Michael W. Foley and Dean R. Hoge
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195188707
- eISBN:
- 9780199785315
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188707.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This book assesses the role of local worship communities — churches, mosques, temples, and others — in promoting civic engagement among recent immigrants to the United States. The product of a ...
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This book assesses the role of local worship communities — churches, mosques, temples, and others — in promoting civic engagement among recent immigrants to the United States. The product of a three-year study of immigrant worship communities in the Washington, D.C. area, the study looked at churches, mosques, temples, and other communities of immigrants from Korea, China, India, West Africa, the Muslim world, and El Salvador. The researchers surveyed 200 of these communities and studied twenty in depth. Communities vary widely in how much they build social capital, provide social services to immigrants, develop the civic skills of members, and shape immigrants' identities. Local leadership and group characteristics much more than ethnic origin or religious tradition shape the level and kind of civic engagement that the communities foster. Particularly, where leaders are civically engaged, they provide personal and organizational links to the wider American society and promote civic engagement by members. Homeland causes and a strong sense of religious and ethnic identity, far from alienating immigrants from American society, promote higher levels of civic engagement in immigrant communities.Less
This book assesses the role of local worship communities — churches, mosques, temples, and others — in promoting civic engagement among recent immigrants to the United States. The product of a three-year study of immigrant worship communities in the Washington, D.C. area, the study looked at churches, mosques, temples, and other communities of immigrants from Korea, China, India, West Africa, the Muslim world, and El Salvador. The researchers surveyed 200 of these communities and studied twenty in depth. Communities vary widely in how much they build social capital, provide social services to immigrants, develop the civic skills of members, and shape immigrants' identities. Local leadership and group characteristics much more than ethnic origin or religious tradition shape the level and kind of civic engagement that the communities foster. Particularly, where leaders are civically engaged, they provide personal and organizational links to the wider American society and promote civic engagement by members. Homeland causes and a strong sense of religious and ethnic identity, far from alienating immigrants from American society, promote higher levels of civic engagement in immigrant communities.
John A. Sloboda
- Published in print:
- 1986
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521280
- eISBN:
- 9780191706257
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521280.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This book describes and analyses the cognitive processes that take place in the perception, performance, and creation of music. It proposes that underlying the various musical skills is the ability ...
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This book describes and analyses the cognitive processes that take place in the perception, performance, and creation of music. It proposes that underlying the various musical skills is the ability to form abstract mental representations of music, which allow it to be apprehended in structural terms. In this respect, the analogy to language is paramount. The book reviews the experimental literature on music-language overlaps, performance, composition and improvization, listening, learning and development, and culture and biology. It assesses this literature and also examines areas where research is lacking, from the perspective of a cognitive psychologist who is also an active performing musician.Less
This book describes and analyses the cognitive processes that take place in the perception, performance, and creation of music. It proposes that underlying the various musical skills is the ability to form abstract mental representations of music, which allow it to be apprehended in structural terms. In this respect, the analogy to language is paramount. The book reviews the experimental literature on music-language overlaps, performance, composition and improvization, listening, learning and development, and culture and biology. It assesses this literature and also examines areas where research is lacking, from the perspective of a cognitive psychologist who is also an active performing musician.
Craig Speelman and Kim Kirsner
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198570417
- eISBN:
- 9780191708657
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570417.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
For years now, learning has been at the heart of research within cognitive psychology. How do we acquire new knowledge and new skills? Are the principles underlying skill acquisition unique to ...
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For years now, learning has been at the heart of research within cognitive psychology. How do we acquire new knowledge and new skills? Are the principles underlying skill acquisition unique to learning, or similar to those underlying other behaviours? Is the mental system essentially modular, or is the mental system a simple product of experience, a product that, inevitably, reflects the shape of the external world with all of its specialisms and similarities? This book takes the view that learning is a major influence on the nature of the processes and representations that fill our minds. Throughout, the book reviews and considers the areas of skill acquisition and lexical representation to illustrate the effects that practice can have on cognitive processes. It also draws parallels between theories in physical and biological domains to propose not only a new theory of mental function, but also demonstrate that the mind is essentially subject to the same natural laws as the physical world. In so doing, this book presents a new perspective on psychology — one that identifies universal principles underlying all behaviours and one which contrasts markedly from the current focus on highly specific behaviours.Less
For years now, learning has been at the heart of research within cognitive psychology. How do we acquire new knowledge and new skills? Are the principles underlying skill acquisition unique to learning, or similar to those underlying other behaviours? Is the mental system essentially modular, or is the mental system a simple product of experience, a product that, inevitably, reflects the shape of the external world with all of its specialisms and similarities? This book takes the view that learning is a major influence on the nature of the processes and representations that fill our minds. Throughout, the book reviews and considers the areas of skill acquisition and lexical representation to illustrate the effects that practice can have on cognitive processes. It also draws parallels between theories in physical and biological domains to propose not only a new theory of mental function, but also demonstrate that the mind is essentially subject to the same natural laws as the physical world. In so doing, this book presents a new perspective on psychology — one that identifies universal principles underlying all behaviours and one which contrasts markedly from the current focus on highly specific behaviours.
Jonathan Wolff and Avner De-Shalit
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199278268
- eISBN:
- 9780191707902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278268.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter looks at the issue of how it might be possible to decluster disadvantage. The best means of doing so will be for government to attend to corrosive disadvantages — those that cause other ...
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This chapter looks at the issue of how it might be possible to decluster disadvantage. The best means of doing so will be for government to attend to corrosive disadvantages — those that cause other disadvantages, and fertile functionings — those that have good effects on other functionings. It is argued that while empirical studies strongly suggest that being disadvantaged in terms of affiliation and control over the environment are corrosive, it is less clear which particular functionings are fertile. However, there is some evidence that possession of ‘soft skills’ and being educated are fertile at least in certain circumstances. By contrast, while poverty is very corrosive, the mere possession of extra money above a certain level does not appear to be particularly fertile. It is suggested that states invest in such research.Less
This chapter looks at the issue of how it might be possible to decluster disadvantage. The best means of doing so will be for government to attend to corrosive disadvantages — those that cause other disadvantages, and fertile functionings — those that have good effects on other functionings. It is argued that while empirical studies strongly suggest that being disadvantaged in terms of affiliation and control over the environment are corrosive, it is less clear which particular functionings are fertile. However, there is some evidence that possession of ‘soft skills’ and being educated are fertile at least in certain circumstances. By contrast, while poverty is very corrosive, the mere possession of extra money above a certain level does not appear to be particularly fertile. It is suggested that states invest in such research.
Christopher Hood and Martin Lodge
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199269679
- eISBN:
- 9780191604096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019926967X.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter explores the competency dimension of public service bargains, in the sense of skills, ability, or experience. It discusses four types of competency bargains: wonk, sage, deliverer, and ...
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This chapter explores the competency dimension of public service bargains, in the sense of skills, ability, or experience. It discusses four types of competency bargains: wonk, sage, deliverer, and go-between bargains, exploring their strengths and weaknesses. The chapter notes how elements from these four types can be combined and concludes with a discussion of trends and changes over time, which suggest that tendencies have been far from a one way adoption of managerialist themes of ‘delivery’.Less
This chapter explores the competency dimension of public service bargains, in the sense of skills, ability, or experience. It discusses four types of competency bargains: wonk, sage, deliverer, and go-between bargains, exploring their strengths and weaknesses. The chapter notes how elements from these four types can be combined and concludes with a discussion of trends and changes over time, which suggest that tendencies have been far from a one way adoption of managerialist themes of ‘delivery’.
Michael S. Kelly, Johnny S. Kim, and Cynthia Franklin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195366297
- eISBN:
- 9780199864010
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366297.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This book presents a “360-degree” view of SFBT in school settings from meta-analytic, intervention research, and practice perspectives. This book is divided into sections within each chapter to allow ...
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This book presents a “360-degree” view of SFBT in school settings from meta-analytic, intervention research, and practice perspectives. This book is divided into sections within each chapter to allow access to information easily so that SFBT ideas can be applied. The section The history provides the background information on the specific area of SFBT being discussed in the chapter. The section The research explains what the best and most current evidence has to say. The skills provides specific SFBT skills needed for the concepts discussed in the chapter. The Application uses case studies and other tools in each chapter which will show how to implement the techniques and ideas discussed in the chapter. The future shares the information on current trends in SFBT research and practice.Less
This book presents a “360-degree” view of SFBT in school settings from meta-analytic, intervention research, and practice perspectives. This book is divided into sections within each chapter to allow access to information easily so that SFBT ideas can be applied. The section The history provides the background information on the specific area of SFBT being discussed in the chapter. The section The research explains what the best and most current evidence has to say. The skills provides specific SFBT skills needed for the concepts discussed in the chapter. The Application uses case studies and other tools in each chapter which will show how to implement the techniques and ideas discussed in the chapter. The future shares the information on current trends in SFBT research and practice.
Joshua Landy
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195188561
- eISBN:
- 9780199949458
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188561.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This book offers a new rationale for the place of literary reading in the well-lived life. While it is often assumed that fictions must be informative or morally improving in order to be of any real ...
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This book offers a new rationale for the place of literary reading in the well-lived life. While it is often assumed that fictions must be informative or morally improving in order to be of any real benefit to us, certain texts defy this assumption by functioning as training-grounds for the capacities: in engaging with them we stand not to become more knowledgeable or more virtuous but more skilled, whether at rational thinking, at maintaining necessary illusions, at achieving tranquillity of mind, or even at religious faith. Instead of offering us propositional knowledge, these texts yield know-how; rather than attempting to instruct by means of their content, they hone capacities by means of their form; far from seducing with the promise of instantaneous transformation, they recognize, with Aristotle, that change is a matter of sustained and patient practice. Their demands are high, but the reward they promise is nothing short of a more richly lived life.Less
This book offers a new rationale for the place of literary reading in the well-lived life. While it is often assumed that fictions must be informative or morally improving in order to be of any real benefit to us, certain texts defy this assumption by functioning as training-grounds for the capacities: in engaging with them we stand not to become more knowledgeable or more virtuous but more skilled, whether at rational thinking, at maintaining necessary illusions, at achieving tranquillity of mind, or even at religious faith. Instead of offering us propositional knowledge, these texts yield know-how; rather than attempting to instruct by means of their content, they hone capacities by means of their form; far from seducing with the promise of instantaneous transformation, they recognize, with Aristotle, that change is a matter of sustained and patient practice. Their demands are high, but the reward they promise is nothing short of a more richly lived life.
Mary Beth Harris and Cynthia Franklin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195172942
- eISBN:
- 9780199893249
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172942.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations, Children and Families
Taking Charge is the first empirically tested program of its kind, designed specifically to improve academic achievement and self-sufficiency for adolescent and teenage mothers, who face ...
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Taking Charge is the first empirically tested program of its kind, designed specifically to improve academic achievement and self-sufficiency for adolescent and teenage mothers, who face increased risk of dropping out and experiencing poverty. This eight-session, in-school group-intervention uses cognitive-behavioral principles to bolster life skills such as focusing on action, setting goals, solving problems, and coping. The message embedded in the curriculum is one of self-efficacy and self-confidence, drawing on young women's strengths and teaching them how to manage the challenges of school, relationships, parenting, and employment. A treatment manual with detailed guidelines for establishing and leading a culturally diverse group, this guide also reviews the successful results of three school-based trials of the program, illustrated with vignettes and containing the handouts and materials necessary to implement the program.Less
Taking Charge is the first empirically tested program of its kind, designed specifically to improve academic achievement and self-sufficiency for adolescent and teenage mothers, who face increased risk of dropping out and experiencing poverty. This eight-session, in-school group-intervention uses cognitive-behavioral principles to bolster life skills such as focusing on action, setting goals, solving problems, and coping. The message embedded in the curriculum is one of self-efficacy and self-confidence, drawing on young women's strengths and teaching them how to manage the challenges of school, relationships, parenting, and employment. A treatment manual with detailed guidelines for establishing and leading a culturally diverse group, this guide also reviews the successful results of three school-based trials of the program, illustrated with vignettes and containing the handouts and materials necessary to implement the program.
Jennifer Radden and John Z. Sadler
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195389371
- eISBN:
- 9780199866328
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195389371.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, General
The brief concluding chapter returns to the questions, first introduced in Chapter 5, of whether, and how, virtue can be taught. The preceding discussions have laid out reasons why virtue should be ...
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The brief concluding chapter returns to the questions, first introduced in Chapter 5, of whether, and how, virtue can be taught. The preceding discussions have laid out reasons why virtue should be taught to those who will practice psychiatry. There is a growing body of evidence indicating it is possible to deepen and augment the affective and moral responses making up character traits such as empathy, for example, using a range of pedagogical techniques that harness imaginative capabilities. Alongside the practice skills they learn, the virtues of the good practitioner in psychiatry should and can be habituated and deepened using such techniques, it is argued. As well as to the acquisition of more technical skills, emphasis ought to be placed on character training.Less
The brief concluding chapter returns to the questions, first introduced in Chapter 5, of whether, and how, virtue can be taught. The preceding discussions have laid out reasons why virtue should be taught to those who will practice psychiatry. There is a growing body of evidence indicating it is possible to deepen and augment the affective and moral responses making up character traits such as empathy, for example, using a range of pedagogical techniques that harness imaginative capabilities. Alongside the practice skills they learn, the virtues of the good practitioner in psychiatry should and can be habituated and deepened using such techniques, it is argued. As well as to the acquisition of more technical skills, emphasis ought to be placed on character training.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Conventional wisdom explains the remarkable growth of Chinese rural industry after 1978 in terms of changes in economic policy; that rural industrialization took off through a combination of ...
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Conventional wisdom explains the remarkable growth of Chinese rural industry after 1978 in terms of changes in economic policy; that rural industrialization took off through a combination of privatization, liberalization, and fiscal decentralization. This book takes issue with such claims. Using a newly-constructed dataset covering China’s 2,000 counties and complemented by a detailed econometric study of county-level industrialization in the provinces of Sichuan, Guangdong, and Jiangsu, the book sets out the continuity which underlies the process of rural industrialization in China. The development of rural industry in the Maoist period set in motion a process of learning-by-doing, whereby China’s rural workforce gradually acquired an array of skills and competencies, leading to a vastly enhanced level of industrial capability on the countryside by the late 1970s. As a result, the pace of rural industrialization accelerated well before the supposed 1978 climacteric, and the growth of the 1980s and 1990s was simply a continuation of this process. Indeed, without the prior Maoist development of skills, China’s growth during the post-1978 era would have been much slower and perhaps would not have occurred at all — as has been the case in countries such as India and Vietnam.Less
Conventional wisdom explains the remarkable growth of Chinese rural industry after 1978 in terms of changes in economic policy; that rural industrialization took off through a combination of privatization, liberalization, and fiscal decentralization. This book takes issue with such claims. Using a newly-constructed dataset covering China’s 2,000 counties and complemented by a detailed econometric study of county-level industrialization in the provinces of Sichuan, Guangdong, and Jiangsu, the book sets out the continuity which underlies the process of rural industrialization in China. The development of rural industry in the Maoist period set in motion a process of learning-by-doing, whereby China’s rural workforce gradually acquired an array of skills and competencies, leading to a vastly enhanced level of industrial capability on the countryside by the late 1970s. As a result, the pace of rural industrialization accelerated well before the supposed 1978 climacteric, and the growth of the 1980s and 1990s was simply a continuation of this process. Indeed, without the prior Maoist development of skills, China’s growth during the post-1978 era would have been much slower and perhaps would not have occurred at all — as has been the case in countries such as India and Vietnam.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Successful industrialization requires a long and protracted process of learning; new ideas from abroad are not enough. Poor countries also need to apply those ideas effectively, and such a capability ...
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Successful industrialization requires a long and protracted process of learning; new ideas from abroad are not enough. Poor countries also need to apply those ideas effectively, and such a capability can only be acquired via learning-by-doing. The very process of learning itself requires both the expansion of education and an extensive programme of investment in physical capital; many skills are acquired by a process of learning-by-doing in a factory environment. The prior development of an industrial capability is therefore a necessary condition for rapid rural industrialization in poor countries.Less
Successful industrialization requires a long and protracted process of learning; new ideas from abroad are not enough. Poor countries also need to apply those ideas effectively, and such a capability can only be acquired via learning-by-doing. The very process of learning itself requires both the expansion of education and an extensive programme of investment in physical capital; many skills are acquired by a process of learning-by-doing in a factory environment. The prior development of an industrial capability is therefore a necessary condition for rapid rural industrialization in poor countries.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The diffusion of skills from the urban core to the rural periphery transformed China’s rural skills base during the 1960s and 1970s. This process was brought about by both the Third Front programme ...
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The diffusion of skills from the urban core to the rural periphery transformed China’s rural skills base during the 1960s and 1970s. This process was brought about by both the Third Front programme and by the sending-down (xiafang) of urban youth to the countryside, where many of them became teachers. Along with a process of learning-by-doing in the newly-established rural industries of the Maoist era, skill diffusion ensured that China entered the 1980s with the workforce needed for rapid industrial expansion. Despite output fluctuations and the impact of political campaigns, an extensive manufacturing capability had been created in rural China by the time of Mao’s death.Less
The diffusion of skills from the urban core to the rural periphery transformed China’s rural skills base during the 1960s and 1970s. This process was brought about by both the Third Front programme and by the sending-down (xiafang) of urban youth to the countryside, where many of them became teachers. Along with a process of learning-by-doing in the newly-established rural industries of the Maoist era, skill diffusion ensured that China entered the 1980s with the workforce needed for rapid industrial expansion. Despite output fluctuations and the impact of political campaigns, an extensive manufacturing capability had been created in rural China by the time of Mao’s death.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The evidence on the determinants of growth for China’s counties in the post-1978 era points to the clear causal role of initial conditions. Proximity to large urban centres, the dependency rate, and ...
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The evidence on the determinants of growth for China’s counties in the post-1978 era points to the clear causal role of initial conditions. Proximity to large urban centres, the dependency rate, and initial GDP per head all appeared to have exerted a powerful impact, much more so than population density, literacy, grain yields, or proximity to a provincial capital. Most importantly, the hypothesis advanced in this book: that inherited industrial skills helped promote growth, is supported in both a statistical and a substantive sense. Whatever the impact of policy change, it should not be allowed to overshadow the contribution of both geography and history. Although location mattered, so too did prior learning — and in a much more positive sense than much of the path dependency literature allows.Less
The evidence on the determinants of growth for China’s counties in the post-1978 era points to the clear causal role of initial conditions. Proximity to large urban centres, the dependency rate, and initial GDP per head all appeared to have exerted a powerful impact, much more so than population density, literacy, grain yields, or proximity to a provincial capital. Most importantly, the hypothesis advanced in this book: that inherited industrial skills helped promote growth, is supported in both a statistical and a substantive sense. Whatever the impact of policy change, it should not be allowed to overshadow the contribution of both geography and history. Although location mattered, so too did prior learning — and in a much more positive sense than much of the path dependency literature allows.
Johzen Takeuchi
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198292746
- eISBN:
- 9780191603891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292740.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter deals with the manufacturing industry for Western products that emerged after the opening of the treaty ports. These goods include brushes, buttons, matches, knitted goods, soaps, and ...
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This chapter deals with the manufacturing industry for Western products that emerged after the opening of the treaty ports. These goods include brushes, buttons, matches, knitted goods, soaps, and bicycles. Although the modern factories that made these products played significant roles in the early stages of industrialization, they eventually went into decline. The combination of modern technology and traditional skills formed another route to industrialization in modern Japan.Less
This chapter deals with the manufacturing industry for Western products that emerged after the opening of the treaty ports. These goods include brushes, buttons, matches, knitted goods, soaps, and bicycles. Although the modern factories that made these products played significant roles in the early stages of industrialization, they eventually went into decline. The combination of modern technology and traditional skills formed another route to industrialization in modern Japan.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
By the late 1970s, Guangdong’s industrial and skills base was more rural, less geographically concentrated, and less dominated by traditional light industry than it had been at the time of the ...
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By the late 1970s, Guangdong’s industrial and skills base was more rural, less geographically concentrated, and less dominated by traditional light industry than it had been at the time of the Revolution. The expansion of manufacturing capability in rural Guangdong under Mao provided the province with a solid foundation for the industrialization of the 1980s and 1990s. Inflows of foreign investment and foreign trade undoubtedly helped to promote growth in Guangdong, much more than in other Chinese provinces. Nevertheless, the pivotal role played by Guangdong’s Maoist inheritance is apparent. Even in this coastal province, where the flows of foreign capital and migrant labour were enormous, inherited industrial capability was a key influence on the rural industrial growth rate.Less
By the late 1970s, Guangdong’s industrial and skills base was more rural, less geographically concentrated, and less dominated by traditional light industry than it had been at the time of the Revolution. The expansion of manufacturing capability in rural Guangdong under Mao provided the province with a solid foundation for the industrialization of the 1980s and 1990s. Inflows of foreign investment and foreign trade undoubtedly helped to promote growth in Guangdong, much more than in other Chinese provinces. Nevertheless, the pivotal role played by Guangdong’s Maoist inheritance is apparent. Even in this coastal province, where the flows of foreign capital and migrant labour were enormous, inherited industrial capability was a key influence on the rural industrial growth rate.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The foundations for the rapid growth of rural industry in China after 1978 were laid out during the Maoist era. Although much of China’s Maoist industry was inefficient, its workers acquired a vast ...
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The foundations for the rapid growth of rural industry in China after 1978 were laid out during the Maoist era. Although much of China’s Maoist industry was inefficient, its workers acquired a vast array of skills via the process of learning-by-doing and by the diffusion of skills from urban areas. Policy changes after 1978 certainly added to the effectiveness of this inheritance. The Chinese evidence points inescapably to the conclusion that learning and skills development are essential pre-conditions for rapid rural industrialization in poor countries.Less
The foundations for the rapid growth of rural industry in China after 1978 were laid out during the Maoist era. Although much of China’s Maoist industry was inefficient, its workers acquired a vast array of skills via the process of learning-by-doing and by the diffusion of skills from urban areas. Policy changes after 1978 certainly added to the effectiveness of this inheritance. The Chinese evidence points inescapably to the conclusion that learning and skills development are essential pre-conditions for rapid rural industrialization in poor countries.
Cynthia Franklin, Mary Beth Harris, and Paula Allen-Meares (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195370706
- eISBN:
- 9780199893515
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195370706.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
Here, readers will find an overview of violence and interpersonal conflict in schools. This Concise Companion covers the types of violence that threaten school and student safety — from bullying to ...
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Here, readers will find an overview of violence and interpersonal conflict in schools. This Concise Companion covers the types of violence that threaten school and student safety — from bullying to sexual assault to gang activity — and presents strategies to assess risk, teach conflict-resolution skills, and create a violence-free culture. Each chapter is filled with charts, checklists and cases, organized around What We Know, What We Can Do, Tools and Practice Examples, and Key Points to Remember.Less
Here, readers will find an overview of violence and interpersonal conflict in schools. This Concise Companion covers the types of violence that threaten school and student safety — from bullying to sexual assault to gang activity — and presents strategies to assess risk, teach conflict-resolution skills, and create a violence-free culture. Each chapter is filled with charts, checklists and cases, organized around What We Know, What We Can Do, Tools and Practice Examples, and Key Points to Remember.
Andrea M. Herrmann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199543434
- eISBN:
- 9780191715693
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543434.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy, Political Economy
This chapter investigates how firms can compete despite comparative disadvantages of national labour-market institutions. It first analyses whether pharmaceutical firms in Germany, Italy, and the UK ...
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This chapter investigates how firms can compete despite comparative disadvantages of national labour-market institutions. It first analyses whether pharmaceutical firms in Germany, Italy, and the UK require employees with different types of skills to pursue strategies of radical product innovation, incremental product innovation, and product imitation, respectively. Since quantitative analyses of employees' skill profiles show this to be the case, the chapter goes on to ask how firms can acquire the necessary skill types if their availability is limited by unfavourable labour-market institutions. Illustrating how firms hire employees from abroad and on the basis of atypical contracts, the chapter identifies international labour markets and contracts as functional equivalents to national labour-market institutions. It concludes with reflections on how these findings contribute to the resource-based view and the competitiveness literature, and illustrates that a Schumpeterian perception of firms as creative entrepreneurs can help to explain how firms compete despite comparative institutional disadvantages.Less
This chapter investigates how firms can compete despite comparative disadvantages of national labour-market institutions. It first analyses whether pharmaceutical firms in Germany, Italy, and the UK require employees with different types of skills to pursue strategies of radical product innovation, incremental product innovation, and product imitation, respectively. Since quantitative analyses of employees' skill profiles show this to be the case, the chapter goes on to ask how firms can acquire the necessary skill types if their availability is limited by unfavourable labour-market institutions. Illustrating how firms hire employees from abroad and on the basis of atypical contracts, the chapter identifies international labour markets and contracts as functional equivalents to national labour-market institutions. It concludes with reflections on how these findings contribute to the resource-based view and the competitiveness literature, and illustrates that a Schumpeterian perception of firms as creative entrepreneurs can help to explain how firms compete despite comparative institutional disadvantages.
John Ellershaw and Susie Wilkinson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199550838
- eISBN:
- 9780191730528
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550838.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Even for the most experienced healthcare professional, managing the last few days of life can be difficult. This book provides guidelines for the care of the dying based on the Liverpool Care Pathway ...
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Even for the most experienced healthcare professional, managing the last few days of life can be difficult. This book provides guidelines for the care of the dying based on the Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient (LCP). Developed at a hospice, the information can be disseminated and adapted to fit different settings such as hospitals and nursing homes. The LCP is a multiprofessional document that incorporates evidence-based practice and appropriate guidelines related to care of the dying. It provides a template that describes the process of care which is generally delivered in a clinical situation and incorporates the expected outcome of care delivery. The LCP replaces all other documentation in this phase of care. Care pathways can provide a potentially powerful aid to professionals involved in palliative care. Basic principles of treatment are translated into daily practice, including bedside documentation systems, policies and procedures, standards of practice, continuing education, and quality-improvement programmes. This book includes chapters on symptom control, ethical issues, communication skills, and spiritual care, which underpin the use of the LCP.Less
Even for the most experienced healthcare professional, managing the last few days of life can be difficult. This book provides guidelines for the care of the dying based on the Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient (LCP). Developed at a hospice, the information can be disseminated and adapted to fit different settings such as hospitals and nursing homes. The LCP is a multiprofessional document that incorporates evidence-based practice and appropriate guidelines related to care of the dying. It provides a template that describes the process of care which is generally delivered in a clinical situation and incorporates the expected outcome of care delivery. The LCP replaces all other documentation in this phase of care. Care pathways can provide a potentially powerful aid to professionals involved in palliative care. Basic principles of treatment are translated into daily practice, including bedside documentation systems, policies and procedures, standards of practice, continuing education, and quality-improvement programmes. This book includes chapters on symptom control, ethical issues, communication skills, and spiritual care, which underpin the use of the LCP.
Craig P. Speelman and Kim Kirsner
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198570417
- eISBN:
- 9780191708657
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570417.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter addresses some of the shortcomings of the research and theories of skill acquisition and transfer with the proposal of a new theory. Five principles of learning are presented, which were ...
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This chapter addresses some of the shortcomings of the research and theories of skill acquisition and transfer with the proposal of a new theory. Five principles of learning are presented, which were derived from the research reviewed in previous chapters. These principles are: practice leads to faster performance; practice leads to efficiencies in knowledge access; learning leads to less demand on working memory; as expertise increases, fewer mental resources are required to perform a particular task, enabling the development of a hierarchy of skills; and mastery in a domain involves the application of an array of component processes, with varying degrees of specificity to tasks and contexts, that are recruited in a manner that allows for consistent performance under stereotypical situations and flexible performance under unusual circumstances. The Component Theory of Skill Acquisition is described, followed by presentation of a number of implications of the theory for existing accounts of empirical phenomena in skill acquisition and transfer specifically, and cognitive psychology in general.Less
This chapter addresses some of the shortcomings of the research and theories of skill acquisition and transfer with the proposal of a new theory. Five principles of learning are presented, which were derived from the research reviewed in previous chapters. These principles are: practice leads to faster performance; practice leads to efficiencies in knowledge access; learning leads to less demand on working memory; as expertise increases, fewer mental resources are required to perform a particular task, enabling the development of a hierarchy of skills; and mastery in a domain involves the application of an array of component processes, with varying degrees of specificity to tasks and contexts, that are recruited in a manner that allows for consistent performance under stereotypical situations and flexible performance under unusual circumstances. The Component Theory of Skill Acquisition is described, followed by presentation of a number of implications of the theory for existing accounts of empirical phenomena in skill acquisition and transfer specifically, and cognitive psychology in general.
