Igor S. Aranson and Lev S. Tsimring
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199534418
- eISBN:
- 9780191714665
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534418.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter contains an overview of experiments and theories on segregation occurring in heterogeneous granular materials. One of the most fascinating features of heterogeneous (i.e., consisting of ...
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This chapter contains an overview of experiments and theories on segregation occurring in heterogeneous granular materials. One of the most fascinating features of heterogeneous (i.e., consisting of different distinct components) granular materials is their tendency to segregate under external agitation rather than to mix, as one would expect from the naive entropy consideration. Various basic segregation mechanisms (e.g., entropic segregations, kinetic sieving, granular convection, condensation, etc.) and various experimental manifestations of granular segregation (e.g., granular stratification in surface flows, radial and axial segregation in rotating drums and related theoretical concepts, including discrete cellular automata and continuum phenomenological models) are discussed.Less
This chapter contains an overview of experiments and theories on segregation occurring in heterogeneous granular materials. One of the most fascinating features of heterogeneous (i.e., consisting of different distinct components) granular materials is their tendency to segregate under external agitation rather than to mix, as one would expect from the naive entropy consideration. Various basic segregation mechanisms (e.g., entropic segregations, kinetic sieving, granular convection, condensation, etc.) and various experimental manifestations of granular segregation (e.g., granular stratification in surface flows, radial and axial segregation in rotating drums and related theoretical concepts, including discrete cellular automata and continuum phenomenological models) are discussed.
James G. Sanderson and Stuart L. Pimm
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226292724
- eISBN:
- 9780226292861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226292861.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
We reconsider the birds of the islands of Vanuatu and the Galápagos. The former have few pairs of species belonging to the same genus—and it is within such pairs that we are most likely to find ...
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We reconsider the birds of the islands of Vanuatu and the Galápagos. The former have few pairs of species belonging to the same genus—and it is within such pairs that we are most likely to find checkerboard patterns of mutual exclusion. We do not find them. In the Galápagos, there are many congeneric species sets. These patterns of co-occurrence are striking once one considers the bill sizes of the species involved. The unusually few co-occurrences are between species with the most similar bills. Moreover, where similar species do co-occur, they show character displacement. The bills of the smaller of the pairs are smaller, and the bills of the larger of the pairs are larger, than where the species do not overlap.Less
We reconsider the birds of the islands of Vanuatu and the Galápagos. The former have few pairs of species belonging to the same genus—and it is within such pairs that we are most likely to find checkerboard patterns of mutual exclusion. We do not find them. In the Galápagos, there are many congeneric species sets. These patterns of co-occurrence are striking once one considers the bill sizes of the species involved. The unusually few co-occurrences are between species with the most similar bills. Moreover, where similar species do co-occur, they show character displacement. The bills of the smaller of the pairs are smaller, and the bills of the larger of the pairs are larger, than where the species do not overlap.
James G. Sanderson and Stuart L. Pimm
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226292724
- eISBN:
- 9780226292861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226292861.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
We return to the Bismarck and Solomon islands, the locations that generated Diamond’s ideas on assembly rules. The null models generate a list of species pairs where the number of observed ...
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We return to the Bismarck and Solomon islands, the locations that generated Diamond’s ideas on assembly rules. The null models generate a list of species pairs where the number of observed co-occurrences is unusual, meaning that thisoccurs in fewer than 5% of the null models. As Diamond’s critics had argued, interspecific competition is unlikely to generate some of these unusual pairs—they are ecologically and taxonomically very dissimilar. We show, however, that such unusual pairs are disproportionately common in pairs that belong to the same genus—exactly the pattern one would predict.Less
We return to the Bismarck and Solomon islands, the locations that generated Diamond’s ideas on assembly rules. The null models generate a list of species pairs where the number of observed co-occurrences is unusual, meaning that thisoccurs in fewer than 5% of the null models. As Diamond’s critics had argued, interspecific competition is unlikely to generate some of these unusual pairs—they are ecologically and taxonomically very dissimilar. We show, however, that such unusual pairs are disproportionately common in pairs that belong to the same genus—exactly the pattern one would predict.
Hugh Thomas
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300121094
- eISBN:
- 9780300142464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300121094.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter describes Eduardo Barreiros Nespereira's successes in the Canary Islands. Eduardo Senior set up a small workshop of about 30 square meters approximately seven miles outside of Las Palmas ...
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This chapter describes Eduardo Barreiros Nespereira's successes in the Canary Islands. Eduardo Senior set up a small workshop of about 30 square meters approximately seven miles outside of Las Palmas in Tamaraceite, which means Grove of Palms in Guanche, the Canary language. He also rented a house of two rooms and bought two mules to carry the sieves to market. Eduardo Junior remembered the Canaries for a few reasons. First, he found the work of assisting his father with his products rewarding. Usually, Eduardo Senior and Luzdivina would spend two days completing their sieves and then, on the third day, Eduardo Senior would go out with his mules, selling them at markets or in farms. Eduardo Junior remembered these Fortunate Islands, since it was there that he learned Spanish and even came to speak it for a time with a Canary Island accent.Less
This chapter describes Eduardo Barreiros Nespereira's successes in the Canary Islands. Eduardo Senior set up a small workshop of about 30 square meters approximately seven miles outside of Las Palmas in Tamaraceite, which means Grove of Palms in Guanche, the Canary language. He also rented a house of two rooms and bought two mules to carry the sieves to market. Eduardo Junior remembered the Canaries for a few reasons. First, he found the work of assisting his father with his products rewarding. Usually, Eduardo Senior and Luzdivina would spend two days completing their sieves and then, on the third day, Eduardo Senior would go out with his mules, selling them at markets or in farms. Eduardo Junior remembered these Fortunate Islands, since it was there that he learned Spanish and even came to speak it for a time with a Canary Island accent.
Stephen Gorard
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447342144
- eISBN:
- 9781447342212
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447342144.003.0002
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
This chapter discusses the conduct of education research, as well as some methodological innovations that have been proposed and used. A simple general approach to research is described; including a ...
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This chapter discusses the conduct of education research, as well as some methodological innovations that have been proposed and used. A simple general approach to research is described; including a ‘sieve’, or a set of criteria, used to assist in the estimation of trustworthiness of any research study and the number of counterfactual cases needed to disturb a finding (NNTD). The chapter describes these and other innovations to generate evidence used in the following chapters; such as the mean absolute deviation and the Gorard segregation index. Furthermore, it presents an outline of additional research methods used in the following chapters.Less
This chapter discusses the conduct of education research, as well as some methodological innovations that have been proposed and used. A simple general approach to research is described; including a ‘sieve’, or a set of criteria, used to assist in the estimation of trustworthiness of any research study and the number of counterfactual cases needed to disturb a finding (NNTD). The chapter describes these and other innovations to generate evidence used in the following chapters; such as the mean absolute deviation and the Gorard segregation index. Furthermore, it presents an outline of additional research methods used in the following chapters.
Ronald K. Pearson
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195121988
- eISBN:
- 9780197561294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195121988.003.0009
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Mathematical Theory of Computation
Chapter 2 has provided a brief review of some of the important characteristics of linear models, and Chapters 3 through 6 have introduced and discussed a number of ...
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Chapter 2 has provided a brief review of some of the important characteristics of linear models, and Chapters 3 through 6 have introduced and discussed a number of specific classes of nonlinear models. The focus of this chapter is on the relationships that exist between these different model classes. Some of these relationships have already been discussed briefly in isolated places in earlier chapters, but this chapter attempts to give a much broader overview of how different model classes relate. In particular, it is useful to note that many popular model classes are included as proper subsets of other, larger classes. In more subtle cases, one class will be “almost included” in another, larger class, but a portion of the first class will fail to satisfy this inclusion. As a specific example, it was noted in Chapter 4 that the class of Hammerstein models is a proper subset of the class of additive NARMAX models. In contrast, it was also shown in Chapter 4 that Wiener models are not members of the additive NARMAX class except in the two degenerate cases where Wiener and Hammerstein models coincide: linear dynamic models and static nonlinearities. This chapter begins with a summary of these inclusion and exclusion results in Sec. 7.1, including both results assembled from previous chapters and a few new ones. Of particular interest are questions concerning the relationship between structurally-defined model classes and behaviorally-defined classes since these questions are directly related to the practical problem of initial model structure selection for empirical modeling, a topic considered further in Chapter 8. One of the principal objectives of this chapter is to illustrate the utility of category theory in characterizing relations between different classes of dynamic models. Essentially, category theory is a branch of mathematics whose aim is to elucidate relations between different classes of mathematical objects in extremely general terms. More specifically, category theory deals with mathematical objects (in fact, called objects) and transformations between objects (called morphisms), requiring only that these transformations be “well behaved” with respect to successive application (called composition of morphisms).
Less
Chapter 2 has provided a brief review of some of the important characteristics of linear models, and Chapters 3 through 6 have introduced and discussed a number of specific classes of nonlinear models. The focus of this chapter is on the relationships that exist between these different model classes. Some of these relationships have already been discussed briefly in isolated places in earlier chapters, but this chapter attempts to give a much broader overview of how different model classes relate. In particular, it is useful to note that many popular model classes are included as proper subsets of other, larger classes. In more subtle cases, one class will be “almost included” in another, larger class, but a portion of the first class will fail to satisfy this inclusion. As a specific example, it was noted in Chapter 4 that the class of Hammerstein models is a proper subset of the class of additive NARMAX models. In contrast, it was also shown in Chapter 4 that Wiener models are not members of the additive NARMAX class except in the two degenerate cases where Wiener and Hammerstein models coincide: linear dynamic models and static nonlinearities. This chapter begins with a summary of these inclusion and exclusion results in Sec. 7.1, including both results assembled from previous chapters and a few new ones. Of particular interest are questions concerning the relationship between structurally-defined model classes and behaviorally-defined classes since these questions are directly related to the practical problem of initial model structure selection for empirical modeling, a topic considered further in Chapter 8. One of the principal objectives of this chapter is to illustrate the utility of category theory in characterizing relations between different classes of dynamic models. Essentially, category theory is a branch of mathematics whose aim is to elucidate relations between different classes of mathematical objects in extremely general terms. More specifically, category theory deals with mathematical objects (in fact, called objects) and transformations between objects (called morphisms), requiring only that these transformations be “well behaved” with respect to successive application (called composition of morphisms).
David Huron
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034852
- eISBN:
- 9780262335447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034852.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
An explanation is given for how the auditory system assembles resolved partials to form auditory images. A key concept in this process is the harmonic sieve. Two auditory principles are introduced: ...
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An explanation is given for how the auditory system assembles resolved partials to form auditory images. A key concept in this process is the harmonic sieve. Two auditory principles are introduced: harmonicity and toneness. The chapter discusses why certain kinds of timbres are better suited to creating musical lines than others, and why musical lines are best constructed using pitched rather than unpitched sounds. Finally, the chapter explains the “middleness” of middle C.Less
An explanation is given for how the auditory system assembles resolved partials to form auditory images. A key concept in this process is the harmonic sieve. Two auditory principles are introduced: harmonicity and toneness. The chapter discusses why certain kinds of timbres are better suited to creating musical lines than others, and why musical lines are best constructed using pitched rather than unpitched sounds. Finally, the chapter explains the “middleness” of middle C.
Julie Sin
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198840732
- eISBN:
- 9780191876400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198840732.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter provides a means of looking at a health condition or health issue through the lens of identifying effective preventive opportunities. The concept of an effective preventive opportunity ...
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This chapter provides a means of looking at a health condition or health issue through the lens of identifying effective preventive opportunities. The concept of an effective preventive opportunity is firstly clarified for use. A ‘spectrum of preventive opportunities’ model is then described which can be used to identify these opportunities for any health condition. In this model, effective opportunities are considered across a whole generic care-pathway chronology, which also acts as a prompt to considering the potential range of health service responses and to help think about the natural development of the health condition or issue. Examples illustrate that the principles can be applied to single conditions, groups of conditions, and system issues. There is also a ‘population health sieve’ summary of the different risk factor types in a population, and a summary of the different types of health service response.Less
This chapter provides a means of looking at a health condition or health issue through the lens of identifying effective preventive opportunities. The concept of an effective preventive opportunity is firstly clarified for use. A ‘spectrum of preventive opportunities’ model is then described which can be used to identify these opportunities for any health condition. In this model, effective opportunities are considered across a whole generic care-pathway chronology, which also acts as a prompt to considering the potential range of health service responses and to help think about the natural development of the health condition or issue. Examples illustrate that the principles can be applied to single conditions, groups of conditions, and system issues. There is also a ‘population health sieve’ summary of the different risk factor types in a population, and a summary of the different types of health service response.
Asha Nadkarni
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816689903
- eISBN:
- 9781452949284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816689903.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
This chapter discusses Women’s Role in Planned Economy (1938) in contrast with First Five-Year Plan (1951) and Second Five-Year Plan (1930). Women’s Role in Planned Economy reveals the contours of a ...
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This chapter discusses Women’s Role in Planned Economy (1938) in contrast with First Five-Year Plan (1951) and Second Five-Year Plan (1930). Women’s Role in Planned Economy reveals the contours of a feminist modernity. It categorized the women into two subjects—to be developed and those that will do the developing—and charted a new relationship between the elites and the masses. On the other hand, the two five year plans categorized women only as mothers or as victims. The chapter presents Kamala Markandaya’s Nectar in a Sieve and Mehboob Khan’s Mother India to examine how both works refashion the icon “Mother India” into the figure of the self-sacrificing peasant mother.Less
This chapter discusses Women’s Role in Planned Economy (1938) in contrast with First Five-Year Plan (1951) and Second Five-Year Plan (1930). Women’s Role in Planned Economy reveals the contours of a feminist modernity. It categorized the women into two subjects—to be developed and those that will do the developing—and charted a new relationship between the elites and the masses. On the other hand, the two five year plans categorized women only as mothers or as victims. The chapter presents Kamala Markandaya’s Nectar in a Sieve and Mehboob Khan’s Mother India to examine how both works refashion the icon “Mother India” into the figure of the self-sacrificing peasant mother.
Paul Kockelman
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- July 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190636531
- eISBN:
- 9780190636562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190636531.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
The chapter shows the fundamental importance of ideas from computer science to the concerns of linguistic anthropology (and to the concerns of culture-rich and context-sensitive approaches to ...
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The chapter shows the fundamental importance of ideas from computer science to the concerns of linguistic anthropology (and to the concerns of culture-rich and context-sensitive approaches to communication more generally). It reviews some of the key concepts and claims of computer science (language, recognition, automaton, Universal Turing Machine, and so forth). It argues that the sieve, as both a physical device and an analytic concept, is of fundamental importance not just to anthropology, but also to linguistics, biology, philosophy, and critical theory. And it argues that computers, as both engineered and imagined, are essentially text-generated and text-generating sieves. In relating computer science to linguistic anthropology, this chapter also attempts to build bridges between long-standing rivals: face to face interaction and mathematical abstraction, linguistic relativity and universal grammar, mediators and intermediaries.Less
The chapter shows the fundamental importance of ideas from computer science to the concerns of linguistic anthropology (and to the concerns of culture-rich and context-sensitive approaches to communication more generally). It reviews some of the key concepts and claims of computer science (language, recognition, automaton, Universal Turing Machine, and so forth). It argues that the sieve, as both a physical device and an analytic concept, is of fundamental importance not just to anthropology, but also to linguistics, biology, philosophy, and critical theory. And it argues that computers, as both engineered and imagined, are essentially text-generated and text-generating sieves. In relating computer science to linguistic anthropology, this chapter also attempts to build bridges between long-standing rivals: face to face interaction and mathematical abstraction, linguistic relativity and universal grammar, mediators and intermediaries.
Paul Kockelman
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- July 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190636531
- eISBN:
- 9780190636562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190636531.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter details the inner workings of spam filters, algorithmic devices that separate desirable messages from undesirable messages. It argues that such filters are a particularly important kind ...
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This chapter details the inner workings of spam filters, algorithmic devices that separate desirable messages from undesirable messages. It argues that such filters are a particularly important kind of sieve insofar as they readily exhibit key features of sieving devices in general, and algorithmic sieving in particular. More broadly, it describes the relation between ontology (assumptions that drive interpretations) and inference (interpretations that alter assumptions) as it plays out in the classification and transformation of identities, types, or kinds. Focusing on the unstable processes whereby identifying algorithms, identified types, and evasive transformations are dynamically coupled over time, it also theorizes various kinds of ontological inertia and highlights various kinds of algorithmic ineffability. Finally, it shows how similar issues underlie a much wider range of processes, such as the Turing Test, Bayesian reasoning, and machine learning more generally.Less
This chapter details the inner workings of spam filters, algorithmic devices that separate desirable messages from undesirable messages. It argues that such filters are a particularly important kind of sieve insofar as they readily exhibit key features of sieving devices in general, and algorithmic sieving in particular. More broadly, it describes the relation between ontology (assumptions that drive interpretations) and inference (interpretations that alter assumptions) as it plays out in the classification and transformation of identities, types, or kinds. Focusing on the unstable processes whereby identifying algorithms, identified types, and evasive transformations are dynamically coupled over time, it also theorizes various kinds of ontological inertia and highlights various kinds of algorithmic ineffability. Finally, it shows how similar issues underlie a much wider range of processes, such as the Turing Test, Bayesian reasoning, and machine learning more generally.
