Miranda Fricker
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198237907
- eISBN:
- 9780191706844
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198237907.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Justice is one of the oldest and most central themes of philosophy, but sometimes we would do well to focus instead on injustice. In epistemology, the very idea that there is a first-order ethical ...
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Justice is one of the oldest and most central themes of philosophy, but sometimes we would do well to focus instead on injustice. In epistemology, the very idea that there is a first-order ethical dimension to our epistemic practices — the idea that there is such a thing as epistemic justice — remains obscure until we adjust the philosophical lens so that we see through to the negative space that is epistemic injustice. This book argues that there is a distinctively epistemic genus of injustice, in which someone is wronged specifically in their capacity as a knower, wronged therefore in a capacity essential to human value. The book identifies two forms of epistemic injustice: testimonial injustice and hermeneutical injustice. In doing so, it charts the ethical dimension of two fundamental epistemic practices: gaining knowledge by being told and making sense of our social experiences. As the account unfolds, the book travels through a range of philosophical problems. Thus, the book finds an analysis of social power; an account of prejudicial stereotypes; a characterization of two hybrid intellectual-ethical virtues; a revised account of the State of Nature used in genealogical explanations of the concept of knowledge; a discussion of objectification and ‘silencing’; and a framework for a virtue epistemological account of testimony. The book reveals epistemic injustice as a potent yet largely silent dimension of discrimination, analyses the wrong it perpetrates, and constructs two hybrid ethical-intellectual virtues of epistemic justice which aim to forestall it.Less
Justice is one of the oldest and most central themes of philosophy, but sometimes we would do well to focus instead on injustice. In epistemology, the very idea that there is a first-order ethical dimension to our epistemic practices — the idea that there is such a thing as epistemic justice — remains obscure until we adjust the philosophical lens so that we see through to the negative space that is epistemic injustice. This book argues that there is a distinctively epistemic genus of injustice, in which someone is wronged specifically in their capacity as a knower, wronged therefore in a capacity essential to human value. The book identifies two forms of epistemic injustice: testimonial injustice and hermeneutical injustice. In doing so, it charts the ethical dimension of two fundamental epistemic practices: gaining knowledge by being told and making sense of our social experiences. As the account unfolds, the book travels through a range of philosophical problems. Thus, the book finds an analysis of social power; an account of prejudicial stereotypes; a characterization of two hybrid intellectual-ethical virtues; a revised account of the State of Nature used in genealogical explanations of the concept of knowledge; a discussion of objectification and ‘silencing’; and a framework for a virtue epistemological account of testimony. The book reveals epistemic injustice as a potent yet largely silent dimension of discrimination, analyses the wrong it perpetrates, and constructs two hybrid ethical-intellectual virtues of epistemic justice which aim to forestall it.
Frances Finnegan
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195174601
- eISBN:
- 9780199849901
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195174601.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This book traces the development of Ireland's Magdalen Asylums, which are the homes that were founded in the mid-nineteenth century for the detention of prostitutes undergoing reform. The inmates of ...
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This book traces the development of Ireland's Magdalen Asylums, which are the homes that were founded in the mid-nineteenth century for the detention of prostitutes undergoing reform. The inmates of these asylums were discouraged (and many forcibly prevented) from leaving, and sometimes were detained for life. Put to work without pay in adjoining laundries, these women were subject to penance, harsh discipline, enforced silence, and prayer. As the numbers of prostitutes began to dwindle, the church looked elsewhere for this free labor, targeting other “fallen” women such as unwed mothers and wayward or abused girls. Some were incarcerated simply for being “too beautiful”, and therefore in danger of sin. Others were mentally retarded. Most of them were brought to the asylums by their families or priests, and many were forcibly prevented from leaving. Unbelievably, the last of these asylums was closed only in 1996. Drawing on hitherto unpublished material, the author presents case histories of individual women and their experiences in Magdalen homes, which claimed some 30,000 women in all.Less
This book traces the development of Ireland's Magdalen Asylums, which are the homes that were founded in the mid-nineteenth century for the detention of prostitutes undergoing reform. The inmates of these asylums were discouraged (and many forcibly prevented) from leaving, and sometimes were detained for life. Put to work without pay in adjoining laundries, these women were subject to penance, harsh discipline, enforced silence, and prayer. As the numbers of prostitutes began to dwindle, the church looked elsewhere for this free labor, targeting other “fallen” women such as unwed mothers and wayward or abused girls. Some were incarcerated simply for being “too beautiful”, and therefore in danger of sin. Others were mentally retarded. Most of them were brought to the asylums by their families or priests, and many were forcibly prevented from leaving. Unbelievably, the last of these asylums was closed only in 1996. Drawing on hitherto unpublished material, the author presents case histories of individual women and their experiences in Magdalen homes, which claimed some 30,000 women in all.
Crawford Gribben
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195325317
- eISBN:
- 9780199785605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325317.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter documents Irish Cromwellian debates about the ecclesiastical role of women. Preachers and theologians disagreed as to the extent to which their women members could take part in public ...
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This chapter documents Irish Cromwellian debates about the ecclesiastical role of women. Preachers and theologians disagreed as to the extent to which their women members could take part in public worship. Some insisted on their total silence, while others were prepared to allow women to speak in subject to the church. Other women rejected the denominations for the alternative of prophetic individualism. This debate is documented through its impact on Elizabeth Avery, whose apparent conservative drift from the notorious heresy of the Seekers to the orthodox Puritanism of the Independents was indicative of larger trends in the period.Less
This chapter documents Irish Cromwellian debates about the ecclesiastical role of women. Preachers and theologians disagreed as to the extent to which their women members could take part in public worship. Some insisted on their total silence, while others were prepared to allow women to speak in subject to the church. Other women rejected the denominations for the alternative of prophetic individualism. This debate is documented through its impact on Elizabeth Avery, whose apparent conservative drift from the notorious heresy of the Seekers to the orthodox Puritanism of the Independents was indicative of larger trends in the period.
Jeff Jordan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199291328
- eISBN:
- 9780191710698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199291328.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion
One might argue that the absence of strong evidence in support of theism is itself strong evidence in support of atheism. This is what is known as the argument from Divine Hiddenness. A Pascalian has ...
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One might argue that the absence of strong evidence in support of theism is itself strong evidence in support of atheism. This is what is known as the argument from Divine Hiddenness. A Pascalian has adequate resources to refute this argument and the strict Evidentialism on which it is erected.Less
One might argue that the absence of strong evidence in support of theism is itself strong evidence in support of atheism. This is what is known as the argument from Divine Hiddenness. A Pascalian has adequate resources to refute this argument and the strict Evidentialism on which it is erected.
José Medina
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199929023
- eISBN:
- 9780199301522
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199929023.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This book explores the epistemic side of oppression, focusing on racial and sexual oppression and their interconnections. It elucidates how social insensitivities and imposed silences prevent members ...
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This book explores the epistemic side of oppression, focusing on racial and sexual oppression and their interconnections. It elucidates how social insensitivities and imposed silences prevent members of different groups from interacting epistemically in fruitful ways—from listening to each other, learning from each other, and mutually enriching each other’s perspectives. Medina’s epistemology of resistance offers a contextualist theory of our complicity with epistemic injustices and a social connection model of shared responsibility for improving epistemic conditions of participation in social practices. Through the articulation of a new interactionism and polyphonic contextualism, the book develops a sustained argument about the role of the imagination in mediating social perceptions and interactions. It concludes that only through the cultivation of practices of resistance can we develop a social imagination that can help us become sensitive to the suffering of excluded and stigmatized subjects. Drawing on Feminist Standpoint Theory and Critical Race Theory, this book makes contributions to social epistemology and to recent discussions of testimonial and hermeneutical injustice, epistemic responsibility, counter-performativity, and solidarity in the fight against racism and sexism.Less
This book explores the epistemic side of oppression, focusing on racial and sexual oppression and their interconnections. It elucidates how social insensitivities and imposed silences prevent members of different groups from interacting epistemically in fruitful ways—from listening to each other, learning from each other, and mutually enriching each other’s perspectives. Medina’s epistemology of resistance offers a contextualist theory of our complicity with epistemic injustices and a social connection model of shared responsibility for improving epistemic conditions of participation in social practices. Through the articulation of a new interactionism and polyphonic contextualism, the book develops a sustained argument about the role of the imagination in mediating social perceptions and interactions. It concludes that only through the cultivation of practices of resistance can we develop a social imagination that can help us become sensitive to the suffering of excluded and stigmatized subjects. Drawing on Feminist Standpoint Theory and Critical Race Theory, this book makes contributions to social epistemology and to recent discussions of testimonial and hermeneutical injustice, epistemic responsibility, counter-performativity, and solidarity in the fight against racism and sexism.
Rachel Stanworth
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198525110
- eISBN:
- 9780191730504
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525110.003.0014
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter discusses how patients can recognize life's ‘surplus of meaning’. It discusses facet nine, which is more concerned with the ‘unsaid’ and the ‘unsayable’ of this study than the spoken. ...
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This chapter discusses how patients can recognize life's ‘surplus of meaning’. It discusses facet nine, which is more concerned with the ‘unsaid’ and the ‘unsayable’ of this study than the spoken. Facet nine also acknowledges the right of patients to maintain silence and admits the possibility of interpretative oversights. Two challenges of facet nine are also discussed.Less
This chapter discusses how patients can recognize life's ‘surplus of meaning’. It discusses facet nine, which is more concerned with the ‘unsaid’ and the ‘unsayable’ of this study than the spoken. Facet nine also acknowledges the right of patients to maintain silence and admits the possibility of interpretative oversights. Two challenges of facet nine are also discussed.
Charlotte Linde
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195140286
- eISBN:
- 9780199871247
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140286.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter discusses silences and absences within an institution. Silences include official and unofficial silences, counter-stories, erasures, and story-telling rights. An analysis is provided of ...
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This chapter discusses silences and absences within an institution. Silences include official and unofficial silences, counter-stories, erasures, and story-telling rights. An analysis is provided of how to find a silence: by comparison of accounts, by noting unofficial stories and counter-stories, by examining who speaks for the institution and who does not, by noting who is not present in the stories, by comparison to the stories predictable in given circumstances, and by investigation of the external records. The chapter examines a major silence within MidWest Insurance: official stories do not describe an anti-discrimination lawsuit which changed the company's hiring policies. A silence of interpretation is also examined: absence of discussion of the fact that the all the presidents of the company have been chosen from a small number of families. The chapter argues that silences are contextual: what can not be spoken in public may be freely discussed in private.Less
This chapter discusses silences and absences within an institution. Silences include official and unofficial silences, counter-stories, erasures, and story-telling rights. An analysis is provided of how to find a silence: by comparison of accounts, by noting unofficial stories and counter-stories, by examining who speaks for the institution and who does not, by noting who is not present in the stories, by comparison to the stories predictable in given circumstances, and by investigation of the external records. The chapter examines a major silence within MidWest Insurance: official stories do not describe an anti-discrimination lawsuit which changed the company's hiring policies. A silence of interpretation is also examined: absence of discussion of the fact that the all the presidents of the company have been chosen from a small number of families. The chapter argues that silences are contextual: what can not be spoken in public may be freely discussed in private.
Eviatar Zerubavel
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195187175
- eISBN:
- 9780199943371
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187175.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
Silence breakers force the acknowledgment of things that people specifically prefer to ignore to avoid hurt or upset. Denial helps protect others besides oneself. The notion that “some things are ...
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Silence breakers force the acknowledgment of things that people specifically prefer to ignore to avoid hurt or upset. Denial helps protect others besides oneself. The notion that “some things are better left unsaid” emphasizes the role of silence in preventing conflict. Many groups view silence breakers as threats to their very existence. Many families seem to feel much more threatened by efforts to call attention to instances of incest within them than by the offense itself, “the taboo against talking about it [thus being] stronger even than the taboo against doing it.” Conspiracies of silence are often viewed as far less threatening than the efforts to end them.Less
Silence breakers force the acknowledgment of things that people specifically prefer to ignore to avoid hurt or upset. Denial helps protect others besides oneself. The notion that “some things are better left unsaid” emphasizes the role of silence in preventing conflict. Many groups view silence breakers as threats to their very existence. Many families seem to feel much more threatened by efforts to call attention to instances of incest within them than by the offense itself, “the taboo against talking about it [thus being] stronger even than the taboo against doing it.” Conspiracies of silence are often viewed as far less threatening than the efforts to end them.
Dana C. Jack and Alisha Ali
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This international volume offers new perspectives on social and psychological aspects of the complex dynamic of depression. The 21 contributors from 13 countries—Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, ...
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This international volume offers new perspectives on social and psychological aspects of the complex dynamic of depression. The 21 contributors from 13 countries—Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Haiti, India, Israel, Nepal, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Scotland, and the United States—represent contexts with very different histories, political and economic structures, and gender role disparities. Authors use Silencing the Self theory, which details the negative psychological effects when individuals silence themselves in close relationships and the importance of the social context in precipitating depression. This book breaks new ground by demonstrating that the linkage of depressive symptoms with self-silencing occurs across a range of cultures. Chapters offer evidence regarding why women’s depression is more widespread than men’s and why the treatment of depression lies in understanding that a person’s individual psychology is inextricably related to the social world and to close relationships. Several chapters describe the transformative possibilities of community-driven movements for disadvantaged women that support healing through a recovery of voice, and describe the need for systemic and structural changes to counter violations of human rights as a means of reducing women’s risk of depression. Chapters also discuss health-related aspects of self-silencing, including eating disorders, treatment for cardiovascular disease, HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, and self-care for women in cancer treatment. Bringing the work of these researchers together in one collection furthers international dialogue about critical social factors that affect the rising rates of depression around the globe.Less
This international volume offers new perspectives on social and psychological aspects of the complex dynamic of depression. The 21 contributors from 13 countries—Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Haiti, India, Israel, Nepal, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Scotland, and the United States—represent contexts with very different histories, political and economic structures, and gender role disparities. Authors use Silencing the Self theory, which details the negative psychological effects when individuals silence themselves in close relationships and the importance of the social context in precipitating depression. This book breaks new ground by demonstrating that the linkage of depressive symptoms with self-silencing occurs across a range of cultures. Chapters offer evidence regarding why women’s depression is more widespread than men’s and why the treatment of depression lies in understanding that a person’s individual psychology is inextricably related to the social world and to close relationships. Several chapters describe the transformative possibilities of community-driven movements for disadvantaged women that support healing through a recovery of voice, and describe the need for systemic and structural changes to counter violations of human rights as a means of reducing women’s risk of depression. Chapters also discuss health-related aspects of self-silencing, including eating disorders, treatment for cardiovascular disease, HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, and self-care for women in cancer treatment. Bringing the work of these researchers together in one collection furthers international dialogue about critical social factors that affect the rising rates of depression around the globe.
Pamela C. Ronald and Raoul W. Adamchak
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195301755
- eISBN:
- 9780199867196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301755.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter describes a typical family dinner. It offers a discussion of genetically engineered and organic foods, and gives some family recipes.
This chapter describes a typical family dinner. It offers a discussion of genetically engineered and organic foods, and gives some family recipes.
Dana C. Jack and Alisha Ali
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter introduces the concept of this international book and the relevance of the self-silencing construct to understanding depression and related problems across cultures, contexts, and ...
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This chapter introduces the concept of this international book and the relevance of the self-silencing construct to understanding depression and related problems across cultures, contexts, and populations. The chapter summarizes silencing the self theory and situates the theory among other psychological theories of depression. The authors each describe the research that led them to become interested in the idea of this edited volume in which contributors from a range of different countries and settings explore self-silencing, and they provide a summary of the content of the book. The chapter also presents issues arising from research on self-silencing that raise questions for further investigation as well as ideas that relate self-silencing theory to broader constructs of “culture” and “self.” The authors argue that examining how gender-specific norms and social inequality affect self-silencing within relationships and across cultures is necessary for a fuller understanding of depression and its treatment.Less
This chapter introduces the concept of this international book and the relevance of the self-silencing construct to understanding depression and related problems across cultures, contexts, and populations. The chapter summarizes silencing the self theory and situates the theory among other psychological theories of depression. The authors each describe the research that led them to become interested in the idea of this edited volume in which contributors from a range of different countries and settings explore self-silencing, and they provide a summary of the content of the book. The chapter also presents issues arising from research on self-silencing that raise questions for further investigation as well as ideas that relate self-silencing theory to broader constructs of “culture” and “self.” The authors argue that examining how gender-specific norms and social inequality affect self-silencing within relationships and across cultures is necessary for a fuller understanding of depression and its treatment.
Tanja Zoellner and Susanne Hedlund
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter explores how the construct of self-silencing can contribute to our understanding of the effects of socio-cultural expectations placed on German women. The authors provide historical and ...
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This chapter explores how the construct of self-silencing can contribute to our understanding of the effects of socio-cultural expectations placed on German women. The authors provide historical and social perspectives on the experiences of German women to illustrate the explanatory role of self-silencing theory for depression. The chapter describes German values regarding women's mothering roles (e.g., self-sacrifice and selflessness) and relates those values to risk factors for self-silencing and depression, presenting evidence that the Silencing the Self Scale distinguishes between depressed women, agoraphobic women, and healthy women. The authors also examine self-silencing, attachment styles and effects of violence on depression. They suggest that the experience of violence is an underlying factor for both self-silencing and mental health problems in women, and emphasize the importance of the trend in Germany toward increased public awareness of the damaging effects of violence against women.[Q1]Less
This chapter explores how the construct of self-silencing can contribute to our understanding of the effects of socio-cultural expectations placed on German women. The authors provide historical and social perspectives on the experiences of German women to illustrate the explanatory role of self-silencing theory for depression. The chapter describes German values regarding women's mothering roles (e.g., self-sacrifice and selflessness) and relates those values to risk factors for self-silencing and depression, presenting evidence that the Silencing the Self Scale distinguishes between depressed women, agoraphobic women, and healthy women. The authors also examine self-silencing, attachment styles and effects of violence on depression. They suggest that the experience of violence is an underlying factor for both self-silencing and mental health problems in women, and emphasize the importance of the trend in Germany toward increased public awareness of the damaging effects of violence against women.[Q1]
Dana C. Jack, Bindu Pokharel, and Usha Subba
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter examines how self-silencing and depression are affected in gender-specific ways by the changing social context in Nepal. The authors explore whether self-silencing relates to depression ...
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This chapter examines how self-silencing and depression are affected in gender-specific ways by the changing social context in Nepal. The authors explore whether self-silencing relates to depression differently in Nepal than it does Western industrialized countries. To examine this question, the authors draw upon data they have collected through three studies in Kathmandu, Nepal. The chapter outlines the findings from these studies, which used interviews, focus groups, and quantitative questionnaires to understand the experiences of depression and self-silencing among Nepalese men and women. The authors argue that gender is an important factor in explaining the risks and consequences associated with self-silencing and depression in Nepal, but also that both men and women are at risk for depression when they silence themselves in attempting to maintain social and familial harmony.Less
This chapter examines how self-silencing and depression are affected in gender-specific ways by the changing social context in Nepal. The authors explore whether self-silencing relates to depression differently in Nepal than it does Western industrialized countries. To examine this question, the authors draw upon data they have collected through three studies in Kathmandu, Nepal. The chapter outlines the findings from these studies, which used interviews, focus groups, and quantitative questionnaires to understand the experiences of depression and self-silencing among Nepalese men and women. The authors argue that gender is an important factor in explaining the risks and consequences associated with self-silencing and depression in Nepal, but also that both men and women are at risk for depression when they silence themselves in attempting to maintain social and familial harmony.
Airi Hautamäki
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter examines generational differences and gender differences in self-silencing amidst changing social values in Finland. Finnish women have historically taken part in the labor market ...
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This chapter examines generational differences and gender differences in self-silencing amidst changing social values in Finland. Finnish women have historically taken part in the labor market outside of the home and have been breadwinners for many generations. In recent decades, there has been an even more pronounced movement away from traditional gender roles in Finnish families, with women often sharing many childcare and household tasks with men. Given this social and historical context, the author investigates whether younger generations of Finnish women differ from older Finnish women on self-silencing, and whether Finnish men and women differ on self-silencing. The chapter reports the author's findings that show younger women scoring lower than older women, and men scoring higher than women on self-silencing. These findings are discussed in light of social expectations for women in Finnish society, and in light of the social dictates that lead Finnish men to be relationally and emotionally distant.Less
This chapter examines generational differences and gender differences in self-silencing amidst changing social values in Finland. Finnish women have historically taken part in the labor market outside of the home and have been breadwinners for many generations. In recent decades, there has been an even more pronounced movement away from traditional gender roles in Finnish families, with women often sharing many childcare and household tasks with men. Given this social and historical context, the author investigates whether younger generations of Finnish women differ from older Finnish women on self-silencing, and whether Finnish men and women differ on self-silencing. The chapter reports the author's findings that show younger women scoring lower than older women, and men scoring higher than women on self-silencing. These findings are discussed in light of social expectations for women in Finnish society, and in light of the social dictates that lead Finnish men to be relationally and emotionally distant.
Krystyna Drat-Ruszczak
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter brings a biobehavioral model of stress and attachment theory to explore whether self-silencing can be viewed as an adaptive mode of coping for women within the social expectations ...
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This chapter brings a biobehavioral model of stress and attachment theory to explore whether self-silencing can be viewed as an adaptive mode of coping for women within the social expectations prescribed by gender stereotypes in Polish society. The author argues that self-silencing may serve an adaptive function for a woman by ensuring the protection and raising of her children; however, the chapter also acknowledges that such adaptation may compromise psychological health. The author reports that her findings with Polish women demonstrate that self-silencing is a complex and heterogeneous phenomenon in its relation to stress and well-being. The chapter also describes the need for further research into the interplay between social contexts, gender roles and the status of women in our understanding of self-silencing and its correlates.Less
This chapter brings a biobehavioral model of stress and attachment theory to explore whether self-silencing can be viewed as an adaptive mode of coping for women within the social expectations prescribed by gender stereotypes in Polish society. The author argues that self-silencing may serve an adaptive function for a woman by ensuring the protection and raising of her children; however, the chapter also acknowledges that such adaptation may compromise psychological health. The author reports that her findings with Polish women demonstrate that self-silencing is a complex and heterogeneous phenomenon in its relation to stress and well-being. The chapter also describes the need for further research into the interplay between social contexts, gender roles and the status of women in our understanding of self-silencing and its correlates.
Sofia Neves and Conceição Nogueira
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter examines the connections between self-silencing and gendered discourses about love, power, and violence in intimate relationships. The context of this analysis is current day Portuguese ...
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This chapter examines the connections between self-silencing and gendered discourses about love, power, and violence in intimate relationships. The context of this analysis is current day Portuguese society, and the authors present their findings from an exploratory research project with Portuguese women using as their measures the Silencing the Self Scale and their Discourses about Intimacy questionnaire. The chapter argues that women's silence is linked to cultural norms and a rigid gender hierarchy that define self-sacrificing love as a natural characteristic of women while assuming that men naturally will take on a position of authority. The authors argue that these essentialist notions restrict women's self-determination and provide men with the social license to engage in physical, psychological, and sexual violence.Less
This chapter examines the connections between self-silencing and gendered discourses about love, power, and violence in intimate relationships. The context of this analysis is current day Portuguese society, and the authors present their findings from an exploratory research project with Portuguese women using as their measures the Silencing the Self Scale and their Discourses about Intimacy questionnaire. The chapter argues that women's silence is linked to cultural norms and a rigid gender hierarchy that define self-sacrificing love as a natural characteristic of women while assuming that men naturally will take on a position of authority. The authors argue that these essentialist notions restrict women's self-determination and provide men with the social license to engage in physical, psychological, and sexual violence.
Anjoo Sikka, Linda (Gratch) Vaden-Goad, and Lisa K. Waldner
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter explores the portability of the self-silencing construct across a range of contexts and cultures. The authors present findings from their studies investigating correlations between ...
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This chapter explores the portability of the self-silencing construct across a range of contexts and cultures. The authors present findings from their studies investigating correlations between depression, self-esteem, relationship adjustment, role taking, conflict tactics, and social class across diverse ethnicities, sexual orientations, and gender. These studies included samples of ethnic minority college students; community samples of young club-going singles and female dancers; urbanites in western India; Pakistani and Indian women immigrants to America with arranged marriages; and community samples of gays, lesbians, and heterosexuals in committed relationships. The results of these studies demonstrate the multifaceted nature of the self-silencing construct, as well as its relevance to topics such as violence and high-risk sexual behaviors. The authors suggest topics for future investigations that grow out of their research.Less
This chapter explores the portability of the self-silencing construct across a range of contexts and cultures. The authors present findings from their studies investigating correlations between depression, self-esteem, relationship adjustment, role taking, conflict tactics, and social class across diverse ethnicities, sexual orientations, and gender. These studies included samples of ethnic minority college students; community samples of young club-going singles and female dancers; urbanites in western India; Pakistani and Indian women immigrants to America with arranged marriages; and community samples of gays, lesbians, and heterosexuals in committed relationships. The results of these studies demonstrate the multifaceted nature of the self-silencing construct, as well as its relevance to topics such as violence and high-risk sexual behaviors. The authors suggest topics for future investigations that grow out of their research.
Avi Besser, Gordon L. Flett, and Paul L. Hewitt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter explores the associations between personality factors, depression, and self-silencing. The authors contend that there are many reasons why individuals engage in self-silencing and these ...
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This chapter explores the associations between personality factors, depression, and self-silencing. The authors contend that there are many reasons why individuals engage in self-silencing and these reasons reflect personality vulnerability factors associated with depression that are also associated with self-silencing. They present evidence that self-silencing combines with these personality factors, either as mediators or as moderators, to increase the risk for depression in certain individuals. Through an examination of particular personality variables, namely dependency, self-criticism, and perfectionism, the authors demonstrate that people with vulnerable personalities who also engage in self-silencing may suffer from chronic and destructive forms of stress that can be damaging to health and well-being.Less
This chapter explores the associations between personality factors, depression, and self-silencing. The authors contend that there are many reasons why individuals engage in self-silencing and these reasons reflect personality vulnerability factors associated with depression that are also associated with self-silencing. They present evidence that self-silencing combines with these personality factors, either as mediators or as moderators, to increase the risk for depression in certain individuals. Through an examination of particular personality variables, namely dependency, self-criticism, and perfectionism, the authors demonstrate that people with vulnerable personalities who also engage in self-silencing may suffer from chronic and destructive forms of stress that can be damaging to health and well-being.
Josie Geller, Suja Srikameswaran, and Stephanie Cassin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter examines self-silencing and loss of voice in women's experiences of eating disorders. The authors put forward a model that links etiological perspectives, self-silencing, and eating ...
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This chapter examines self-silencing and loss of voice in women's experiences of eating disorders. The authors put forward a model that links etiological perspectives, self-silencing, and eating disorder behaviors, arguing that a critical function of eating disorder behaviors is communication and management of emotions and that these behaviors reinforce and perpetuate the self-silencing schema through a negative feedback loop. The model is based on a series of studies in Canada with clinical samples of adolescents and adult women with anorexia and/or bulimia compared with various types of control groups.[Q2] The authors suggest that women who feel unable to express an authentic self through words may use their bodies as a means of communicating emotional distress. The authors describe treatment strategies and suggest that the most effective interventions engage women in collaborative nonhierarchical relationships that focus on readiness for change and that address the functions of the eating disorder.Less
This chapter examines self-silencing and loss of voice in women's experiences of eating disorders. The authors put forward a model that links etiological perspectives, self-silencing, and eating disorder behaviors, arguing that a critical function of eating disorder behaviors is communication and management of emotions and that these behaviors reinforce and perpetuate the self-silencing schema through a negative feedback loop. The model is based on a series of studies in Canada with clinical samples of adolescents and adult women with anorexia and/or bulimia compared with various types of control groups.[Q2] The authors suggest that women who feel unable to express an authentic self through words may use their bodies as a means of communicating emotional distress. The authors describe treatment strategies and suggest that the most effective interventions engage women in collaborative nonhierarchical relationships that focus on readiness for change and that address the functions of the eating disorder.
Jane M. Ussher and Janette Perz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0022
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter challenges the common pathologizing view of premenstrual change that characterizes premenstrual symptoms as representing a psychological or biomedical disorder. The authors present a ...
More
This chapter challenges the common pathologizing view of premenstrual change that characterizes premenstrual symptoms as representing a psychological or biomedical disorder. The authors present a contrasting view and argue that premenstrual symptoms are more accurately characterized as a disruption in the self-silencing that women engage in for 3 weeks of the month. Drawing upon their interviews with women, they describe the contextual and intrapsychic factors that combine to produce the premenstrual expression of anger, irritation, or sadness. The chapter argues that dismissing premenstrual distress as illness serves to silence women and contributes to a cycle of further emotional suppression, followed by premenstrual emotional eruption.Less
This chapter challenges the common pathologizing view of premenstrual change that characterizes premenstrual symptoms as representing a psychological or biomedical disorder. The authors present a contrasting view and argue that premenstrual symptoms are more accurately characterized as a disruption in the self-silencing that women engage in for 3 weeks of the month. Drawing upon their interviews with women, they describe the contextual and intrapsychic factors that combine to produce the premenstrual expression of anger, irritation, or sadness. The chapter argues that dismissing premenstrual distress as illness serves to silence women and contributes to a cycle of further emotional suppression, followed by premenstrual emotional eruption.
