L. Weiskrantz
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521921
- eISBN:
- 9780191706226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521921.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
On a number of occasions when the two eyes were compared, it was found that the left eye seemed better than the right. This was confirmed in this study for detection of a 10° disc. It was possible ...
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On a number of occasions when the two eyes were compared, it was found that the left eye seemed better than the right. This was confirmed in this study for detection of a 10° disc. It was possible that the inequality stemmed from the fact that D. B. had undergone right cervical sympathectomy prior to his brain surgery, resulting in a constricted pupil in his right eye. The two eyes were compared when the vision of each was restricted by an artificial pupil of 4 mm aperture. With the artificial pupil, the difference between the eyes was no longer significant.Less
On a number of occasions when the two eyes were compared, it was found that the left eye seemed better than the right. This was confirmed in this study for detection of a 10° disc. It was possible that the inequality stemmed from the fact that D. B. had undergone right cervical sympathectomy prior to his brain surgery, resulting in a constricted pupil in his right eye. The two eyes were compared when the vision of each was restricted by an artificial pupil of 4 mm aperture. With the artificial pupil, the difference between the eyes was no longer significant.
David Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199265176
- eISBN:
- 9780191713989
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265176.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter contains two brief letters to the editors. The first states that it is impossible to engage with dialetheism, since there is not sufficient common ground. The second says that, ...
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This chapter contains two brief letters to the editors. The first states that it is impossible to engage with dialetheism, since there is not sufficient common ground. The second says that, nonetheless, it is possible to reason non-trivially about inconsistent situations in certain cases.Less
This chapter contains two brief letters to the editors. The first states that it is impossible to engage with dialetheism, since there is not sufficient common ground. The second says that, nonetheless, it is possible to reason non-trivially about inconsistent situations in certain cases.
David Midgley
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198151791
- eISBN:
- 9780191672835
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198151791.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters and presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It shows that what we are dealing with in the Weimar period is not a ...
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This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters and presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It shows that what we are dealing with in the Weimar period is not a straightforward paradigm shift from one literary style to another, nor a straightforward collapse into authoritarian attitudes. Rather, we are dealing with a contest among writers and artists over the appropriate attitudes to adopt towards the post-war situation of the German-speaking world, over the interpretation of major cultural issues which present themselves in that situation, and over the techniques of representation appropriate to that task of interpretation.Less
This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters and presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It shows that what we are dealing with in the Weimar period is not a straightforward paradigm shift from one literary style to another, nor a straightforward collapse into authoritarian attitudes. Rather, we are dealing with a contest among writers and artists over the appropriate attitudes to adopt towards the post-war situation of the German-speaking world, over the interpretation of major cultural issues which present themselves in that situation, and over the techniques of representation appropriate to that task of interpretation.
Jagdish Bhagwati
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198288473
- eISBN:
- 9780191684609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198288473.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter begins by discussing the reasons why this volume was created. It then details India's economic situation in the 1960s. Next, it tells of the author's account of the sad turn of events in ...
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This chapter begins by discussing the reasons why this volume was created. It then details India's economic situation in the 1960s. Next, it tells of the author's account of the sad turn of events in India and how he was described by the Communist Party as a ‘marginal’ economist with intended double entendre. Lastly, the chapter describes the reforms that transpired in India's economy.Less
This chapter begins by discussing the reasons why this volume was created. It then details India's economic situation in the 1960s. Next, it tells of the author's account of the sad turn of events in India and how he was described by the Communist Party as a ‘marginal’ economist with intended double entendre. Lastly, the chapter describes the reforms that transpired in India's economy.
Yuval Ginbar
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199540914
- eISBN:
- 9780191716256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199540914.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter concludes Part III, which examines four models of legalized torture. Neither Israel nor the USA have succeeded in limiting torture to ticking bomb situations (or to high value ...
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This chapter concludes Part III, which examines four models of legalized torture. Neither Israel nor the USA have succeeded in limiting torture to ticking bomb situations (or to high value detainees), although both states have refined their models in an effort to do so. Both states claim, probably rightly in some specific cases, that torturing (not so named) has thwarted terrorist attacks and saved lives. Neither, however, has claimed to have thereby put an end to such attacks, and the counterclaim that torture has overall done more harm than good, including in terms of human lives, cannot easily be refuted. Other conclusions are to be drawn following the discussion of salient legal issues arising from the models, in Part IV.Less
This chapter concludes Part III, which examines four models of legalized torture. Neither Israel nor the USA have succeeded in limiting torture to ticking bomb situations (or to high value detainees), although both states have refined their models in an effort to do so. Both states claim, probably rightly in some specific cases, that torturing (not so named) has thwarted terrorist attacks and saved lives. Neither, however, has claimed to have thereby put an end to such attacks, and the counterclaim that torture has overall done more harm than good, including in terms of human lives, cannot easily be refuted. Other conclusions are to be drawn following the discussion of salient legal issues arising from the models, in Part IV.
Peter Achinstein
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195143898
- eISBN:
- 9780199833023
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195143892.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
What is required for a fact to be evidence for a hypothesis? In this book Achinstein introduces four concepts of evidence, which he calls potential, veridical, epistemic‐situation, and subjective. He ...
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What is required for a fact to be evidence for a hypothesis? In this book Achinstein introduces four concepts of evidence, which he calls potential, veridical, epistemic‐situation, and subjective. He defines the last three by reference to the first, and then characterizes potential evidence using a new objective epistemic interpretation of probability. The resulting theory is used to provide solutions to four ”paradoxes of evidence” (grue, ravens, lottery, and old evidence) and to a series of questions, including whether explanations or predictions furnish more evidential weight; whether individual hypotheses or only entire theoretical systems can receive evidential support (the Duhem‐Quine problem); and what counts as a scientific discovery and what evidence it requires. Two historical scientific cases are examined using the theory of evidence developed: Jean Perrin's argument for molecules (did he have noncircular evidence for their existence?), and J.J. Thomson's argument for electrons (what sort of evidence did this argument provide?).Less
What is required for a fact to be evidence for a hypothesis? In this book Achinstein introduces four concepts of evidence, which he calls potential, veridical, epistemic‐situation, and subjective. He defines the last three by reference to the first, and then characterizes potential evidence using a new objective epistemic interpretation of probability. The resulting theory is used to provide solutions to four ”paradoxes of evidence” (grue, ravens, lottery, and old evidence) and to a series of questions, including whether explanations or predictions furnish more evidential weight; whether individual hypotheses or only entire theoretical systems can receive evidential support (the Duhem‐Quine problem); and what counts as a scientific discovery and what evidence it requires. Two historical scientific cases are examined using the theory of evidence developed: Jean Perrin's argument for molecules (did he have noncircular evidence for their existence?), and J.J. Thomson's argument for electrons (what sort of evidence did this argument provide?).
Andrew Kuper
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199274901
- eISBN:
- 9780191601552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199274908.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
How is it possible for individuals to exercise any control over a political order, i.e. supranational and multilayered? This is the key question in reconciling cosmopolitan justice with democracy. ...
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How is it possible for individuals to exercise any control over a political order, i.e. supranational and multilayered? This is the key question in reconciling cosmopolitan justice with democracy. The most popular answer is that of Jurgen Habermas and other deliberative democrats. This chapter argues that deliberative democracy fails to take seriously both the problems and opportunities of large-scale societies, and so cannot provide adequate foundations for a deepening democracy. The participation requirements of Habermas’s normative theory can be met only by making assumptions about human cognitive capacities and institutional capabilities that are not remotely plausible in any large-scale society–faced with limitations of numbers, time, information, and understanding. Deliberative theorists turn to five conceptions of representation that are supposed to ‘mirror’ deliberation and thereby rescue the theory; but all of them fail. A stronger theory of representation is needed.Less
How is it possible for individuals to exercise any control over a political order, i.e. supranational and multilayered? This is the key question in reconciling cosmopolitan justice with democracy. The most popular answer is that of Jurgen Habermas and other deliberative democrats. This chapter argues that deliberative democracy fails to take seriously both the problems and opportunities of large-scale societies, and so cannot provide adequate foundations for a deepening democracy. The participation requirements of Habermas’s normative theory can be met only by making assumptions about human cognitive capacities and institutional capabilities that are not remotely plausible in any large-scale society–faced with limitations of numbers, time, information, and understanding. Deliberative theorists turn to five conceptions of representation that are supposed to ‘mirror’ deliberation and thereby rescue the theory; but all of them fail. A stronger theory of representation is needed.
Yuval Ginbar
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199540914
- eISBN:
- 9780191716256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199540914.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter concludes the discussion of the ticking bomb question as a one of pure individual morality. For the purpose of defending an absolute prohibition on torture a minimal absolutist position, ...
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This chapter concludes the discussion of the ticking bomb question as a one of pure individual morality. For the purpose of defending an absolute prohibition on torture a minimal absolutist position, rather than a wider moral theory, is sufficient. The overwhelming strength of the ‘numbers’ in the torture-justifying argument is also its moral downfall, among other things because it must allow the torture of the innocent, making each of us, potentially, a victim of torture — as well as a torturer. The qualities of character needed for one person to inflict unimaginable cruelty upon another cannot sit easily with our concept of a good character. A torture-justifier would indeed commit atrocities, where necessary, to save us, but only if we belong to a large enough number of potential victims. The minimal absolutist, in contrast, would always do anything humanly possible to save innocent lives.Less
This chapter concludes the discussion of the ticking bomb question as a one of pure individual morality. For the purpose of defending an absolute prohibition on torture a minimal absolutist position, rather than a wider moral theory, is sufficient. The overwhelming strength of the ‘numbers’ in the torture-justifying argument is also its moral downfall, among other things because it must allow the torture of the innocent, making each of us, potentially, a victim of torture — as well as a torturer. The qualities of character needed for one person to inflict unimaginable cruelty upon another cannot sit easily with our concept of a good character. A torture-justifier would indeed commit atrocities, where necessary, to save us, but only if we belong to a large enough number of potential victims. The minimal absolutist, in contrast, would always do anything humanly possible to save innocent lives.
Yuval Ginbar
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199540914
- eISBN:
- 9780191716256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199540914.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter introduces Part II, examining the ticking bomb question as one of public, practical, morality in the real world, namely whether it is morally justifiable for democratic states facing ...
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This chapter introduces Part II, examining the ticking bomb question as one of public, practical, morality in the real world, namely whether it is morally justifiable for democratic states facing terrorism to torture in order to save many innocent lives. It outlines the parameters for discussing the question. Part II is to first address the question of whether transferring the ‘torture in a ticking bomb situation’ (TBS) moral dilemma from the private to the public sphere in itself entails a different moral solution. Secondly, the question is to be addressed of whether — accepting arguendo that torture in this situation is morally justified — states can torture in TBSs while limiting both torture and its direct and indirect harm to a morally acceptable level, or else must slide down an inevitable, and intolerable ‘slippery slope’. ‘Slippery surface’ dangers unique to the public sphere are also discussed.Less
This chapter introduces Part II, examining the ticking bomb question as one of public, practical, morality in the real world, namely whether it is morally justifiable for democratic states facing terrorism to torture in order to save many innocent lives. It outlines the parameters for discussing the question. Part II is to first address the question of whether transferring the ‘torture in a ticking bomb situation’ (TBS) moral dilemma from the private to the public sphere in itself entails a different moral solution. Secondly, the question is to be addressed of whether — accepting arguendo that torture in this situation is morally justified — states can torture in TBSs while limiting both torture and its direct and indirect harm to a morally acceptable level, or else must slide down an inevitable, and intolerable ‘slippery slope’. ‘Slippery surface’ dangers unique to the public sphere are also discussed.
Arthur C. Helton
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250318
- eISBN:
- 9780191599477
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250316.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The primary international organization involved with refugees is the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which was established in 1950 to protect and assist refugees and supervise ...
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The primary international organization involved with refugees is the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which was established in 1950 to protect and assist refugees and supervise the implementation of the UN refugee treaty regime. In terms of the broader international system, without significant institutional change, increased financial support and renewed commitment on the part of Member States, the UN will not be capable of executing the critical peacekeeping and peace‐building tasks assigned to it in the coming years.To promote greater coherence in the making and implementing of forced migration policy, a new intellectual capacity is needed. The proposal made by the author is for the establishment of Strategic Humanitarian Action and Research (SHARE), a humanitarian action think tank. SHARE would be both a planning resource and an archive of lessons learned, which ultimately could become an intergovernmental mechanism. It would craft responses to fill the gaps that regularly emerge in post‐crisis situations, particularly in post‐crisis situations when emergency relief is ending, but before the development of a fully functioning state.Less
The primary international organization involved with refugees is the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which was established in 1950 to protect and assist refugees and supervise the implementation of the UN refugee treaty regime. In terms of the broader international system, without significant institutional change, increased financial support and renewed commitment on the part of Member States, the UN will not be capable of executing the critical peacekeeping and peace‐building tasks assigned to it in the coming years.
To promote greater coherence in the making and implementing of forced migration policy, a new intellectual capacity is needed. The proposal made by the author is for the establishment of Strategic Humanitarian Action and Research (SHARE), a humanitarian action think tank. SHARE would be both a planning resource and an archive of lessons learned, which ultimately could become an intergovernmental mechanism. It would craft responses to fill the gaps that regularly emerge in post‐crisis situations, particularly in post‐crisis situations when emergency relief is ending, but before the development of a fully functioning state.
Rachel Stanworth
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198525110
- eISBN:
- 9780191730504
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525110.003.0008
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter discusses the metaphors of marginality and liminality, which provide alternative ‘orderings’ or meanings to events that initially may appear synonymous. These metaphors challenge ...
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This chapter discusses the metaphors of marginality and liminality, which provide alternative ‘orderings’ or meanings to events that initially may appear synonymous. These metaphors challenge personal identity, and either can be experienced as painful. However, the liminal situation harbours a dynamic and potential that eludes the purely marginal. The potential and range of either metaphor to mediate ultimate or spiritual concerns will become more apparent as the prism presented in Chapter 6 is further constructed.Less
This chapter discusses the metaphors of marginality and liminality, which provide alternative ‘orderings’ or meanings to events that initially may appear synonymous. These metaphors challenge personal identity, and either can be experienced as painful. However, the liminal situation harbours a dynamic and potential that eludes the purely marginal. The potential and range of either metaphor to mediate ultimate or spiritual concerns will become more apparent as the prism presented in Chapter 6 is further constructed.
Alf Gabrielsson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199695225
- eISBN:
- 9780191729775
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695225.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter presents some general points about the accounts provided by participants in the study. The accounts comprise strong experiences with music that took place during a period of almost 100 ...
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This chapter presents some general points about the accounts provided by participants in the study. The accounts comprise strong experiences with music that took place during a period of almost 100 years: the earliest in 1908, the latest in 2004. Of the more than 1,300 experiences, approximately 13% took place before 1950 and just over 42% before 1980. In general, it can be said that every account has a unique content and a unique character. In a few instances, there are accounts from two different participants of the same or almost the same occasion with the same music, but even in these cases there are differences in how the experience is described. The book contains more than 500 accounts. They have been selected specifically to reflect: experiences of people of different genders and ages; experiences of listeners and music makers; experiences associated with various types of music; experiences in various physical and social situations; and experiences at different times.Less
This chapter presents some general points about the accounts provided by participants in the study. The accounts comprise strong experiences with music that took place during a period of almost 100 years: the earliest in 1908, the latest in 2004. Of the more than 1,300 experiences, approximately 13% took place before 1950 and just over 42% before 1980. In general, it can be said that every account has a unique content and a unique character. In a few instances, there are accounts from two different participants of the same or almost the same occasion with the same music, but even in these cases there are differences in how the experience is described. The book contains more than 500 accounts. They have been selected specifically to reflect: experiences of people of different genders and ages; experiences of listeners and music makers; experiences associated with various types of music; experiences in various physical and social situations; and experiences at different times.
Bjorn Hammarberg
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748635115
- eISBN:
- 9780748651504
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748635115.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Applied Linguistics and Pedagogy
This book brings together six case studies of an adult multilingual speaker who acquires a new language through social interaction. It deals especially with the multilingual situation, the learner's ...
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This book brings together six case studies of an adult multilingual speaker who acquires a new language through social interaction. It deals especially with the multilingual situation, the learner's acquisitional activities, and the involvement of background languages in the process of speaking. The book offers a coherent study of various linguistic phenomena in one individual, including patterns and functions of language switching, word search in interaction, hypothetical construction of words, and articulatory settings in speaking. The main languages involved are English (L1), German (L2), and Swedish (L3). The activation of these languages in the learner's speech is examined in a cognitive perspective in relation to current models of the speaking process. A longitudinal corpus of NNS-NS conversations covering 21 months from the beginner stage provides the main data for these studies. The book highlights the significance of prior L2 knowledge in L3 performance.Less
This book brings together six case studies of an adult multilingual speaker who acquires a new language through social interaction. It deals especially with the multilingual situation, the learner's acquisitional activities, and the involvement of background languages in the process of speaking. The book offers a coherent study of various linguistic phenomena in one individual, including patterns and functions of language switching, word search in interaction, hypothetical construction of words, and articulatory settings in speaking. The main languages involved are English (L1), German (L2), and Swedish (L3). The activation of these languages in the learner's speech is examined in a cognitive perspective in relation to current models of the speaking process. A longitudinal corpus of NNS-NS conversations covering 21 months from the beginner stage provides the main data for these studies. The book highlights the significance of prior L2 knowledge in L3 performance.
PASCAL BOYER
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264195
- eISBN:
- 9780191734540
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264195.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The human imagination is often thought of as creativity and originality. It is often considered in terms of its high-end, creative products such as religion, arts, and literature. However, the human ...
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The human imagination is often thought of as creativity and originality. It is often considered in terms of its high-end, creative products such as religion, arts, and literature. However, the human imagination does not solely produce flights of creative fancy. It is also involved in the production of highly stable and fairly predictable representations of possible situations. This chapter discusses the humble imaginations of the human mind which are generally automatic and largely unconscious, yet are crucial to the formation of representations of what is to happen. This imagination is the construction of ‘what if’ which aids in the prediction of possible outcomes. The focus of this chapter is on specialized inference engines which are believed to be vehicles of creative imagination. Examples are provided in this chapter to illustrate the specialized ‘what if’ inferential systems of the human mind.Less
The human imagination is often thought of as creativity and originality. It is often considered in terms of its high-end, creative products such as religion, arts, and literature. However, the human imagination does not solely produce flights of creative fancy. It is also involved in the production of highly stable and fairly predictable representations of possible situations. This chapter discusses the humble imaginations of the human mind which are generally automatic and largely unconscious, yet are crucial to the formation of representations of what is to happen. This imagination is the construction of ‘what if’ which aids in the prediction of possible outcomes. The focus of this chapter is on specialized inference engines which are believed to be vehicles of creative imagination. Examples are provided in this chapter to illustrate the specialized ‘what if’ inferential systems of the human mind.
Koen P.R. Bartels
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447318507
- eISBN:
- 9781447318521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447318507.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter explains how public professionals and citizens engage with ‘the situation’ in which they meet. The comparison of the cases shows that the situation is a complex, ambiguous, and changing ...
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This chapter explains how public professionals and citizens engage with ‘the situation’ in which they meet. The comparison of the cases shows that the situation is a complex, ambiguous, and changing ‘work in progress’. It consists of a great number of persons, institutions, policies, and problems, the meaning and significance of which constantly change. Therefore, public professionals and citizens spend a lot of time talking about how to refine rules, structures, and plans, while being unaware of how this leads them to statically enact the ‘ongoing business’ of their encounters. Although it is undeniably recommendable to improve the institutional design of the situation, this is unlikely to offer anything more than a temporary stabilisation of the work in progress. Public professionals and citizens often do not manage to productively discuss what has changed, what appears to be affecting what, and what might be the most sensible way of going forward.Less
This chapter explains how public professionals and citizens engage with ‘the situation’ in which they meet. The comparison of the cases shows that the situation is a complex, ambiguous, and changing ‘work in progress’. It consists of a great number of persons, institutions, policies, and problems, the meaning and significance of which constantly change. Therefore, public professionals and citizens spend a lot of time talking about how to refine rules, structures, and plans, while being unaware of how this leads them to statically enact the ‘ongoing business’ of their encounters. Although it is undeniably recommendable to improve the institutional design of the situation, this is unlikely to offer anything more than a temporary stabilisation of the work in progress. Public professionals and citizens often do not manage to productively discuss what has changed, what appears to be affecting what, and what might be the most sensible way of going forward.
Simona Beretta
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199739813
- eISBN:
- 9780199866120
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199739813.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The economic situation of women today provides a critical test of the efficiency and justice of our economic system. Christian anthropology provides the basis for a convincing, and convenient, way to ...
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The economic situation of women today provides a critical test of the efficiency and justice of our economic system. Christian anthropology provides the basis for a convincing, and convenient, way to explore what “true” flourishing of women and society means. Such concerns must be addressed if the True Wealth of Nations project is to investigate whether and how applying the principles of Catholic social thought will provide a path to “sustainable prosperity for all”. This chapter begins by offering a broad review of consensus indicators and empirical findings concerning women's economic situation, in both medium-high-income and low-income countries. It then explores the issues of efficiency and justice faced by women in a framework in which generative actions occupy a central role. It reviews current lines of economic research about measuring well-being and societal progress beyond Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and suggests going beyond the measurement of women's “missing” GDP and rethinking the nature of the “care” economy.Less
The economic situation of women today provides a critical test of the efficiency and justice of our economic system. Christian anthropology provides the basis for a convincing, and convenient, way to explore what “true” flourishing of women and society means. Such concerns must be addressed if the True Wealth of Nations project is to investigate whether and how applying the principles of Catholic social thought will provide a path to “sustainable prosperity for all”. This chapter begins by offering a broad review of consensus indicators and empirical findings concerning women's economic situation, in both medium-high-income and low-income countries. It then explores the issues of efficiency and justice faced by women in a framework in which generative actions occupy a central role. It reviews current lines of economic research about measuring well-being and societal progress beyond Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and suggests going beyond the measurement of women's “missing” GDP and rethinking the nature of the “care” economy.
François Recanati
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230532
- eISBN:
- 9780191710919
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230532.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Our thought and talk are situated: they do not take place in a vacuum but always in a context, and they always concern an external situation relative to which they are to be evaluated. Since that is ...
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Our thought and talk are situated: they do not take place in a vacuum but always in a context, and they always concern an external situation relative to which they are to be evaluated. Since that is so, this book argues, our linguistic and mental representations alike must be assigned two layers of content: the explicit content, or lekton, is relative and perspectival, while the complete content, which is absolute, involves contextual factors in addition to what is explicitly represented. Far from reducing to the context-independent meaning of the sentence-type or, in the psychological realm, to the ‘narrow’ content of mental representations, the lekton is a level intermediate between context-invariant meaning and full propositional content. Recognition of that intermediate level is the key to a proper understanding of context-dependence in language and thought. Going beyond the usual discussions of indexicality and unarticulated constituents in the philosophy of language, this book turns to the philosophy of mind for decisive arguments in favour of this approach. The book shows, first, that the lekton is the notion of content we need if we are to understand properly the relations between perception, memory, and the imagination, and second, that the psychological ‘mode’ is what determines the situation the lekton is relative to. In this framework the book provides a detailed account of de se thought and the first person point of view. The last part of the book discusses the special freedom we have, in discourse and thought, to shift the situation of evaluation. It traces that freedom to a special mode — the anaphoric mode — which enables us to go beyond the egocentric stage of pre-human thought.Less
Our thought and talk are situated: they do not take place in a vacuum but always in a context, and they always concern an external situation relative to which they are to be evaluated. Since that is so, this book argues, our linguistic and mental representations alike must be assigned two layers of content: the explicit content, or lekton, is relative and perspectival, while the complete content, which is absolute, involves contextual factors in addition to what is explicitly represented. Far from reducing to the context-independent meaning of the sentence-type or, in the psychological realm, to the ‘narrow’ content of mental representations, the lekton is a level intermediate between context-invariant meaning and full propositional content. Recognition of that intermediate level is the key to a proper understanding of context-dependence in language and thought. Going beyond the usual discussions of indexicality and unarticulated constituents in the philosophy of language, this book turns to the philosophy of mind for decisive arguments in favour of this approach. The book shows, first, that the lekton is the notion of content we need if we are to understand properly the relations between perception, memory, and the imagination, and second, that the psychological ‘mode’ is what determines the situation the lekton is relative to. In this framework the book provides a detailed account of de se thought and the first person point of view. The last part of the book discusses the special freedom we have, in discourse and thought, to shift the situation of evaluation. It traces that freedom to a special mode — the anaphoric mode — which enables us to go beyond the egocentric stage of pre-human thought.
Joanna Demers
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387650
- eISBN:
- 9780199863594
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387650.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western, History, American
Still another grouping of electronic music conceives of sound as meaningful but hears that meaning deriving not so much from the sound’s innate characteristics as from the ways in which sound ...
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Still another grouping of electronic music conceives of sound as meaningful but hears that meaning deriving not so much from the sound’s innate characteristics as from the ways in which sound reflects its situation, its placement both within the physical world and within networks of cultures and other musics. Chapter 5 discusses ambient and chill-out, soundscape, field recordings, and sound art for widely differing tacks on how sound can communicate space, place, and location. Works considered include those by KLF, Tetsu Inoue, Francisco López, Toshiya Tsunoda, and Hildegard Westerkamp. These works rely on sound’s ability to invoke space, place, and location.Less
Still another grouping of electronic music conceives of sound as meaningful but hears that meaning deriving not so much from the sound’s innate characteristics as from the ways in which sound reflects its situation, its placement both within the physical world and within networks of cultures and other musics. Chapter 5 discusses ambient and chill-out, soundscape, field recordings, and sound art for widely differing tacks on how sound can communicate space, place, and location. Works considered include those by KLF, Tetsu Inoue, Francisco López, Toshiya Tsunoda, and Hildegard Westerkamp. These works rely on sound’s ability to invoke space, place, and location.
Gregory Currie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199282609
- eISBN:
- 9780191712432
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282609.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter examines the relation between narrative and the psychological notion of Character, as exemplified in regularities of motive and behaviour which are robust under change of circumstance. ...
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This chapter examines the relation between narrative and the psychological notion of Character, as exemplified in regularities of motive and behaviour which are robust under change of circumstance. Narratives often focus on more than simply the intentions that determine a particular action; they postulate more or less settled Characters for the people who perform those actions. It is argued that there is a natural connection between narrative and Character which makes the latter the natural mode of representation for the former, and gives Character a stabilizing and clarifying role in narrative. The twentieth century saw literary theorists turn against Character, originating with Knights' attack on Bradley's treatment of Shakespearean tragedy; it is argued that the literary case against character is weak.Less
This chapter examines the relation between narrative and the psychological notion of Character, as exemplified in regularities of motive and behaviour which are robust under change of circumstance. Narratives often focus on more than simply the intentions that determine a particular action; they postulate more or less settled Characters for the people who perform those actions. It is argued that there is a natural connection between narrative and Character which makes the latter the natural mode of representation for the former, and gives Character a stabilizing and clarifying role in narrative. The twentieth century saw literary theorists turn against Character, originating with Knights' attack on Bradley's treatment of Shakespearean tragedy; it is argued that the literary case against character is weak.
Gregory Currie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199282609
- eISBN:
- 9780191712432
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282609.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter considers more recent developments in the debate over Character, arising from work in social psychology which purports to show that Character plays a negligible role in the determination ...
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This chapter considers more recent developments in the debate over Character, arising from work in social psychology which purports to show that Character plays a negligible role in the determination of behaviour, which, it is argued, turns out to be very strongly situation‐dependent. Some of the evidence is reviewed. An argument is considered and rejected: that scientific evidence is irrelevant to the Lebenswelt, within which literature and literary values reside. However, the chapter concludes that, even if the sceptical case against Character can be made out, we can see a positive role for character in narrative. In an appendix the question is considered: why, if there is no such thing as Character, is there such an apparently universal strong belief in it? The question is answered by continuing the argument of earlier appendices on the role of narrative in the discouragement of dishonest signalling.Less
This chapter considers more recent developments in the debate over Character, arising from work in social psychology which purports to show that Character plays a negligible role in the determination of behaviour, which, it is argued, turns out to be very strongly situation‐dependent. Some of the evidence is reviewed. An argument is considered and rejected: that scientific evidence is irrelevant to the Lebenswelt, within which literature and literary values reside. However, the chapter concludes that, even if the sceptical case against Character can be made out, we can see a positive role for character in narrative. In an appendix the question is considered: why, if there is no such thing as Character, is there such an apparently universal strong belief in it? The question is answered by continuing the argument of earlier appendices on the role of narrative in the discouragement of dishonest signalling.
