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Introduction

D. W. Yalden and U. Albarella

in The History of British Birds

This Introduction discusses the reasons for writing this book and problems encountered. It mentions how the database of archaeological sites and bird records and the EndNote database of relevant ... More

This Introduction discusses the reasons for writing this book and problems encountered. It mentions how the database of archaeological sites and bird records and the EndNote database of relevant literature came about, the imformation gathered from both are summarized in the book.Less

Liberal Foundations

Matthew Clayton

in Justice and Legitimacy in Upbringing

This chapter sets out the liberal ideals of justice and legitimacy that form the basis of the conception of upbringing defended in later chapters. It begins with a summary of Rawls’s conception of ... More

This chapter sets out the liberal ideals of justice and legitimacy that form the basis of the conception of upbringing defended in later chapters. It begins with a summary of Rawls’s conception of political morality, then discusses the different dimensions of liberal autonomy and summarizes Rawls’s case for anti-perfectionist justice. Section 3 considers certain objections to Rawls’s political liberalism and against Rawls, asserting the view that autonomy should be treated as valuable in non-political lives. Section 4 sets out a conception of advantage with which to judge the demands of justice, drawing on Rawls’s account of the interests of citizens and Dworkin’s hypothetical insurance scheme. Finally, the questions addressed in later chapters are clarified by reference to recent discussions of the issue of the site of political morality offered by G.A. Cohen and Andrew Williams.Less

Gardens, backyards, and urban areas

Malcolm Ausden

in Habitat Management for Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques

Urban areas, gardens, and backyards can support a diverse range of wildlife, including a number of species rare in or absent from more semi-natural habitats. This chapter discusses the general ... More

Urban areas, gardens, and backyards can support a diverse range of wildlife, including a number of species rare in or absent from more semi-natural habitats. This chapter discusses the general principles of the management of these areas. It also briefly discusses management of mineral-extraction sites and developed land or buildings that are not currently in use, commonly known as brownfield or post-industrial sites. Mineral-extraction sites usually occur in the wider countryside, but are discussed here because of their similarity to brownfield sites.Less

Cooking-Pit Sites as Assembly Sites: Lunde in Vestfold, South-East Norway—A Regional Assembly Site in the Early Iron Age?

Marie Ødegaard

in Power and Place in Europe in the Early Middle Ages

This chapter discusses large cooking-pit sites as remains of large-scale gatherings, and investigates whether they could have functioned as early assembly sites. Three such locations in Vestfold ... More

This chapter discusses large cooking-pit sites as remains of large-scale gatherings, and investigates whether they could have functioned as early assembly sites. Three such locations in Vestfold county, south-east Norway, are discussed, with a particular focus on one of them, Lunde—one of Northern Europe’s largest cooking-pit sites. This chapter examines the possible relationship between them, medieval thing sites and later administrative areas. Cooking-pit sites fall out of use around ad 600, a change that corresponds with several cultural-historical transformations in Scandinavia. The different integrated components of the sites—cultic, juridical and military functions—were divided spatially at that time, perhaps as a result of changing social structures and establishment of petty kingdoms in Eastern Norway. In time, however, royal control over the thing organisation grew increasingly, leading to more formalised systems of governance and administration.Less

Viking Age and Medieval Assemblies in Western Norway: Approaches to Identification of Sites

Halldis Hobæk

in Power and Place in Europe in the Early Middle Ages

While the socio-political and judicial role and importance of assemblies in Viking Age and medieval Norway has been discussed by generations of historians, the physical aspects of assembly sites and ... More

While the socio-political and judicial role and importance of assemblies in Viking Age and medieval Norway has been discussed by generations of historians, the physical aspects of assembly sites and their precise locations has, until recently, been an under-researched topic. Very few assembly sites have been identified. Focusing on Western Norway, this chapter discusses approaches to identifying such sites. It is argued that while archaeology offers great potential for future studies in this field, a multi-disciplinary approach to the locating of sites from Viking and medieval times is preferable. By combining information from historical records and onomastic material, eighty-three documented probable or possible sites have been identified, thus significantly augmenting the number of known thing sites within the research area.Less

Houses of Representatives? Courtyard Sites North of the Polar Circle: Reflections on Communal Organisation from the Late Roman Period to the Viking Age

Frode Iversen

in Power and Place in Europe in the Early Middle Ages

This chapter deals with the geographical organisation of the thing-system of Northern Europe prior to the state-formation processes in the 9th and 10th centuries ad. The courtyard sites (ad 200–900) ... More

This chapter deals with the geographical organisation of the thing-system of Northern Europe prior to the state-formation processes in the 9th and 10th centuries ad. The courtyard sites (ad 200–900) of Hålogaland, Norway are interpreted as an early form of legal, cultic and military assembly sites and their size and location are discussed in relation to administrative landscapes (thing-units) reconstructed on the basis of later written sources (ad 1150–1560s). There is a remarkable correlation between the number of houseplots and the number of administrative units in the areas in question. This new discovery has far-reaching implications for understanding the age and formation processes of administrative legal landscapes on the fringes of Northern Europe.Less

Conclusions: A New Basis for Interpreting the Mysteries

ROGER BECK

in The Religion of the Mithras Cult in the Roman Empire: Mysteries of the Unconquered Sun

This concluding chapter revisits the summary description of the religion of the Mithras cult proposed in Chapter 1.

Setting objectives and monitoring

Malcolm Ausden

in Habitat Management for Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques

This chapter discusses management/site action planning for habitat management: the process for deciding what you want to achieve, how to achieve it, and how to monitor whether you are achieving it. ... More

This chapter discusses management/site action planning for habitat management: the process for deciding what you want to achieve, how to achieve it, and how to monitor whether you are achieving it. Topics covered include the format of the management action plan, monitoring and surveillance, and agri-environment schemes and conservation programmes.Less

Atmospheric Transport of Radionuclides

Todd V. Crawford, Charles W. Miller, and Allen H. Weber

in Radiological Risk Assessment and Environmental Analysis

This chapter assists professionals in selecting and properly using atmospheric transport, diffusion, and deposition models to estimate the transport and deposition of radionuclides released into the ... More

This chapter assists professionals in selecting and properly using atmospheric transport, diffusion, and deposition models to estimate the transport and deposition of radionuclides released into the atmosphere. After presenting meteorological fundamentals applicable to atmospheric processes, different types of mathematical models and modeling approaches are discussed. Fundamental principles and guidelines are also presented to help professionals select the most appropriate model for a given assessment problem, and to sensitize model users to the need for using appropriate and accurate site data in model calculations.Less

Approaches to Quantifying Roman Trade: Response

Michael Fulford

in Quantifying the Roman Economy: Methods and Problems

This chapter highlights the need from the perspective of the consuming community for an integrated approach to the comparative analysis of quantified material culture and environmental assemblages ... More

This chapter highlights the need from the perspective of the consuming community for an integrated approach to the comparative analysis of quantified material culture and environmental assemblages and change over time. At the same time, given the plentiful evidence for long-distance trade in the Roman world, it is important to begin to understand what this represented to different consuming communities in terms of expectations and values. What are ‘normal’ distributions in a marine or terrestrial environment, or in different social contexts? Long-distance traded goods are common on early Roman military sites on the frontiers, but rare on native sites, though in real terms it would have cost the same to reach both communities. Were these goods luxury in the native context, but everyday in the military? What would the military have considered as exotic?Less

Conclusion

Angela M. Lahr

in Millennial Dreams and Apocalyptic Nightmares: The Cold War Origins of Political Evangelicalism

The end of the Cold War did not diminish the influence of evangelicalism on American society. Evangelicals continued to draw on eschatological interpretations to shape their worldviews. The number of ... More

The end of the Cold War did not diminish the influence of evangelicalism on American society. Evangelicals continued to draw on eschatological interpretations to shape their worldviews. The number of prophecy Web sites exploded in the late twentieth century, and born‐again Christians proved a profitable market for the popular Left Behind series. Speculation about evangelical influence on political institutions and local, state, and national elections persist into the 21st century. Yet the diverse evangelical frameworks that emerged after the Vietnam War make it clear that evangelicalism is not monolithic. Whatever the framework, though, American evangelicalism today was in part empowered by its demarginalization in the Cold War.Less

 Teaching Outside the Classroom

Kathleen Garces‐Foley

in Teaching Death and Dying

In the classroom we can light incense, listen to dirges, watch videos of funerals, and pass around a cremation urn, but these encounters with the intersection of death and religion are taken out of ... More

In the classroom we can light incense, listen to dirges, watch videos of funerals, and pass around a cremation urn, but these encounters with the intersection of death and religion are taken out of their social context. By moving students beyond the classroom, we force them to step beyond the comfort of academic distance and encounter religion and death on their own terms. This chapter describes the pedagogical benefits of site visits and how they can enhance the study of death from a “lived religion” perspective. It also explores ethical issues arising from site visits and suggests practical ways to maximize the success of the site visit, from planning the trip to student preparation through the follow-up analysis. Lastly, it offers specific suggestions for visits to the most common sites used in death courses, namely cemeteries and funeral homes.Less

Mapping Leisure and Café Styles

Lara Deeb and Mona Harb

in Leisurely Islam: Negotiating Geography and Morality in Shi'ite South Beirut

Prior to 2000, Dahiya had a few pizza places scattered along some of its commercial streets that functioned like the local man'oushe and fast-food stands. With the introduction of the Internet in ... More

Prior to 2000, Dahiya had a few pizza places scattered along some of its commercial streets that functioned like the local man'oushe and fast-food stands. With the introduction of the Internet in Lebanon, businesses providing access appeared across Beirut, including in Dahiya. Initially, Internet access was incorporated into the “amusement centers” where young men played pool and computer games. Eventually, some of these gaming centers became small cybercafés, providing Wi-Fi along with wired desktop computers, food, and drinks. Over time, they attracted an increasingly mixed clientele of youths. This chapter provides a geographic analysis of these new leisure sites, mapping them onto Dahiya's streets and neighborhoods, and comparing their architectural design and aesthetic features.Less

Plunder or Preservation? Negotiating an Anglo-American Heritage in the Later Nineteenth Century in the Old World and the New: Shakespeare’s Birthplace, Niagara Falls, and Carlyle’s House*

Melanie Hall

in From Plunder to Preservation: Britain and the Heritage of Empire, c.1800–1940

This chapter locates issues of heritage and preservation in broader debates about ownership of ‘natural’ and ‘cultural’ property and its stewardship (or conservation) as an emerging representation of ... More

This chapter locates issues of heritage and preservation in broader debates about ownership of ‘natural’ and ‘cultural’ property and its stewardship (or conservation) as an emerging representation of good governance. Phases of this relationship are considered at three ‘site-museums’. Initially, some in the United States saw Shakespeare's Birthplace as its own heritage and tried to acquire it. Secondly, Britain, which still spoke for Canada in matters of foreign policy, cooperated with the United States to protect monumental and scenic interest at Niagara Falls. This took place as national parks were emerging as a form of representational culture. Finally, British and American voluntarist groups come together to protect Carlyle's House, London, with government backing behind the scenes as a form of cultural diplomacy.Less

Experimental resurrection of ancient biomolecules: gene synthesis, heterologous protein expression, and functional assays

Eric A. Gaucher

in Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction

Approximately twenty studies have emerged where specific molecular systems from extinct organisms have been resurrected for study in the laboratory. These include digestive proteins (ribonucleases, ... More

Approximately twenty studies have emerged where specific molecular systems from extinct organisms have been resurrected for study in the laboratory. These include digestive proteins (ribonucleases, proteases, and lysozymes) in ruminants and primates, which are used to illustrate how digestive function arose from non-digestive function in response to a changing global ecosystem; fermentive enzymes from fungi, which are used to illustrate how molecular adaptation supported mammals as they displaced dinosaurs as the dominant large land animals; pigments in the visual system adapting to different environments; steroid hormone receptors adapting to changing function in steroid-based regulation of metazoans; fluorescent proteins from ocean-dwelling invertebrates; enzyme cofactor evolution; and proteins from very ancient bacteria helping to define environments where the earliest forms of bacterial life lived. This chapter summarizes the different approaches exploited by these studies. The chapter outlines the different strategies exploited when building ancient genes in the laboratory, the various systems used to express the encoded proteins of the ancient genes, and the different types of functional assay used to characterize the behaviors of the ancient biomolecules.Less

Evolution of specificity and diversity

Denis C. Shields, Catriona R. Johnston, Iain M. Wallace, and Richard J. Edwards

in Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction

The divergence of proteins following gene duplication has long been recognized as an important process in the evolution of both new and specific protein functions. For functional divergence to occur, ... More

The divergence of proteins following gene duplication has long been recognized as an important process in the evolution of both new and specific protein functions. For functional divergence to occur, the duplicated gene has to survive duplication and avoid becoming a pseudogene (gene death). The mechanism by which a gene duplicates survive is still under some debate, but it is thought that maintenance of duplicate pairs can be accomplished by the evolution of novel functions, splitting ancestral functions between duplicate pairs called paralogs, or some combination of both neo- and subfunctionalization. Although no consensus has been reached as to which process plays a more dominant role in the generation and maintenance of duplicates at the genomic or protein level, the distinction is somewhat irrelevant for the bioinformatic prediction of individual specificity-determining sites; that is, those sites that are important for differences in gene function between paralogs. Instead, the evolutionary history and changing selective constraints for individual residues is important for the interpretation of results. This chapter examines the types of substitution that occur at these sites and the phylogenetic signals that they leave.Less

The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Paris Basin: a review

Pierre Allard

in Going Over: The Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in North-West Europe

The last thirty years have seen increasing numbers of excavations of early Neolithic settlements in the main Paris Basin river valleys. These early Neolithic sites can be seen as part of the Danubian ... More

The last thirty years have seen increasing numbers of excavations of early Neolithic settlements in the main Paris Basin river valleys. These early Neolithic sites can be seen as part of the Danubian period, and specifically belong to the Rubané and Villeneuve–Saint-Germain–Blicquy cultures. The Paris Basin is also an area with many excavated Mesolithic sites. This chapter presents a review of research into neolithization processes on the westernmost edge of Danubian expansion. The study is mainly based on lithic finds, because recent work has greatly improved our knowledge not only of Early Neolithic, but also of Mesolithic, flint industries in the Paris basin.Less

Meeting in the Shadow of Heroes? Personal Names and Assembly Places

John Baker

in Power and Place in Europe in the Early Middle Ages

This chapter examines the likelihood that celebrated individuals were commemorated in the names of assembly sites as part of a display of political authority or cultural affiliation. Focusing ... More

This chapter examines the likelihood that celebrated individuals were commemorated in the names of assembly sites as part of a display of political authority or cultural affiliation. Focusing primarily on the names of Domesday hundreds, it draws comparisons with the personal names in other well-established Anglo-Saxon corpora (including charter bounds, narrative sources, Domesday Book and place-names), in order to assess the social context of those individuals commemorated in hundred-names. The chapter then evaluates the probability that such names could carry specific political or cultural resonance at the time of naming, and there are clear indications that this may sometimes have been the case, perhaps especially in the first half of the 10th century. While the evidence implies that the hundred-names arose in a number of different circumstances, the analysis suggests that reference to heroic figures may have been one motivating factor in the naming of sites of assembly.Less