
- 9780199863587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388541.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
Glutamate is an amino acid that your brain uses as a neurotransmitter and it is almost always is excitatory. GABA is also an amino acid that your brain uses as a neurotransmitter and it is almost ...
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Glutamate is an amino acid that your brain uses as a neurotransmitter and it is almost always is excitatory. GABA is also an amino acid that your brain uses as a neurotransmitter and it is almost always inhibitory. These two neurotransmitters are widespread in your brain and tend to compete for turning your neurons on or off. Glutamate makes and breaks connections between neurons; this action allows your brain to learn. For example, if you consume a chemical that blocks the actions of glutamate you become amnestic, unable to remember anything new. The street drugs PCP and ketamine block glutamate receptors and depress the activity of your brain. Your brain makes its own PCP-like neurotransmitter called angeldustin. Chemicals that enhance the action of GABA, such as alcohol, barbiturates, or any of the popular drugs related to Valium and Librium, can make us sleepy, send us into a coma, or kill us by turning off too many neurons in the brain.Less
Glutamate is an amino acid that your brain uses as a neurotransmitter and it is almost always is excitatory. GABA is also an amino acid that your brain uses as a neurotransmitter and it is almost always inhibitory. These two neurotransmitters are widespread in your brain and tend to compete for turning your neurons on or off. Glutamate makes and breaks connections between neurons; this action allows your brain to learn. For example, if you consume a chemical that blocks the actions of glutamate you become amnestic, unable to remember anything new. The street drugs PCP and ketamine block glutamate receptors and depress the activity of your brain. Your brain makes its own PCP-like neurotransmitter called angeldustin. Chemicals that enhance the action of GABA, such as alcohol, barbiturates, or any of the popular drugs related to Valium and Librium, can make us sleepy, send us into a coma, or kill us by turning off too many neurons in the brain.
Michael N. Marsh
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199571505
- eISBN:
- 9780191722059
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571505.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Theology
This chapter continues the neurological theme relating to the realms of conscious-awareness and its disturbances, and their relevance to extra-corporeal experience (ECE) phenomenology. It makes a ...
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This chapter continues the neurological theme relating to the realms of conscious-awareness and its disturbances, and their relevance to extra-corporeal experience (ECE) phenomenology. It makes a comparison between dream-state modes and near-death experience (NDE) phenomenology.Less
This chapter continues the neurological theme relating to the realms of conscious-awareness and its disturbances, and their relevance to extra-corporeal experience (ECE) phenomenology. It makes a comparison between dream-state modes and near-death experience (NDE) phenomenology.
Majid Mirmiran and Ronald L. Ariagno
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198574002
- eISBN:
- 9780191724145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter discusses the role of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in early brain development. Existing data suggest that REM sleep deprivation (REMD) in infants may retard brain growth and synaptic ...
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This chapter discusses the role of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in early brain development. Existing data suggest that REM sleep deprivation (REMD) in infants may retard brain growth and synaptic plasticity. The chapter also reviews past findings and provides an interesting hypothesis about the possible role of REMD in the development of depression.Less
This chapter discusses the role of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in early brain development. Existing data suggest that REM sleep deprivation (REMD) in infants may retard brain growth and synaptic plasticity. The chapter also reviews past findings and provides an interesting hypothesis about the possible role of REMD in the development of depression.
György Buzsáki, Daniel Carpi, Jozsef Csicsvari, George Dragoi, Kenneth Harris, Darrell Henze, and Hajime Hirase
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198574002
- eISBN:
- 9780191724145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0014
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter begins with a discussion of a two-stage model of memory trace formation. It then discusses the similarity of long-term firing rates and co-activation in the waking and sleeping brain, ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of a two-stage model of memory trace formation. It then discusses the similarity of long-term firing rates and co-activation in the waking and sleeping brain, the impact of experience in a novel environment on firing patterns in subsequent sleep, homeostatic maintenance of firing rates, and downstream effects of cortical activity during sleep.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of a two-stage model of memory trace formation. It then discusses the similarity of long-term firing rates and co-activation in the waking and sleeping brain, the impact of experience in a novel environment on firing patterns in subsequent sleep, homeostatic maintenance of firing rates, and downstream effects of cortical activity during sleep.
Robert Stickgold
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198574002
- eISBN:
- 9780191724145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter reviews recent findings from studies on cognitive processing during sleep using two distinct approaches. It first describes a series of studies that used standard cognitive testing to ...
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This chapter reviews recent findings from studies on cognitive processing during sleep using two distinct approaches. It first describes a series of studies that used standard cognitive testing to determine how these basic cognitive processes are altered during various sleep stages. It then describes a second set of experiments which used actual dream reports to investigate the nature of cognitive processing during sleep. The chapter concludes with a model of dream construction that suggests the nature of the relationship between dreaming and off-line memory reprocessing.Less
This chapter reviews recent findings from studies on cognitive processing during sleep using two distinct approaches. It first describes a series of studies that used standard cognitive testing to determine how these basic cognitive processes are altered during various sleep stages. It then describes a second set of experiments which used actual dream reports to investigate the nature of cognitive processing during sleep. The chapter concludes with a model of dream construction that suggests the nature of the relationship between dreaming and off-line memory reprocessing.
Robert Stickgold
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198574002
- eISBN:
- 9780191724145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter examines the relationship between sleep states and memory for a visual search task. Results show that both NREM sleep and REM sleep are involved in off-line memory processing. In more ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between sleep states and memory for a visual search task. Results show that both NREM sleep and REM sleep are involved in off-line memory processing. In more recent work, it was found that Stage 2 sleep was related to memory for a recently learned finger tapping task.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between sleep states and memory for a visual search task. Results show that both NREM sleep and REM sleep are involved in off-line memory processing. In more recent work, it was found that Stage 2 sleep was related to memory for a recently learned finger tapping task.
Jan Born and Steffen Gais
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198574002
- eISBN:
- 9780191724145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter examines the degree of memory processing following the first half of the night (the bulk of which is deep NREM sleep) compared to the memory processing in the second half of the night ...
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This chapter examines the degree of memory processing following the first half of the night (the bulk of which is deep NREM sleep) compared to the memory processing in the second half of the night (which is composed mostly of REM sleep). It compares the memory for various types of acquired tasks after these two time intervals, and shows that declarative or episodic material is enhanced after a session of NREM sleep, while procedural/implicit or emotional material is not. On the other hand, memory for procedural/implicit and emotional material is enhanced after a session of REM sleep, but not after NREM sleep. The role of neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter processes is examined.Less
This chapter examines the degree of memory processing following the first half of the night (the bulk of which is deep NREM sleep) compared to the memory processing in the second half of the night (which is composed mostly of REM sleep). It compares the memory for various types of acquired tasks after these two time intervals, and shows that declarative or episodic material is enhanced after a session of NREM sleep, while procedural/implicit or emotional material is not. On the other hand, memory for procedural/implicit and emotional material is enhanced after a session of REM sleep, but not after NREM sleep. The role of neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter processes is examined.
Rebecca Nader and Carlyle Smith
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198574002
- eISBN:
- 9780191724145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
Stage 2 sleep is the classification given to approximately 50 percent of the night of sleep in humans. It is recognized as having very salient features that distinguish it from other sleep stages. ...
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Stage 2 sleep is the classification given to approximately 50 percent of the night of sleep in humans. It is recognized as having very salient features that distinguish it from other sleep stages. This chapter provides a brief history of the research examining stage 2 sleep, with an emphasis on cognitive studies. This is followed by a number of recent findings that implicate the importance of stage 2 for memory of certain kinds of tasks, focusing on the stage 2 spindle. The spindle, a basic component of mammalian sleep, may indeed be a perfect time for synaptic plasticity to take place.Less
Stage 2 sleep is the classification given to approximately 50 percent of the night of sleep in humans. It is recognized as having very salient features that distinguish it from other sleep stages. This chapter provides a brief history of the research examining stage 2 sleep, with an emphasis on cognitive studies. This is followed by a number of recent findings that implicate the importance of stage 2 for memory of certain kinds of tasks, focusing on the stage 2 spindle. The spindle, a basic component of mammalian sleep, may indeed be a perfect time for synaptic plasticity to take place.
Carlyle Smith
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198574002
- eISBN:
- 9780191724145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter begins with a discussion of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep window (RSW). It then discusses stress as an explanation for memory loss, the mechanisms of action during the REM sleep ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep window (RSW). It then discusses stress as an explanation for memory loss, the mechanisms of action during the REM sleep window, and specific neuroanatomical structures active during the RSW.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep window (RSW). It then discusses stress as an explanation for memory loss, the mechanisms of action during the REM sleep window, and specific neuroanatomical structures active during the RSW.
Antonio Giuditta, Paola Mandile, Paola Montagnese, Stefania Piscopo, and Stefania Vescia
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198574002
- eISBN:
- 9780191724145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
Slow wave sleep (SWS) was the first type of sleep to be described in human subjects by its high-amplitude, low-frequency electroencephalographic (EEG) waves, that sharply contrasted with the ...
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Slow wave sleep (SWS) was the first type of sleep to be described in human subjects by its high-amplitude, low-frequency electroencephalographic (EEG) waves, that sharply contrasted with the low-amplitude, high-frequency waves of active waking or wakefulness (W). Conversely, the later discovery of REM sleep was based on the occurrence of periodic episodes of rapid eye movements (REM) associated with a desynchronized EEG pattern resembling W. As this similarity envisaged an obvious paradox, REM sleep came to be also known as paradoxical sleep (PS). It is perhaps less well known that the discovery of PS elicited a remarkable wave of interest in its features that greatly contributed to highlight their relevance but, by contrast, outshadowed the role of SWS. This chapter discusses the evidence supporting the participation of SWS in memory processing, and the hypotheses concerning the roles of SWS and PS.Less
Slow wave sleep (SWS) was the first type of sleep to be described in human subjects by its high-amplitude, low-frequency electroencephalographic (EEG) waves, that sharply contrasted with the low-amplitude, high-frequency waves of active waking or wakefulness (W). Conversely, the later discovery of REM sleep was based on the occurrence of periodic episodes of rapid eye movements (REM) associated with a desynchronized EEG pattern resembling W. As this similarity envisaged an obvious paradox, REM sleep came to be also known as paradoxical sleep (PS). It is perhaps less well known that the discovery of PS elicited a remarkable wave of interest in its features that greatly contributed to highlight their relevance but, by contrast, outshadowed the role of SWS. This chapter discusses the evidence supporting the participation of SWS in memory processing, and the hypotheses concerning the roles of SWS and PS.
J.E. Ferrie, M. Kivimäki, and M. Shipley
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199566594
- eISBN:
- 9780191595066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566594.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter examines epidemiological evidence on associations between sleep and death in adults. It includes coverage of associations between sleep duration and mortality. Additional sections ...
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This chapter examines epidemiological evidence on associations between sleep and death in adults. It includes coverage of associations between sleep duration and mortality. Additional sections document evidence on associations with premature death for seven of the eight categories of sleep disorders included in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders: insomnia, parasomnia, hypersomnia, sleep-related breathing disorder, sleep-related movement disorder, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, and other sleep disorders. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the implications of these findings for health policy and health promotion. Consistent evidence suggests an increased risk of mortality at both the short and long ends of the sleep duration distribution, with evidence accumulating that the highest risk is among the long sleepers. However, debate remains with regard to the ‘independent’ contribution of sleep itself to premature death. In population health terms fatal accidents resulting from excessive daytime sleepiness or fatigue are probably the most serious sleep-related public health problems.Less
This chapter examines epidemiological evidence on associations between sleep and death in adults. It includes coverage of associations between sleep duration and mortality. Additional sections document evidence on associations with premature death for seven of the eight categories of sleep disorders included in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders: insomnia, parasomnia, hypersomnia, sleep-related breathing disorder, sleep-related movement disorder, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, and other sleep disorders. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the implications of these findings for health policy and health promotion. Consistent evidence suggests an increased risk of mortality at both the short and long ends of the sleep duration distribution, with evidence accumulating that the highest risk is among the long sleepers. However, debate remains with regard to the ‘independent’ contribution of sleep itself to premature death. In population health terms fatal accidents resulting from excessive daytime sleepiness or fatigue are probably the most serious sleep-related public health problems.
