Brian Skyrms
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199580828
- eISBN:
- 9780191722769
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580828.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Science
This book presents an exploration of how fundamental signals are to our world. It uses a variety of tools — theories of signaling games, information, evolution, and learning — to investigate how ...
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This book presents an exploration of how fundamental signals are to our world. It uses a variety of tools — theories of signaling games, information, evolution, and learning — to investigate how meaning and communication develop. The book shows how signaling games themselves evolve, and introduces a new model of learning with invention. The juxtaposition of atomic signals leads to complex signals, as the natural product of gradual process. Signals operate in networks of senders and receivers at all levels of life. Information is transmitted, but it is also processed in various ways. That is how we think — signals run around a very complicated signaling network. Signaling is a key ingredient in the evolution of teamwork, in the human but also in the animal world, even in micro-organisms. Communication and co-ordination of action are different aspects of the flow of information, and are both effected by signals.Less
This book presents an exploration of how fundamental signals are to our world. It uses a variety of tools — theories of signaling games, information, evolution, and learning — to investigate how meaning and communication develop. The book shows how signaling games themselves evolve, and introduces a new model of learning with invention. The juxtaposition of atomic signals leads to complex signals, as the natural product of gradual process. Signals operate in networks of senders and receivers at all levels of life. Information is transmitted, but it is also processed in various ways. That is how we think — signals run around a very complicated signaling network. Signaling is a key ingredient in the evolution of teamwork, in the human but also in the animal world, even in micro-organisms. Communication and co-ordination of action are different aspects of the flow of information, and are both effected by signals.
Brian Skyrms
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199580828
- eISBN:
- 9780191722769
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580828.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Science
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of signalling. It then argues that the relation of signalling theory to philosophy is epistemology, because it deals with selection, transmission, ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of signalling. It then argues that the relation of signalling theory to philosophy is epistemology, because it deals with selection, transmission, and processing of information. It is philosophy of (proto)-language. It addresses cooperation and collective action — issues that usually reside in social and political philosophy.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of signalling. It then argues that the relation of signalling theory to philosophy is epistemology, because it deals with selection, transmission, and processing of information. It is philosophy of (proto)-language. It addresses cooperation and collective action — issues that usually reside in social and political philosophy.
Brian Skyrms
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199580828
- eISBN:
- 9780191722769
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580828.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Science
This chapter focuses on an earlier point in the evolution of signaling. It considers how one might come to have — in the most primitive way — a complex signal composed of simple signals. This is done ...
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This chapter focuses on an earlier point in the evolution of signaling. It considers how one might come to have — in the most primitive way — a complex signal composed of simple signals. This is done with the smallest departure possible from signaling models that have been previously examined in this book.Less
This chapter focuses on an earlier point in the evolution of signaling. It considers how one might come to have — in the most primitive way — a complex signal composed of simple signals. This is done with the smallest departure possible from signaling models that have been previously examined in this book.
Graeme D. Ruxton, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528609
- eISBN:
- 9780191713392
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528609.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter provides a synthesis of the current state of the field of sensory aspects of predator-prey interactions. Suggestions are made for what the key outstanding questions are and how they ...
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This chapter provides a synthesis of the current state of the field of sensory aspects of predator-prey interactions. Suggestions are made for what the key outstanding questions are and how they might be addressed.Less
This chapter provides a synthesis of the current state of the field of sensory aspects of predator-prey interactions. Suggestions are made for what the key outstanding questions are and how they might be addressed.
Luis Correia Da Silva, Marc Goergen, and Luc Renneboog
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199259304
- eISBN:
- 9780191600852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199259305.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Discusses the research questions that will be addressed in the next chapters. The research questions relate to the link between dividend levels and corporate control, and dividend flexibility and ...
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Discusses the research questions that will be addressed in the next chapters. The research questions relate to the link between dividend levels and corporate control, and dividend flexibility and corporate control.Less
Discusses the research questions that will be addressed in the next chapters. The research questions relate to the link between dividend levels and corporate control, and dividend flexibility and corporate control.
Helmuth Spieler
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527848
- eISBN:
- 9780191713248
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527848.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Semiconductor sensors patterned at the micron scale combined with custom-designed integrated circuits have revolutionized semiconductor radiation detector systems. Designs covering many square meters ...
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Semiconductor sensors patterned at the micron scale combined with custom-designed integrated circuits have revolutionized semiconductor radiation detector systems. Designs covering many square meters with millions of signal channels are now commonplace in high-energy physics and the technology is finding its way into many other fields, ranging from astrophysics to experiments at synchrotron light sources and medical imaging. This book presents a discussion of the many facets of highly integrated semiconductor detector systems, covering sensors, signal processing, transistors, circuits, low-noise electronics, and radiation effects. To lay a basis for the more detailed discussions in the book and aid in understanding how these different elements combine to form functional detector systems, the text includes introductions to semiconductor physics, diodes, detectors, signal formation, transistors, amplifier circuits, electronic noise mechanisms, and signal processing. A chapter on digital electronics includes key elements of analog-to-digital converters and an introduction to digital signal processing. The physics of radiation damage in semiconductor devices is discussed and applied to detectors and electronics. The diversity of design approaches is illustrated in a chapter describing systems in high-energy physics, astronomy, and astrophysics. Finally, a chapter ‘Why things don't work’, discusses common pitfalls, covering interference mechanisms such as power supply noise, microphonics, and shared current paths (‘ground loops’), together with mitigation techniques for pickup noise reduction, both at the circuit and system level. Beginning at a basic level, the book provides a unique introduction to a key area of modern science.Less
Semiconductor sensors patterned at the micron scale combined with custom-designed integrated circuits have revolutionized semiconductor radiation detector systems. Designs covering many square meters with millions of signal channels are now commonplace in high-energy physics and the technology is finding its way into many other fields, ranging from astrophysics to experiments at synchrotron light sources and medical imaging. This book presents a discussion of the many facets of highly integrated semiconductor detector systems, covering sensors, signal processing, transistors, circuits, low-noise electronics, and radiation effects. To lay a basis for the more detailed discussions in the book and aid in understanding how these different elements combine to form functional detector systems, the text includes introductions to semiconductor physics, diodes, detectors, signal formation, transistors, amplifier circuits, electronic noise mechanisms, and signal processing. A chapter on digital electronics includes key elements of analog-to-digital converters and an introduction to digital signal processing. The physics of radiation damage in semiconductor devices is discussed and applied to detectors and electronics. The diversity of design approaches is illustrated in a chapter describing systems in high-energy physics, astronomy, and astrophysics. Finally, a chapter ‘Why things don't work’, discusses common pitfalls, covering interference mechanisms such as power supply noise, microphonics, and shared current paths (‘ground loops’), together with mitigation techniques for pickup noise reduction, both at the circuit and system level. Beginning at a basic level, the book provides a unique introduction to a key area of modern science.
Martin Shapiro
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256488
- eISBN:
- 9780191600234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256489.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This paper, which was originally published in The Journal of Legal Studies in 1972, is the first of two that examine some of the problems posed by the method of law-making that is associated with the ...
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This paper, which was originally published in The Journal of Legal Studies in 1972, is the first of two that examine some of the problems posed by the method of law-making that is associated with the rule of precedent and the common law doctrine of stare decisis, which is here proposed as a new theory. Shapiro defines stare decisis as loosely meaning the practice of courts in deciding new cases in accordance with precedents, and in the ensuing discussion of the theory, he draws upon insights from both communications theory and previous work of his own on the decision-making process in tort law. He first examines the three branches of communications theory with respect to legal discourse: syntactics (the arrangement, transmission, and receipt of signals or signs, whose key concepts are information, redundancy, and feedback), semantics (the meaning of signals to people), and pragmatics (the impact of signal transmission and human behaviour), and then applies these concepts to the evolution of policy formulation in tort law in the United States and Britain. The survival of stare decisis as the dominant mode of legal discourse, particularly in the area of common law, is explained as its strength in its dual and mutually supporting contents of syntactic and semantic redundancy.Less
This paper, which was originally published in The Journal of Legal Studies in 1972, is the first of two that examine some of the problems posed by the method of law-making that is associated with the rule of precedent and the common law doctrine of stare decisis, which is here proposed as a new theory. Shapiro defines stare decisis as loosely meaning the practice of courts in deciding new cases in accordance with precedents, and in the ensuing discussion of the theory, he draws upon insights from both communications theory and previous work of his own on the decision-making process in tort law. He first examines the three branches of communications theory with respect to legal discourse: syntactics (the arrangement, transmission, and receipt of signals or signs, whose key concepts are information, redundancy, and feedback), semantics (the meaning of signals to people), and pragmatics (the impact of signal transmission and human behaviour), and then applies these concepts to the evolution of policy formulation in tort law in the United States and Britain. The survival of stare decisis as the dominant mode of legal discourse, particularly in the area of common law, is explained as its strength in its dual and mutually supporting contents of syntactic and semantic redundancy.
Marcia Cavell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199287086
- eISBN:
- 9780191603921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199287082.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter begins with a discussion of the philosophical and psychoanalytic accounts of anxiety. The changes in Freud’s thinking about anxiety are summarized, followed by a fuller discussion of ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the philosophical and psychoanalytic accounts of anxiety. The changes in Freud’s thinking about anxiety are summarized, followed by a fuller discussion of signal anxiety. In his early work, Freud understood anxiety in terms of his energic model of the mind: anxiety is what happens to libido when it is repressed: first repression, then anxiety as the transformation of libido under repression. He announces a fundamental change in his paper, Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety: that repression does not cause anxiety; rather, anxiety causes repression. Actual anxiety is an automatic, inborn response to an external danger, like a battle or a train accident in my earlier examples; signal anxiety is a response that anticipates danger on the basis of past experience; it is learned.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the philosophical and psychoanalytic accounts of anxiety. The changes in Freud’s thinking about anxiety are summarized, followed by a fuller discussion of signal anxiety. In his early work, Freud understood anxiety in terms of his energic model of the mind: anxiety is what happens to libido when it is repressed: first repression, then anxiety as the transformation of libido under repression. He announces a fundamental change in his paper, Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety: that repression does not cause anxiety; rather, anxiety causes repression. Actual anxiety is an automatic, inborn response to an external danger, like a battle or a train accident in my earlier examples; signal anxiety is a response that anticipates danger on the basis of past experience; it is learned.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm can coordinate its new product designs, production processes, and pricing strategies when only secondary (market-level) data are available. In particular, it examines ...
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This chapter shows how the firm can coordinate its new product designs, production processes, and pricing strategies when only secondary (market-level) data are available. In particular, it examines the conditions under which firms should use price or other market signals (e.g., product warranties) when they introduce new products into the marketplace.Less
This chapter shows how the firm can coordinate its new product designs, production processes, and pricing strategies when only secondary (market-level) data are available. In particular, it examines the conditions under which firms should use price or other market signals (e.g., product warranties) when they introduce new products into the marketplace.
Jerome L. Stein
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199280575
- eISBN:
- 9780191603501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280576.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Early Warning Signals of a default or debt crisis are derived by drawing upon the stochastic optimal control model of an optimal and excessive short-term debt developed in chapter 2. Operational ...
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Early Warning Signals of a default or debt crisis are derived by drawing upon the stochastic optimal control model of an optimal and excessive short-term debt developed in chapter 2. Operational benchmarks for optimal foreign debt and a quantitative measure of the maximum debt which will not be defaulted in the event of adverse shocks are established. Insofar as the actual debt exceeds the benchmark, there is an excess debt, the risk of default is increased. Two sets of emerging market countries are considered: one set renegotiated/defaulted and the other set did not. The countries that defaulted/renegotiated had significant excess debt, whereas the countries that did not default/renegotiate did not have significant excess debt. An Early Warning Signal of a debt crisis is the excess debt, and not the level of the debt/GDP ratio per se.Less
Early Warning Signals of a default or debt crisis are derived by drawing upon the stochastic optimal control model of an optimal and excessive short-term debt developed in chapter 2. Operational benchmarks for optimal foreign debt and a quantitative measure of the maximum debt which will not be defaulted in the event of adverse shocks are established. Insofar as the actual debt exceeds the benchmark, there is an excess debt, the risk of default is increased. Two sets of emerging market countries are considered: one set renegotiated/defaulted and the other set did not. The countries that defaulted/renegotiated had significant excess debt, whereas the countries that did not default/renegotiate did not have significant excess debt. An Early Warning Signal of a debt crisis is the excess debt, and not the level of the debt/GDP ratio per se.
Jerome L. Stein
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199280575
- eISBN:
- 9780191603501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280576.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The Asian financial crises were unexpected by the market and many countries in the region experienced it at about the same time. Drawing upon the theoretical analyses in chapters 2-4, an operational ...
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The Asian financial crises were unexpected by the market and many countries in the region experienced it at about the same time. Drawing upon the theoretical analyses in chapters 2-4, an operational theory is provided to answer the following questions for the Asian countries: Was a currency crisis produced by an overvalued real exchange rate? Was a debt crisis produced by an “excessive/unsustainable” external debt? What was the interaction between the two? The models imply a set of objective, theoretically-based warning signals and empirical analysis allows the assessment of which countries were or were not highly vulnerable to shocks.Less
The Asian financial crises were unexpected by the market and many countries in the region experienced it at about the same time. Drawing upon the theoretical analyses in chapters 2-4, an operational theory is provided to answer the following questions for the Asian countries: Was a currency crisis produced by an overvalued real exchange rate? Was a debt crisis produced by an “excessive/unsustainable” external debt? What was the interaction between the two? The models imply a set of objective, theoretically-based warning signals and empirical analysis allows the assessment of which countries were or were not highly vulnerable to shocks.
Giuliano Matessi, Ricardo J. Matos, and Torben Dabelsteen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216840
- eISBN:
- 9780191712043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216840.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Communication allows individuals to share information and plays a central role in determining animal social behaviour. Animals live in social networks of multiple individuals connected by links ...
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Communication allows individuals to share information and plays a central role in determining animal social behaviour. Animals live in social networks of multiple individuals connected by links representing different interaction types. Signalling interactions form the base of the communication network (i.e., all conspecifics within signalling range) experienced by an individual and are particularly important for information exchange. Looking at interactions within a network has helped identify and explain the diverse signalling and receiving strategies adopted by animals, and may likewise help explain other social interactions. This chapter presents a network model which integrates the concepts of communication and social network. It illustrates how this model can affect information exchange in animal communities with different social structures and ecologies. Finally, it presents some concrete examples of the questions that arise and can be answered when looking at the behavioural ecology of birds from a network perspective.Less
Communication allows individuals to share information and plays a central role in determining animal social behaviour. Animals live in social networks of multiple individuals connected by links representing different interaction types. Signalling interactions form the base of the communication network (i.e., all conspecifics within signalling range) experienced by an individual and are particularly important for information exchange. Looking at interactions within a network has helped identify and explain the diverse signalling and receiving strategies adopted by animals, and may likewise help explain other social interactions. This chapter presents a network model which integrates the concepts of communication and social network. It illustrates how this model can affect information exchange in animal communities with different social structures and ecologies. Finally, it presents some concrete examples of the questions that arise and can be answered when looking at the behavioural ecology of birds from a network perspective.
Andrew J. Connolly, Jacob T. VanderPlas, Alexander Gray, Andrew J. Connolly, Jacob T. VanderPlas, and Alexander Gray
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151687
- eISBN:
- 9781400848911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151687.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter summarizes the fundamental concepts and tools for analyzing time series data. Time series analysis is a branch of applied mathematics developed mostly in the fields of signal processing ...
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This chapter summarizes the fundamental concepts and tools for analyzing time series data. Time series analysis is a branch of applied mathematics developed mostly in the fields of signal processing and statistics. Contributions to this field, from an astronomical perspective, have predominantly focused on unevenly sampled data, low signal-to-noise data, and heteroscedastic errors. The chapter starts with a brief introduction to the main concepts in time series analysis. It then discusses the main tools from the modeling toolkit for time series analysis. Despite being set in the context of time series, many tools and results are readily applicable in other domains, and for this reason the examples presented will not be strictly limited to time-domain data. Armed with the modeling toolkit, the chapter goes on to discuss the analysis of periodic time series, search for temporally localized signals, and concludes with a brief discussion of stochastic processes.Less
This chapter summarizes the fundamental concepts and tools for analyzing time series data. Time series analysis is a branch of applied mathematics developed mostly in the fields of signal processing and statistics. Contributions to this field, from an astronomical perspective, have predominantly focused on unevenly sampled data, low signal-to-noise data, and heteroscedastic errors. The chapter starts with a brief introduction to the main concepts in time series analysis. It then discusses the main tools from the modeling toolkit for time series analysis. Despite being set in the context of time series, many tools and results are readily applicable in other domains, and for this reason the examples presented will not be strictly limited to time-domain data. Armed with the modeling toolkit, the chapter goes on to discuss the analysis of periodic time series, search for temporally localized signals, and concludes with a brief discussion of stochastic processes.
Kathryn M. Gill and Sheri J. Y. Mizumori
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195323245
- eISBN:
- 9780199869268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323245.003.0020
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter compares the putative mechanisms by which dopamine selectively affects learning that is thought to be mediated by functionally distinct brain regions, such as the hippocampus and dorsal ...
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This chapter compares the putative mechanisms by which dopamine selectively affects learning that is thought to be mediated by functionally distinct brain regions, such as the hippocampus and dorsal striatum. First, it discusses a summary of the behavioral changes that result from alterations in normal dopamine signalling. The way in which dopamine mediates hippocampal and dorsal striatal-dependent behaviors is outlined, and the synaptic plasticity mechanisms underlying the effects of dopamine on behavior are explored. Included is a discussion of the participation of dopamine in long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) and the involvement of dopamine in the activation of immediate early genes in brain regions, such as the hippocampus and dorsal striatum. The chapter also discusses how the influence of dopamine on synaptic plasticity corresponds to structure-specific neural signaling, potentially contributing to functional specialization of individual regions.Less
This chapter compares the putative mechanisms by which dopamine selectively affects learning that is thought to be mediated by functionally distinct brain regions, such as the hippocampus and dorsal striatum. First, it discusses a summary of the behavioral changes that result from alterations in normal dopamine signalling. The way in which dopamine mediates hippocampal and dorsal striatal-dependent behaviors is outlined, and the synaptic plasticity mechanisms underlying the effects of dopamine on behavior are explored. Included is a discussion of the participation of dopamine in long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) and the involvement of dopamine in the activation of immediate early genes in brain regions, such as the hippocampus and dorsal striatum. The chapter also discusses how the influence of dopamine on synaptic plasticity corresponds to structure-specific neural signaling, potentially contributing to functional specialization of individual regions.
R. Duncan Luce
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195070019
- eISBN:
- 9780199869879
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195070019.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
This chapter explores the limited literature available on the designs in which there are little or no experimenter-imposed time structure on signal presentations. The chapter first examines the ...
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This chapter explores the limited literature available on the designs in which there are little or no experimenter-imposed time structure on signal presentations. The chapter first examines the earliest literature, in which signals occur infrequently. The next section considers experiments that resemble typical simple reaction-timeexperiments in that the signal rate is relatively high. The final part of the chapter is devoted to studies on the impact the processing of one signal has on the processing of a second signal when the second occurs very shortly after the first.Less
This chapter explores the limited literature available on the designs in which there are little or no experimenter-imposed time structure on signal presentations. The chapter first examines the earliest literature, in which signals occur infrequently. The next section considers experiments that resemble typical simple reaction-timeexperiments in that the signal rate is relatively high. The final part of the chapter is devoted to studies on the impact the processing of one signal has on the processing of a second signal when the second occurs very shortly after the first.
Kenneth Dyson and Kevin Featherstone
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296386
- eISBN:
- 9780191599125
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829638X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The EMU negotiations are identified as a ‘core executive’ activity and analysed in terms of their structural, strategic, and cognitive dimensions. EMU was a prestructured negotiating process, shaped ...
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The EMU negotiations are identified as a ‘core executive’ activity and analysed in terms of their structural, strategic, and cognitive dimensions. EMU was a prestructured negotiating process, shaped by a historical inheritance of received ideas about vital interests, by institutional structures and policy style, by the hegemony of German monetary ideas, by globalization and deregulation of financial markets, and by policy beliefs and knowledge. EMU negotiations were also a strategic process involving power and interests and choice amongst a range of strategic options, and were both a two‐level game and a nested game. Finally, the EMU negotiations were a cognitive process, in which beliefs, the probing and restructuring of arguments, signalling behaviour, symbolic politics, choice of institutional venues, and policy entrepreneurship played key roles.Less
The EMU negotiations are identified as a ‘core executive’ activity and analysed in terms of their structural, strategic, and cognitive dimensions. EMU was a prestructured negotiating process, shaped by a historical inheritance of received ideas about vital interests, by institutional structures and policy style, by the hegemony of German monetary ideas, by globalization and deregulation of financial markets, and by policy beliefs and knowledge. EMU negotiations were also a strategic process involving power and interests and choice amongst a range of strategic options, and were both a two‐level game and a nested game. Finally, the EMU negotiations were a cognitive process, in which beliefs, the probing and restructuring of arguments, signalling behaviour, symbolic politics, choice of institutional venues, and policy entrepreneurship played key roles.
Markus Siegel and Tobias H. Donner
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372731
- eISBN:
- 9780199776283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372731.003.0017
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter addresses the relationship of band-limited electrophysiological mass activity to behavior on the one hand, and to the BOLD fMRI signal on the other. Electrophysiological mass activity ...
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This chapter addresses the relationship of band-limited electrophysiological mass activity to behavior on the one hand, and to the BOLD fMRI signal on the other. Electrophysiological mass activity generally reflects several different components of neuronal activity, which are generated by distinct neural mechanisms and expressed in different frequency ranges. The relative strengths of these components thus determine a so-called specific spectral fingerprint of a perceptual or cognitive process. A striking discrepancy between the spectral fingerprint of stimulus-driven responses in sensory cortices and the fingerprints of intrinsic processes (such as top-down attention or switches between perceptual states) within the same cortical areas is highlighted. It is proposed that this dissociation reflects recurrent interactions between distant cortical areas and/or neuromodulation of cortical activity patterns by ascending systems, which are both thought to play an important role in such processes.Less
This chapter addresses the relationship of band-limited electrophysiological mass activity to behavior on the one hand, and to the BOLD fMRI signal on the other. Electrophysiological mass activity generally reflects several different components of neuronal activity, which are generated by distinct neural mechanisms and expressed in different frequency ranges. The relative strengths of these components thus determine a so-called specific spectral fingerprint of a perceptual or cognitive process. A striking discrepancy between the spectral fingerprint of stimulus-driven responses in sensory cortices and the fingerprints of intrinsic processes (such as top-down attention or switches between perceptual states) within the same cortical areas is highlighted. It is proposed that this dissociation reflects recurrent interactions between distant cortical areas and/or neuromodulation of cortical activity patterns by ascending systems, which are both thought to play an important role in such processes.
Jozien Goense and Nikos K. Logothetis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372731
- eISBN:
- 9780199776283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372731.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and other non-invasive imaging methods have greatly expanded our knowledge of human brain function. Although MRI was invented in the early 1970s and has ...
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and other non-invasive imaging methods have greatly expanded our knowledge of human brain function. Although MRI was invented in the early 1970s and has been used clinically since the mid-1980s, its use in cognitive neuroscience expanded greatly with the advent of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional imaging, and by now, fMRI is a mainstay of neuroscience research. This chapter gives an overview of the relation between the BOLD signal and the underlying neural signals. It focuses on intracortically recorded neural signals, recorded with microelectrodes.Less
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and other non-invasive imaging methods have greatly expanded our knowledge of human brain function. Although MRI was invented in the early 1970s and has been used clinically since the mid-1980s, its use in cognitive neuroscience expanded greatly with the advent of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional imaging, and by now, fMRI is a mainstay of neuroscience research. This chapter gives an overview of the relation between the BOLD signal and the underlying neural signals. It focuses on intracortically recorded neural signals, recorded with microelectrodes.
Siegwart Lindenberg
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269761
- eISBN:
- 9780191710087
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269761.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter uses the cognitive psychology notion of ‘framing’ to highlight how profitable cooperation can benefit from a partial suspension of a gain frame. It argues that even when interests are ...
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This chapter uses the cognitive psychology notion of ‘framing’ to highlight how profitable cooperation can benefit from a partial suspension of a gain frame. It argues that even when interests are broadly aligned, there is too much room for opportunism in the absence of an alignment of commitment to the relationship, and the suspension of the possibility of its instrumental use. The chapter then focuses on how a perception of transactions as ‘joint production’ can be built through a variety of ‘relational signals’ (credible commitments to the suspension of a calculative propensity to exploit any opportunity of gain even if it would damage the relationship).Less
This chapter uses the cognitive psychology notion of ‘framing’ to highlight how profitable cooperation can benefit from a partial suspension of a gain frame. It argues that even when interests are broadly aligned, there is too much room for opportunism in the absence of an alignment of commitment to the relationship, and the suspension of the possibility of its instrumental use. The chapter then focuses on how a perception of transactions as ‘joint production’ can be built through a variety of ‘relational signals’ (credible commitments to the suspension of a calculative propensity to exploit any opportunity of gain even if it would damage the relationship).
Brian Skyrms
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199580828
- eISBN:
- 9780191722769
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580828.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Science
Signaling systems had been shown to be the only evolutionarily stable strategies in n-state, n-signal, and n-act signaling games. They were the only attractors in the replicator dynamics. In simple ...
More
Signaling systems had been shown to be the only evolutionarily stable strategies in n-state, n-signal, and n-act signaling games. They were the only attractors in the replicator dynamics. In simple cases, it was clear why almost every possible starting point was carried to a signaling system. This chapter considers how far these positive results generalize.Less
Signaling systems had been shown to be the only evolutionarily stable strategies in n-state, n-signal, and n-act signaling games. They were the only attractors in the replicator dynamics. In simple cases, it was clear why almost every possible starting point was carried to a signaling system. This chapter considers how far these positive results generalize.
